Intelligence最新文献

{"title":"Mind the gap: Multigenerational family effects on cognitive abilities","authors":"Jonas Bühler ,&nbsp;Oskar G. Jenni ,&nbsp;Christoph A. Schaltegger ,&nbsp;Melanie Häner-Müller ,&nbsp;Flavia M. Wehrle","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parental socioeconomic status (SES) is a powerful predictor of children's cognitive development, but little is known about whether its influence extends beyond the parent–child link to span multiple generations. Using unique multigenerational data from the Zurich Longitudinal Studies (ZLS), we trace how parental and grandparental SES shape children's standardized cognitive abilities from early childhood through adolescence. We find that gaps by parental SES emerge early and remain largely stable into adolescence. In contrast, once parental SES is accounted for, grandparental SES shows no additional statistically significant association with children's cognitive abilities at any age. These findings provide new evidence that the impact of family socioeconomic background on cognitive development attenuates across generations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101982"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring exceptional minds: Political orientations of gifted adults","authors":"Maximilian Krolo ,&nbsp;Jörn R. Sparfeldt ,&nbsp;Detlef H. Rost","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gifted individuals are influential in shaping the success of societies in areas such as economics, science, and politics. However, prior research on the relationship between intelligence and political orientations yielded inconsistent results. The political orientations of gifted adults remain yet underexplored. Therefore, we examined the political orientations of gifted and non-gifted adults using both, a single-dimensional left-right self-placement and a multi-dimensional questionnaire. From 7023 non-preselected third graders, gifted students (IQ ≥ 130) and a matched sample of non-gifted students (IQ ≈ 100) were initially identified and re-identified in ninth grade following another intelligence testing within the scope of the Marburg Giftedness Project. About 35 years after the initial identification, 87 gifted and 71 non-gifted adults participated in our follow-up survey. In a 2 × 2 ANOVA with the independent variables giftedness and the control variable sex, no significant effects were found in the left-right self-placement. In a 2 × 2 MANOVA and subsequent ANOVAs with the four scales of the multi-dimensional questionnaire (economic libertarianism, liberalism, conservatism, socialism), no significant main or interaction effect emerged, except a significant interaction effect of giftedness and sex for conservatism. Specifically, non-gifted men showed higher conservatism scores than gifted men, whereas gifted and non-gifted women did not differ significantly. The results from supplementary Bayesian analyses were in accordance with these interpretations. The relevance of these findings is discussed, underscoring the nuanced relationship between giftedness and political orientations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101986"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional intelligence profiles and well-being among Chinese university students: The mediating role of basic psychological needs","authors":"Xiaotian Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiuzhu Lin ,&nbsp;Yi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employed Latent Profile Analysis to identify emotional intelligence profiles among 937 Chinese university students and examine their relationship with subjective, psychological, and social well-being, considering basic psychological needs as mediators. Three distinct profiles emerged: “Integrated Emotion Managers”, “Balanced Emotion Coordinators”, and “Developing Emotion Perceivers”, corresponding to progressively diminishing well-being and needs satisfaction. While autonomy and relatedness generally mediated the effects of emotional intelligence profiles on all well-being dimensions, competence uniquely mediated the link to psychological well-being. These findings underscored the importance of recognizing individual differences in emotional functioning and highlighted the critical role of basic psychological needs in shaping university student well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive profile of individuals with borderline intellectual functioning: A systematic review","authors":"Cristina Orío-Aparicio,&nbsp;Carmen López-Escribano,&nbsp;Cristina Bel-Fenellós","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) is defined as a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by an intelligence quotient between 71 and 85, along with difficulties in adaptive functioning. Although individuals with this condition experience various challenges and require support in different areas of life, research on this topic remains limited. Therefore, this article presents a systematic review aimed at describing the cognitive profile of individuals with BIF. The review included studies addressing the intellectual functioning of the BIF population published between 2012 and 2024. The literature search was conducted in the ProQuest, WoS, SCOPUS, and EBSCOhost databases. Finally, a total of 33 articles were included, and their quality was assessed using the SSAHS tool. The results were organised into three categories: general cognitive abilities, executive functions, language cognition, and neurophysiology. The analysis indicates that individuals with BIF exhibit a cognitive profile characterised by deficits in various domains, including executive functions (such as working memory, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and planning), general cognitive abilities (such as memory, attention, abstract thinking, problem-solving, arithmetic, and concentration), and language-related cognitive skills, both oral and written. Additionally, neuroimaging techniques suggest that BIF is also associated with structural and functional alterations in the brain. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed, as well as the need for future research with larger samples and more comprehensive assessments. Additionally, the necessity of promoting policies and services that include this population is emphasised.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Varieties of divergent thinking: A network analysis of Guilford, Merriefield and Cox (1961)","authors":"Baptiste Barbot ,&nbsp;Lea Marie Naczenski ,&nbsp;Matthijs Baas ,&nbsp;Claire E. Stevenson","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grounded in the historical development of Guilford's Structure of Intellect model (SOI), this study examines the structure of divergent thinking (DT) and its relationship with other cognitive abilities using psychometric network analysis. It reanalyzes data from an unpublished report by Guilford, Merriefield and Cox (1961), encompassing 27 DT tasks (i.e., different operationalizations of DT which varied according to their <em>content</em> and <em>product</em> dimensions) and six cognitive ability tasks administered to 661 adolescents: verbal comprehension, verbal reasoning, word meaning, paragraph meaning, numerical ability, and processing speed. Results showed that (a) the association in performance between different DT tasks varies greatly, albeit, small to moderate in size; (b) DT tasks were more strongly interrelated when they belonged to the same SOI facet or shared the same <em>content</em> domain (rather than <em>product</em> dimension), (c) a similar pattern emerged in the relationships between DT and other cognitive abilities, with stronger links observed when tasks shared the same <em>content</em> domain, and despite (d) no clear clusters of closely related tasks identified in the network; Finally (e), among all 27 DT operationalizations, the Alternate Uses Task (AUT) — a prevalent DT task used in creativity and intelligence research —emerged as the most central task. Together, this study provides a “fresh” look to the enduring issue of the dimensionality of DT, the importance of <em>content</em> alignment in interpreting associations across DT and other cognitive ability measures, and in turn, the usefulness of the SOI model of intelligence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101975"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the language of personality sphere: Historical evidence for intellect's role in hierarchical-reticular models","authors":"Mark A. Hamilton","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intellect has been a fundamental trait within the Language of Personality Sphere (LPS) since the semantic construct was conceived. Progress modeling the structure and function of the LPS can be traced back to developments in hierarchical factor analysis. Structured systems theory locates domains (i.e., adaptations) within shallow, deep, or core strata of the LPS. Cattell and Digman proposed causal relations within and between strata; but after their initial tests, they suspended their work on reticular modeling. The established dimensions of the LPS core, personal growth and socialization, were supplemented with the less robust third dimension of emotional regulation. Intellect is hypothesized to lead all three core functions, either directly or indirectly. Retrospective causal modeling of four foundational studies by Cattell and Digman uncovered modest yet consistent support for the three core processes. Factor rotation constraints were found to have attenuated effects in the Cattell studies. Age emerged as a hidden moderator, apparently obscuring multiple key effects. Results suggest that these artifacts likely discouraged the two pioneers of hierarchical-reticular modeling. They prematurely shelved their revolutionary approach to the study of personality, limiting research on the impact of intellect and motivation on social interaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to ‘analysis of the intelligence quotient and its contribution to reactive violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis’ [intelligence 114 (2026) 101969]","authors":"Ángel Romero-Martínez,&nbsp;Carolina Sarrate-Costa,&nbsp;Luis Moya-Albiol","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101989","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101989"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"More than correlates: Longitudinal evidence of bidirectional effects between associative learning and fluid intelligence in elementary school children","authors":"Xuezhu Ren ,&nbsp;Shaochun Zhao ,&nbsp;Xinyu Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Associative learning enables children to flexibly acquire, organize, and retrieve structured knowledge, while fluid intelligence equips them with the ability to reason, adapt, and apply strategies in unfamiliar situations. Although these abilities have been extensively studied, the developmental relationship between associative learning and fluid intelligence remains underexplored. This three-year longitudinal study examined the bidirectional relationship between associative learning and fluid intelligence in elementary school children. Using a sample of 160 fourth-grade elementary school students assessed at three time points, we employed random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling to disentangle within-person from between-person effects in their relationship, while controlling for working memory and processing speed. Results revealed a significant positive correlation between associative learning and fluid intelligence at the between-person level. At the within-person level, analyses demonstrated reciprocal predictive effects: higher-than-expected associative learning predicted subsequent improvements in fluid intelligence, and vice versa. These bidirectional effects remained significant after controlling for working memory and processing speed. These results provide evidence that associative learning and reasoning ability are reciprocally linked during late childhood, suggesting that supporting both domains may promote broader cognitive development over time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101993"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the intelligence quotient and its contribution to reactive violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Ángel Romero-Martínez,&nbsp;Carolina Sarrate-Costa,&nbsp;Luis Moya-Albiol","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>It has been highlighted how low intellectual abilities, measured in terms of the intelligence quotient (IQ), play a facilitator role in antisocial behaviors. Despite this, less attention has been paid to the role of IQ in the perpetration of violence against others.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis that analyzed whether there are differences in IQ between violent and non-violent individuals (or controls), as well as examining the association between IQ and different forms of violence against others.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The systematic review followed the PRISMA framework using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Knowledge complemented with the snowball technique. Additionally, a meta-analysis was conducted using random effects, including mean comparisons and correlational outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The initial identification of 5.118 studies and after removing 2.372 duplicates led the inclusion of 131 papers. It appears that violent individuals (<em>n</em> = 1.860), particularly those characterized by reactive violence, present a lower IQ (full [(standardized mean difference or SMD): -1.86, 95 % CI [−2.51, −1.21] compared to controls (<em>n</em> = 3.888), particularly when violent individuals suffered mental or personality disorder (effect sizes ranging from moderate to large). Regarding the association between variables, the three measurements of IQ were negative (correlation coefficient for full IQ <em>r</em> = −0.10, 95 % CIs [−0.17, −0.04] in 33.118 participants) and significantly associated with reactive forms of violence, these conclusions being heterogeneous. These results reinforce the need to delve deeper into screening assessments of perpetrators of violence against others to adequately adjust the therapeutic modules to the needs of the violent population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101969"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factor structure of the Japanese WAIS-IV: Evidence for the CHC theory using Bayesian analysis","authors":"Kazuo Shigemasu ,&nbsp;Masanori Kono ,&nbsp;Naru Shimazu ,&nbsp;Katsuo Yamanaka ,&nbsp;Osamu Matsuda ,&nbsp;Kazuhiko Ueno","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2025.101973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the factor structure of the Japanese Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) using exploratory and Bayesian factor analysis. We compared six competing models: traditional four-factor models (basic, hierarchical, bi-factor) and Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory-based five-factor models (basic, hierarchical, bi-factor). The analysis used standardization data from 1120 Japanese adults aged 16–90 years. Model-based reliability assessment was conducted to evaluate practical utility of derived scores. Prior distributions for factor loadings were specified through hyperparameter matrices based on theoretical expectations. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated robust results across different prior specifications. Model comparisons used the Widely Applicable Information Criterion (WAIC) and Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOO-CV). Results showed that while exploratory factor analysis supported the traditional four-factor structure, Bayesian analysis revealed superior fit of the CHC theory-based hierarchical model (WAIC = 1138.43). The hierarchical g-factor model demonstrated better fit than the bi-factor model, contrasting with previous findings in Western samples, suggesting potential cultural differences in cognitive ability manifestation. However, model-based reliability indices revealed important limitations: while general factor scores showed excellent reliability (ωt ≥ 0.92), most group factors demonstrated poor reliability (ωHS &lt; 0.50), limiting clinical utility for individual assessment. These findings suggest that while CHC theory provides a statistically superior framework, Full Scale IQ should remain the primary interpretive focus, with index scores providing supplementary ancillary. Arithmetic showed complex loading patterns requiring careful interpretation. These findings contribute to understanding universal and culture-specific aspects of cognitive ability measurement, emphasizing general intelligence primacy in the Japanese population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 101973"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}