Intelligence最新文献

{"title":"Using automatic item generation to construct scheduling problems measuring planning ability","authors":"Martin E. Arendasy ,&nbsp;Markus Sommer ,&nbsp;Reinhard Tschiesner ,&nbsp;Martina Feldhammer-Kahr ,&nbsp;Konstantin Umdasch","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Planning is a core component of executive functioning that has been hypothesized to be central to many activities in daily life and occupational settings. Despite its practical and theoretical relevance, there is a lack of psychometric tests, whose item parameters can be predicted by item design features, that have been shown to be linked to cognitive processes involved in planning (=radicals). In the present article the automatic min-max approach was used to construct k = 140 (study I: <em>N</em> = 1573) and k = 17 (study II: N = <em>N</em> = 548 Austrian and <em>N</em> = 572 Italian adolescents) scheduling problems measuring planning. The psychometric quality of the items was evaluated in three studies. The results indicated, that the 1PL Rasch model and the Linear Logistic Test model fitted the data reasonably well, and that the item- and basic parameter estimates can be assumed to be invariant across relevant socio-demographic (study I and II). The radicals jointly explained 89.30% of the variance in the item parameter estimates, and all of them contributed significantly to the prediction of the item parameters. Furthermore, planning – as measured by the scheduling problems and the Tower of London (TOL-F) – was moderately correlated with G_c, G_q, and G_v, and highly correlated with G_f (study III: <em>N</em> = 249). By contrast, G_f was highly correlated with planning ability and the other three second stratum factors. Thus, G_f and planning ability differ in their structural relation to other second stratum factors, which provides evidence that planning ability cannot be regarded to be synonymous to G_f. The article discusses the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000497/pdfft?md5=f11c1fee0567bc7a8107c96c02824ad6&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000497-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141998554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible evidence for the Law of General Intelligence in honeybees (Apis mellifera)","authors":"Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre ,&nbsp;Matthew A. Sarraf ,&nbsp;Michael A. Woodley of Menie ,&nbsp;Aurelio-Jose Figueredo","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Finke, Scheiner, Giurfa, and Avarguès-Weber (2023)</span></span> published correlational data on the performance of honeybees (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) in three learning tasks (associative, reversal, and negative patterning, capturing the domains of <em>operant conditioning</em>, <em>executive-functioning-like ability</em>, and <em>inhibition plus configural processing</em>, respectively) evaluated under both visual and olfactory stimulus conditions. They speculate that general cognitive ability (GCA) may be weakly causing all-positive correlations between performance in these different learning modalities, but do not formally test this possibility. A factor-analytic model applied to <span><span>Finke et al. (2023)</span></span> data revealed the presence of two perfectly congruent GCA factors (one for each stimulus condition). Both exhibited all-positive loadings, with the visual factor accounting for 46.8% of the performance variance and the olfactory factor accounting for 52.3%. Diagnostic statistics confirmed that in both stimulus conditions, the correlation matrices were adequate for factor analysis. These findings support extant hypotheses that GCA influences covariation between cognitive measures in honeybees, and constitute the first formal potential demonstration of GCA in an invertebrate. It is argued that GCA might be ubiquitous with respect to metazoans possessing organized nervous systems, perhaps because it convergently evolved multiple times in independent phylogenies, this being a key prediction of Christopher Chabris' <em>Law of General Intelligence</em>. Indeed, GCA has now been identified in insect, avian, mammal, and fish taxa. Some “primordial” aspects of GCA may even by basal to metazoans, and experiments employing <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> are suggested that could potentially shed light on such aspects. The findings are also strikingly inconsistent with evolutionary and comparative psychological theories positing a “modules first” understanding of cognitive evolution, such as one recent proposal that smaller brains cannot accommodate structures that give rise to GCA. Other theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141979772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the nexus: Culture, cognitive competence, and economic performance across 86 nations (2000–2018)","authors":"David Becker ,&nbsp;Thomas R. Coyle ,&nbsp;Heiner Rindermann","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Numerous studies have explored the complex relationship between culture, cognitive competence, and economic performance globally. However, findings from these investigations vary significantly and occasionally contradict each other. This study delves into this connection by analyzing variables or dimensions from three distinct models of <em>national culture</em> concerning the results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the economic strength and growth of 86 nations between 2000 and 2018. Religious affiliations emerge as a significant statistical explanatory factor, accounting for a substantial portion of the variance in overall PISA performance, ranging from 24% to 40%. Remarkably, an underutilized cultural model, the <em>Axiological Cube</em>, surpasses others, exhibiting explanatory power ranging from 45% to 63%. Path analyses rooted in both <em>Human Capital Theory</em> and <em>Cognitive Capitalism Theory</em> reveal that cultural variables exert their influence on economic growth mainly indirectly through their impact on student competence. Cultural variables exhibit robust predictive capacity for overall student competences, as indicated by PISA mean scores. However, they prove inadequate in explaining certain cognitive competence patterns, such as disparities in inequality and subject-specific variations, like mathematics and reading. This study also highlights uncertainties surrounding the effects of Confucianism and East Asian religions, prompting further discussion and investigation.</p><p>Σ words: 200.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000394/pdfft?md5=8daffc138a35ca89a06d4eddb1bcaaa9&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000394-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141729758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the relationships between processing speed, intra-subject variability, working memory, and fluid intelligence – A cross-sectional study","authors":"Y. Schulz-Zhecheva ,&nbsp;M.C. Voelkle ,&nbsp;M. Biscaldi ,&nbsp;A. Beauducel ,&nbsp;C. Klein","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The developmental cascade model, elaborated by Fry and Hale (2000) emphasizes the role of age-related increases in processing speed and working memory for the development of fluid intelligence. Given the intimate relationships between intra-subject variability and the aforementioned constructs, the present study set out to determine the role of intra-subject variability within the pathways outlined in the developmental cascade model, postulating a fundamental role of intra-subject variability for the development of processing speed, working memory and fluid intelligence. To that end, <em>N</em> = 403 participants aged 8–18 years took a testing battery including choice reaction time tasks to measure processing speed and intra-subject variability as well as span, operation span and coordination tasks to measure working memory within the empirical framework of Oberauer et al. (2003). Cattell's Culture Fair Test (CFT-20 R) was used to measure fluid intelligence. Our results confirm the well-known close relationships between processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence, and show that intra-subject variability is also closely related to these constructs. The results of the present study suggest the extension of the developmental cascade model by the inclusion of intra-subject variability as a fundamental construct.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141622540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inspection time and intelligence: A five-wave longitudinal study from age 70 to age 82 in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936","authors":"Ian J. Deary ,&nbsp;Simon R. Cox ,&nbsp;Judith A. Okely","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To test the idea that the slowing of simple information processing contributes to more general cognitive ageing, it is necessary to demonstrate that changes in the two variables are correlated as people grow older. Here, we examine the association between inspection time—a psychophysical measure of visual information processing—and general cognitive ability and the cognitive domains of visuospatial reasoning, processing speed, memory, and crystallised ability across five waves of testing in a 12-year period. The participants were members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936; there was a maximum of 1090 people with cognitive data at age 70 (Wave 1) and 426 at age 82 (Wave 5). At each testing wave the participants took the same 12 cognitive tests. Latent growth curve modelling in a structural equation modelling framework was used to examine the associations between intercepts and slopes of inspection time and other cognitive capabilities. Age-related changes (slope) in inspection time correlated 0.898 (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) with changes (slope) in general cognitive ability over the 12 years. Inspection time changes correlated with changes in each of the four cognitive domains, but these associations were reduced to non-significance once the domains' loadings on general cognitive ability were taken into account (with the possible exception of memory, whose changes still had a marginal additional association with inspection time changes; <em>β</em> = 0.199, <em>p</em> = 0.030). The results are compatible with the idea that age-related slowing of processing speed contributes causally to the age-related declines in complex cognitive capability, but this is not the only interpretation of the present findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000382/pdfft?md5=3041ef85760c41713bebdebba5819347&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000382-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in general retrieval ability in semantic and autobiographical fluency tasks","authors":"Nash Unsworth","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Individual differences in general retrieval ability in semantic and autobiographical fluency tasks were examined in the current study. Participants performed multiple fluency tasks requiring retrieval from semantic memory, autobiographical semantic memory, and autobiographical memory. Participants also completed multiple measures of working memory and vocabulary. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that three distinct, but correlated fluency factors (semantic memory, autobiographical semantic memory, and autobiographical memory) best accounted for the data. These factors loaded onto a higher-order general retrieval factor. Working memory was correlated with the semantic, autobiographical semantic, and the higher-order general retrieval factor. Vocabulary correlated positively with semantic memory, but negatively autobiographical semantic memory, and not significantly with the higher-order factor. These results suggest there is a general retrieval ability that cuts across semantic and autobiographical fluency tasks and this general retrieval factor is correlated with working memory, but not necessarily with vocabulary. These results provide important information on the nature of individual differences in general retrieval ability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140952448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New methods, persistent issues, and one solution: Gene-environment interaction studies of childhood cognitive development","authors":"Sophie von Stumm ,&nbsp;Allie F. Nancarrow","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Children's differences in cognitive development stem from the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Identifying gene-environment interactions in cognitive development is key for effectively targeting interventions that improve children's life chances. The advent of polygenic scores, which aggregate DNA variants to index a person's genetic propensities for phenotypic development, has created unprecedented opportunities for pinpointing gene-environment interactions. Yet, the issue of statistical power – the probability of detecting a true effect – prevails, and no replicable gene-environment interactions in child cognitive development have been reported. In this review article, we recapitulate three approaches to studying gene-environment interactions, including twin studies, candidate gene models, and polygenic score methods. We then discuss the issue of statistical power in gene-environment interaction research and conclude that larger samples are key to ushering a new era of replicable gene-environment interaction findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028962400028X/pdfft?md5=cd9adebcc50ca60cf1f5082cffb111b9&pid=1-s2.0-S016028962400028X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, attention, and psychomotor ability: A latent variable approach to understanding individual differences in simulated work performance","authors":"Cody A. Mashburn ,&nbsp;Alexander P. Burgoyne ,&nbsp;Jason S. Tsukahara ,&nbsp;Richard Pak ,&nbsp;Joseph T. Coyne ,&nbsp;Ciara Sibley ,&nbsp;Cyrus Foroughi ,&nbsp;Randall W. Engle","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We compare the validity of personnel selection measures and novel tests of attention control for explaining individual differences in synthetic work performance, which required participants to monitor and complete multiple ongoing tasks. In Study 1, an online sample of young adults (<em>N</em> = 474, aged 18–35) based in the United States completed three-minute tests of attention control and two tests that primarily measure acquired knowledge, the Wonderlic and the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). Structural equation modeling revealed that acquired knowledge tests did not predict simulated work performance beyond attention control, whereas attention control did predict simulated work performance controlling for other measures. In Study 2, an in-lab sample of young adults from Georgia Tech and the greater Atlanta community (<em>N</em> = 321, aged 18–35) completed tests of attention control, processing speed, working memory capacity, and versions of two U.S. Military selection tests, one assessing acquired knowledge (the AFQT) and one assessing psychomotor ability (the Performance-Based Measures assessment from the Aviation Selection Test Battery). Structural equation modeling revealed that attention control fully mediated the relationship between the Performance Based Measures and simulated work performance, but the AFQT and processing speed retained unique prediction. We also explore possible gender differences. Collectively, these results suggest that tests of attention control may be a useful supplement to existing personnel selection measures when complex cognitive tasks are the criterion variable of interest.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140893918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inconclusive evidence for an increasing effect of maternal supportiveness on childhood intelligence in Dunkel et al. (2023): A simulated reanalysis","authors":"Kimmo Sorjonen ,&nbsp;Bo Melin ,&nbsp;Gustav Nilsonne","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a recent study (<em>N</em> = 1075), Dunkel et al. (2023) concluded that maternal supportiveness is important for children's general intelligence. Maternal supportiveness was measured at ages 14, 24, and 36 months while children's intelligence was measured at ages 14, 24, and 36 months and at 4 and 10 years. The effects of maternal supportiveness at time T (β = 0.12), of maternal supportiveness at time T + 1 (β = 0.08), and of the child's intelligence at T + 1 (β = 0.49) on the child's intelligence at T + 2, were all positive and statistically significant when adjusting for one another. However, it is known that such adjusted cross-lagged effects may be biased due to residual confounding and regression to the mean. In the present study, we fitted various models, including latent change score models, on data simulating the data used by Dunkel et al. We found discrepant effects. For example, a positive effect of supportiveness on subsequent increase in children's intelligence (β = 0.04) was accounted for by maternal intelligence (β = 0.01 after adjustment). Another effect indicated that low supportiveness may compensate for having a mother with low intelligence and allow children to achieve the same intelligence as children to more intelligent and supportive mothers (β = 0.34). These divergent findings suggested that it may be premature to assume an increasing effect of maternal supportiveness on children's intelligence. It is important for researchers to bear in mind that correlations, also in superficially more advanced forms like cross-lagged effects, do not prove causality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140755710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Looking for transfer in all the wrong places: How intellectual abilities can be enhanced through diverse experience among older adults","authors":"Elizabeth A.L. Stine-Morrow,&nbsp;Ilber E. Manavbasi,&nbsp;Shukhan Ng,&nbsp;Giavanna S. McCall,&nbsp;Aron K. Barbey,&nbsp;Daniel G. Morrow","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research with cognitive training for older adults has largely shown that benefits are confined to the skills that are directly practiced with little or no generalization (or “transfer”) to other skills. However, investigations typically rely on pre-post designs in which the effects of training on non-practiced skills can only be revealed in the initial encounter with the novel task after training. The principle of mutualism suggests that growth in one cognitive skill may potentiate plasticity in related skills, such that transfer may only emerge with practice on the novel skill. We introduce a successive enrichment paradigm in which learning on a target skill (here, working memory (WM)) is examined as a function of earlier training experiences. Older adults were randomly assigned to one of four groups who trained on different combinations of tasks before training on a verbal WM task. Practice with any combination of WM tasks accelerated learning of the target task relative to a verbal decision speed control. Furthermore, those who first practiced multiple WM span tasks that were different from the target task showed larger pre- to posttest gain on the target WM task relative to those with prior exposure to only one different WM task or even the exact same WM task as the target. However, these effects only emerged with practice on the novel task. These data provide support for the mutualism principle — a conceptualization of transfer that can explain the emergence of the positive manifold of cognitive abilities, and offers promise for new pathways to promote late-life cognitive health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000230/pdfft?md5=bbef3cb8f65becd8afe21bebe8d4f234&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000230-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140548682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}