Intelligence最新文献_第3页

Comparing factor and network models of cognitive abilities using twin data 利用双胞胎数据比较认知能力的因素模型和网络模型

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101833

Jacob Knyspel, Robert Plomin

{"title":"Comparing factor and network models of cognitive abilities using twin data","authors":"Jacob Knyspel, Robert Plomin","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Network models have become a popular alternative to factor models for analysing the phenotypic relationships among cognitive abilities. Studies have begun to compare these models directly to one another using cognitive ability data, although such a comparison has so far not extended to genetics. Our aim with this study was therefore to compare factor and network models of cognitive abilities first at a phenotypic level and then at a genetic level. We analyzed data from the Twins Early Development Study that were collected using 14 cognitive ability measures from 11,290 twins in the UK aged 12 years old. We conducted phenotypic and genetic analyses in which numerous factor and network models were tested, including a novel network twin model. Factor and network models both provided useful representations of the phenotypic and genetic relationships among cognitive abilities. Surprisingly, several relationships among cognitive abilities within the genetic networks were negative, which suggests that these cognitive abilities might share some genetic variants with inverse effects, although more research is currently needed to confirm this. Implications for future genomic research are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000278/pdfft?md5=4fce9f2261c54e23fad5b161a8d215c5&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000278-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140539967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Defining intelligence: Bridging the gap between human and artificial perspectives 定义智能：缩小人类与人工智能之间的差距

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101832

Gilles E. Gignac , Eva T. Szodorai

{"title":"Defining intelligence: Bridging the gap between human and artificial perspectives","authors":"Gilles E. Gignac , Eva T. Szodorai","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Achieving a widely accepted definition of human intelligence has been challenging, a situation mirrored by the diverse definitions of artificial intelligence in computer science. By critically examining published definitions, highlighting both consistencies and inconsistencies, this paper proposes a refined nomenclature that harmonizes conceptualizations across the two disciplines. Abstract and operational definitions for human and artificial intelligence are proposed that emphasize maximal capacity for completing novel goals successfully through respective perceptual-cognitive and computational processes. Additionally, support for considering intelligence, both human and artificial, as consistent with a multidimensional model of capabilities is provided. The implications of current practices in artificial intelligence training and testing are also described, as they can be expected to lead to artificial achievement or expertise rather than artificial intelligence. Paralleling psychometrics, ‘AI metrics’ is suggested as a needed computer science discipline that acknowledges the importance of test reliability and validity, as well as standardized measurement procedures in artificial system evaluations. Drawing parallels with human general intelligence, artificial general intelligence (AGI) is described as a reflection of the shared variance in artificial system performances. We conclude that current evidence more greatly supports the observation of artificial achievement and expertise over artificial intelligence. However, interdisciplinary collaborations, based on common understandings of the nature of intelligence, as well as sound measurement practices, could facilitate scientific innovations that help bridge the gap between artificial and human-like intelligence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000266/pdfft?md5=63c65fbb7e59d45a51e8f055e92ca453&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000266-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140536691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting political beliefs with polygenic scores for cognitive performance and educational attainment 用认知能力和教育程度的多基因分数预测政治信仰

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101831

Tobias Edwards, Alexandros Giannelis, Emily A. Willoughby, James J. Lee

引用次数: 0

EEG oscillatory evidence for the temporal dynamics of divergent and convergent thinking in the verbal knowledge domain 语言知识领域发散思维和聚合思维时间动态的脑电图振荡证据

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101828

Vera Eymann , Thomas Lachmann , Ann-Kathrin Beck , Daniela Czernochowski

{"title":"EEG oscillatory evidence for the temporal dynamics of divergent and convergent thinking in the verbal knowledge domain","authors":"Vera Eymann , Thomas Lachmann , Ann-Kathrin Beck , Daniela Czernochowski","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates neural mechanisms of divergent and convergent thinking in the verbal knowledge domain while taking into account activation related to working memory (WM). Divergent thinking was assessed using the Alternate Uses Task (AUT) and convergent thinking using the Compound Remote Associates task (RAT). We analyzed upper alpha band (10–12 Hz) oscillatory activity, in which we accounted for the temporal dynamics of both thinking processes by investigating three different time points during each trial for both tasks. We subtracted WM-related oscillatory activity measured by a serial recall task within the same knowledge domain and by using highly similar stimulus material as in both divergent and convergent thinking tasks. Our results show a strong upper alpha synchronization during divergent relative to convergent thinking, most pronounced at fronto-parietal electrodes. Moreover, we observed highest synchronization towards the middle (in contrast to the beginning and end) of each trial during both thinking processes. The results of the present study extend previous findings in the visuo-spatial knowledge domain, using a highly similar analytical approach to investigate divergent and convergent thinking. Together, these findings provide theoretical implications on how divergent and convergent thinking interact beyond WM across different knowledge domains by emphasizing their complex interplay.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000229/pdfft?md5=33ab0c0b8fb4cf05c2fefa4a7e14ce4d&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000229-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140347453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rethinking the Dunning-Kruger effect: Negligible influence on a limited segment of the population 反思邓宁-克鲁格效应：对有限人群的影响微不足道

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101830

Gilles E. Gignac

{"title":"Rethinking the Dunning-Kruger effect: Negligible influence on a limited segment of the population","authors":"Gilles E. Gignac","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gignac and Zajenkowski (2020) recommended testing the Dunning-Kruger (DK) hypothesis with a combination of polynomial regression and LOESS regression, as the conventional approach to testing the hypothesis (i.e., quartile split) confounds regression toward the mean and the better-than-average effect. Building upon Gignac and Zajenkowski (2020), an insightful method to estimate the magnitude and prevalence of a DK effect is introduced based on comparing linear and LOESS regression predicted values. Based on simulated data specified to exhibit a plausible DK effect for cognitive abilities, the magnitude of the DK effect was empirically modeled. The effect peaked at a 20-point relative overestimation at an IQ of 55, impacting only 0.14% of the population, and decreased to a 7-point relative overestimation at an IQ of 70, affecting 2.3% of the population. Analysing two large field data samples (<em>N</em> ≈ 3500 each) from participants who completed intelligence subtests in grammar and logical reasoning, the DK effect was found to account for a maximum relative ability overestimation of 7 to 9 percentile points. Notably, this effect was confined to only ≈ 0.2% of the participants (IQ ≈ 55), all of whom scored at chance levels. Finally, low levels of conditional reliability (≈ 0.40) at distribution extremes were found to complicate interpreting results that superficially support the DK hypothesis. It is concluded that, when analyzed using appropriate methods, it is unlikely that the DK effect will ever be demonstrated as an unambiguously meaningful psychological phenomenon affecting an appreciable portion of the population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000242/pdfft?md5=3351f0c74102f504a90fb197dd0480cd&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000242-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140341581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An endless cycle of ignorance is the consequence of not offering classes on IQ and human intelligence 不开设智商和人类智力课程的后果是无休止的无知循环

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101827

Louis D. Matzel

引用次数: 0

Meta-analytic validity of cognitive ability for hands-on military job proficiency 认知能力对实践性军事工作熟练程度的元分析有效性

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101818

Jeffrey M. Cucina , Scott K. Burtnick , Maria E. De la Flor Musso , Philip T. Walmsley , Kimberly J. Wilson

引用次数: 0

The structure of individual differences in procedural working memory: Comparing task switching and stimulus response rule information load 程序性工作记忆的个体差异结构：比较任务转换和刺激反应规则信息负荷

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101817

Dror Garbi , Nachshon Meiran

{"title":"The structure of individual differences in procedural working memory: Comparing task switching and stimulus response rule information load","authors":"Dror Garbi , Nachshon Meiran","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Working memory (WM) serves not just for remembering facts (“declarative WM”) but also for controlling action and thought (“procedural WM”, pWM) by holding and manipulating task rules and task control parameters such as goals. Yet, the structure of individual differences in pWM is underexplored. The present work compared between two highly similar (in the number of stimulus response rules, stimuli, responses, and scoring method) pWM challenges: Rule WM (rWM) - loading WM with novel arbitrary stimulus response rules, and Task switching between familiar rules. A series of confirmatory bi-factor models fitted to results from two separate highly variable samples (<em>N</em> = 544, 520) support the existence of a common (to Switching and rWM) ability as well as the distinction between rWM and Switching. Latent regression models in which correlated latent variables of Switching, Speed and rWM predicted Reasoning and Anti-saccade performance indicate a different pattern of variance sharing for switching and rWM: Specific rWM and the rWM-Speed variance overlap predicted Reasoning, whereas specific Switch did not. Switch was predictive of Anti-saccade and Reasoning only through its overlap with the rWM (for Reasoning) and with both Speed and rWM (for both outcomes). Together, these results support the conclusion that the ability to meet a switching challenge and the ability to meet a challenge of having many rules to remember (rWM) constitute partly separable sources of individual differences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140122563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How useful are specific cognitive ability scores? An investigation of their stability and incremental validity beyond general intelligence 特定认知能力分数有多大用处？对其稳定性和超越一般智力的增量有效性的研究

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101816

Moritz Breit, Vsevolod Scherrer, Franzis Preckel

{"title":"How useful are specific cognitive ability scores? An investigation of their stability and incremental validity beyond general intelligence","authors":"Moritz Breit, Vsevolod Scherrer, Franzis Preckel","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many intelligence tests measure multiple specific cognitive abilities. Practitioners use these specific ability scores, which encompass both specific ability and general intelligence variance, and the resulting intelligence profiles to make counseling and intervention decisions. In the present study, we investigated the temporal stability of eight specific abilities and their profiles over one school year, as well as their incremental validity in the prediction of school grades with German grade 7 to 9 students (<em>N</em> = 326 at T1; <em>N</em> = 311 at T2; <em>N</em> = 257 with IQ data at both times of measurement). The mean rank-order stability was 0.80 and ranged from 0.71 to 0.85. Intelligence profiles replicated significantly above chance levels (<em>Mdn</em><sub><em>κ</em></sub> = 0.31). The incremental validity coefficients were mostly small, but the Reasoning score substantially contributed to the prediction of math grades (<em>ΔR</em><sup><em>2</em></sup> = 0.07–0.09), the Verbal Ability score to the prediction of German grades (<em>ΔR</em><sup><em>2</em></sup> = 0.05–0.09), and the Crystallized Intelligence score to the prediction of geography grades (<em>ΔR</em><sup><em>2</em></sup> = 0.03–0.08) beyond the general intelligence score. Our study of specific ability scores indicated moderate to high rank-order stability, fair to moderate profile stability, and substantial incremental validity for some specific ability scores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000102/pdfft?md5=656736e6fe2b4fd1c6f179e0ab473742&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000102-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attitude toward numbers: A better predictor of financial literacy and intelligence than need for cognition 对数字的态度：比认知需求更好地预测金融知识和智力

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101808

Gilles E. Gignac, Elizabeth M. Stevens

{"title":"Attitude toward numbers: A better predictor of financial literacy and intelligence than need for cognition","authors":"Gilles E. Gignac, Elizabeth M. Stevens","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a recent meta-analysis, financial literacy – understanding basic financial terms and concepts – was significantly correlated with general intelligence (<em>r</em> ≈ 0.62). However, this correlation may be underestimated, as few studies employed robust measures of both intelligence (more than one subtest) and financial literacy (>12 items). Additionally, cognitive reflection has not been investigated for its unique capacity at predicting financial literacy, an important consideration, as cognitive reflection has been suggested to be a measure of financial cognition. Beyond cognitive factors, non-cognitive predictors like need for cognition and attitude toward numbers (comfort with numerical concepts) may also influence financial literacy. In our study of 688 young adults (17–40 years), we administered four intelligence subtests (including a measure of cognitive reflection), a financial literacy test, and questionnaires assessing need for cognition and attitude toward numbers - the first to investigate all of these dimensions simultaneously. Results revealed a stronger latent correlation (0.76) between general intelligence and financial literacy than previously reported. Cognitive reflection was found to yield some incremental predictive variance in predicting financial literacy beyond general intelligence. Finally, attitude toward numbers and need for cognition both correlated positively with both general intelligence and financial literacy, however, only attitude toward numbers uniquely predicted financial literacy in a structural equation model. These findings suggest that financial literacy shares closer to 50–60% of its variance with general intelligence. They also highlight the potential value of fostering a positive numerical attitude alongside financial knowledge in educational interventions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000023/pdfft?md5=5b1fe7e1aae827a7037f0efcbe14ed33&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000023-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139494202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0