Intelligence最新文献_第10页

New methods, persistent issues, and one solution: Gene-environment interaction studies of childhood cognitive development 新方法、老大难问题和一个解决方案：儿童认知发展的基因-环境交互作用研究

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101834

Sophie von Stumm , Allie F. Nancarrow

{"title":"New methods, persistent issues, and one solution: Gene-environment interaction studies of childhood cognitive development","authors":"Sophie von Stumm , Allie F. Nancarrow","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Children's differences in cognitive development stem from the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Identifying gene-environment interactions in cognitive development is key for effectively targeting interventions that improve children's life chances. The advent of polygenic scores, which aggregate DNA variants to index a person's genetic propensities for phenotypic development, has created unprecedented opportunities for pinpointing gene-environment interactions. Yet, the issue of statistical power – the probability of detecting a true effect – prevails, and no replicable gene-environment interactions in child cognitive development have been reported. In this review article, we recapitulate three approaches to studying gene-environment interactions, including twin studies, candidate gene models, and polygenic score methods. We then discuss the issue of statistical power in gene-environment interaction research and conclude that larger samples are key to ushering a new era of replicable gene-environment interaction findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101834"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028962400028X/pdfft?md5=cd9adebcc50ca60cf1f5082cffb111b9&pid=1-s2.0-S016028962400028X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the relationships between processing speed, intra-subject variability, working memory, and fluid intelligence – A cross-sectional study 关于处理速度、主体内变异性、工作记忆和流体智力之间的关系--一项横断面研究

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101836

Y. Schulz-Zhecheva , M.C. Voelkle , M. Biscaldi , A. Beauducel , C. Klein

{"title":"On the relationships between processing speed, intra-subject variability, working memory, and fluid intelligence – A cross-sectional study","authors":"Y. Schulz-Zhecheva , M.C. Voelkle , M. Biscaldi , A. Beauducel , C. Klein","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The developmental cascade model, elaborated by Fry and Hale (2000) emphasizes the role of age-related increases in processing speed and working memory for the development of fluid intelligence. Given the intimate relationships between intra-subject variability and the aforementioned constructs, the present study set out to determine the role of intra-subject variability within the pathways outlined in the developmental cascade model, postulating a fundamental role of intra-subject variability for the development of processing speed, working memory and fluid intelligence. To that end, <em>N</em> = 403 participants aged 8–18 years took a testing battery including choice reaction time tasks to measure processing speed and intra-subject variability as well as span, operation span and coordination tasks to measure working memory within the empirical framework of Oberauer et al. (2003). Cattell's Culture Fair Test (CFT-20 R) was used to measure fluid intelligence. Our results confirm the well-known close relationships between processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence, and show that intra-subject variability is also closely related to these constructs. The results of the present study suggest the extension of the developmental cascade model by the inclusion of intra-subject variability as a fundamental construct.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101836"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141622540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inspection time and intelligence: A five-wave longitudinal study from age 70 to age 82 in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 视察时间与智力：1936 年洛锡安出生队列 70 岁至 82 岁的五波纵向研究

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101844

Ian J. Deary , Simon R. Cox , Judith A. Okely

{"title":"Inspection time and intelligence: A five-wave longitudinal study from age 70 to age 82 in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936","authors":"Ian J. Deary , Simon R. Cox , Judith A. Okely","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To test the idea that the slowing of simple information processing contributes to more general cognitive ageing, it is necessary to demonstrate that changes in the two variables are correlated as people grow older. Here, we examine the association between inspection time—a psychophysical measure of visual information processing—and general cognitive ability and the cognitive domains of visuospatial reasoning, processing speed, memory, and crystallised ability across five waves of testing in a 12-year period. The participants were members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936; there was a maximum of 1090 people with cognitive data at age 70 (Wave 1) and 426 at age 82 (Wave 5). At each testing wave the participants took the same 12 cognitive tests. Latent growth curve modelling in a structural equation modelling framework was used to examine the associations between intercepts and slopes of inspection time and other cognitive capabilities. Age-related changes (slope) in inspection time correlated 0.898 (<em>p</em> < 0.001) with changes (slope) in general cognitive ability over the 12 years. Inspection time changes correlated with changes in each of the four cognitive domains, but these associations were reduced to non-significance once the domains' loadings on general cognitive ability were taken into account (with the possible exception of memory, whose changes still had a marginal additional association with inspection time changes; <em>β</em> = 0.199, <em>p</em> = 0.030). The results are compatible with the idea that age-related slowing of processing speed contributes causally to the age-related declines in complex cognitive capability, but this is not the only interpretation of the present findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000382/pdfft?md5=3041ef85760c41713bebdebba5819347&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000382-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variation in general retrieval ability in semantic and autobiographical fluency tasks 语义和自传流畅性任务中一般检索能力的差异

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101837

Nash Unsworth

{"title":"Variation in general retrieval ability in semantic and autobiographical fluency tasks","authors":"Nash Unsworth","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Individual differences in general retrieval ability in semantic and autobiographical fluency tasks were examined in the current study. Participants performed multiple fluency tasks requiring retrieval from semantic memory, autobiographical semantic memory, and autobiographical memory. Participants also completed multiple measures of working memory and vocabulary. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that three distinct, but correlated fluency factors (semantic memory, autobiographical semantic memory, and autobiographical memory) best accounted for the data. These factors loaded onto a higher-order general retrieval factor. Working memory was correlated with the semantic, autobiographical semantic, and the higher-order general retrieval factor. Vocabulary correlated positively with semantic memory, but negatively autobiographical semantic memory, and not significantly with the higher-order factor. These results suggest there is a general retrieval ability that cuts across semantic and autobiographical fluency tasks and this general retrieval factor is correlated with working memory, but not necessarily with vocabulary. These results provide important information on the nature of individual differences in general retrieval ability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"105 ","pages":"Article 101837"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140952448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An endless cycle of ignorance is the consequence of not offering classes on IQ and human intelligence 不开设智商和人类智力课程的后果是无休止的无知循环

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101827

Louis D. Matzel

引用次数: 0

Knowledge, attention, and psychomotor ability: A latent variable approach to understanding individual differences in simulated work performance 知识、注意力和心理运动能力：用潜在变量法理解模拟工作表现中的个体差异

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101835

Cody A. Mashburn , Alexander P. Burgoyne , Jason S. Tsukahara , Richard Pak , Joseph T. Coyne , Ciara Sibley , Cyrus Foroughi , Randall W. Engle

{"title":"Knowledge, attention, and psychomotor ability: A latent variable approach to understanding individual differences in simulated work performance","authors":"Cody A. Mashburn , Alexander P. Burgoyne , Jason S. Tsukahara , Richard Pak , Joseph T. Coyne , Ciara Sibley , Cyrus Foroughi , Randall W. Engle","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We compare the validity of personnel selection measures and novel tests of attention control for explaining individual differences in synthetic work performance, which required participants to monitor and complete multiple ongoing tasks. In Study 1, an online sample of young adults (<em>N</em> = 474, aged 18–35) based in the United States completed three-minute tests of attention control and two tests that primarily measure acquired knowledge, the Wonderlic and the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). Structural equation modeling revealed that acquired knowledge tests did not predict simulated work performance beyond attention control, whereas attention control did predict simulated work performance controlling for other measures. In Study 2, an in-lab sample of young adults from Georgia Tech and the greater Atlanta community (<em>N</em> = 321, aged 18–35) completed tests of attention control, processing speed, working memory capacity, and versions of two U.S. Military selection tests, one assessing acquired knowledge (the AFQT) and one assessing psychomotor ability (the Performance-Based Measures assessment from the Aviation Selection Test Battery). Structural equation modeling revealed that attention control fully mediated the relationship between the Performance Based Measures and simulated work performance, but the AFQT and processing speed retained unique prediction. We also explore possible gender differences. Collectively, these results suggest that tests of attention control may be a useful supplement to existing personnel selection measures when complex cognitive tasks are the criterion variable of interest.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 101835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140893918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Defining intelligence: Bridging the gap between human and artificial perspectives 定义智能：缩小人类与人工智能之间的差距

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101832

Gilles E. Gignac , Eva T. Szodorai

{"title":"Defining intelligence: Bridging the gap between human and artificial perspectives","authors":"Gilles E. Gignac , Eva T. Szodorai","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Achieving a widely accepted definition of human intelligence has been challenging, a situation mirrored by the diverse definitions of artificial intelligence in computer science. By critically examining published definitions, highlighting both consistencies and inconsistencies, this paper proposes a refined nomenclature that harmonizes conceptualizations across the two disciplines. Abstract and operational definitions for human and artificial intelligence are proposed that emphasize maximal capacity for completing novel goals successfully through respective perceptual-cognitive and computational processes. Additionally, support for considering intelligence, both human and artificial, as consistent with a multidimensional model of capabilities is provided. The implications of current practices in artificial intelligence training and testing are also described, as they can be expected to lead to artificial achievement or expertise rather than artificial intelligence. Paralleling psychometrics, ‘AI metrics’ is suggested as a needed computer science discipline that acknowledges the importance of test reliability and validity, as well as standardized measurement procedures in artificial system evaluations. Drawing parallels with human general intelligence, artificial general intelligence (AGI) is described as a reflection of the shared variance in artificial system performances. We conclude that current evidence more greatly supports the observation of artificial achievement and expertise over artificial intelligence. However, interdisciplinary collaborations, based on common understandings of the nature of intelligence, as well as sound measurement practices, could facilitate scientific innovations that help bridge the gap between artificial and human-like intelligence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 101832"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000266/pdfft?md5=63c65fbb7e59d45a51e8f055e92ca453&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000266-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140536691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting political beliefs with polygenic scores for cognitive performance and educational attainment 用认知能力和教育程度的多基因分数预测政治信仰

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101831

Tobias Edwards, Alexandros Giannelis, Emily A. Willoughby, James J. Lee

引用次数: 0

The structure of individual differences in procedural working memory: Comparing task switching and stimulus response rule information load 程序性工作记忆的个体差异结构：比较任务转换和刺激反应规则信息负荷

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101817

Dror Garbi , Nachshon Meiran

{"title":"The structure of individual differences in procedural working memory: Comparing task switching and stimulus response rule information load","authors":"Dror Garbi , Nachshon Meiran","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Working memory (WM) serves not just for remembering facts (“declarative WM”) but also for controlling action and thought (“procedural WM”, pWM) by holding and manipulating task rules and task control parameters such as goals. Yet, the structure of individual differences in pWM is underexplored. The present work compared between two highly similar (in the number of stimulus response rules, stimuli, responses, and scoring method) pWM challenges: Rule WM (rWM) - loading WM with novel arbitrary stimulus response rules, and Task switching between familiar rules. A series of confirmatory bi-factor models fitted to results from two separate highly variable samples (<em>N</em> = 544, 520) support the existence of a common (to Switching and rWM) ability as well as the distinction between rWM and Switching. Latent regression models in which correlated latent variables of Switching, Speed and rWM predicted Reasoning and Anti-saccade performance indicate a different pattern of variance sharing for switching and rWM: Specific rWM and the rWM-Speed variance overlap predicted Reasoning, whereas specific Switch did not. Switch was predictive of Anti-saccade and Reasoning only through its overlap with the rWM (for Reasoning) and with both Speed and rWM (for both outcomes). Together, these results support the conclusion that the ability to meet a switching challenge and the ability to meet a challenge of having many rules to remember (rWM) constitute partly separable sources of individual differences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 101817"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140122563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Looking for transfer in all the wrong places: How intellectual abilities can be enhanced through diverse experience among older adults 在所有错误的地方寻找转移：如何通过老年人的不同经历提高智力

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101829

Elizabeth A.L. Stine-Morrow, Ilber E. Manavbasi, Shukhan Ng, Giavanna S. McCall, Aron K. Barbey, Daniel G. Morrow

{"title":"Looking for transfer in all the wrong places: How intellectual abilities can be enhanced through diverse experience among older adults","authors":"Elizabeth A.L. Stine-Morrow, Ilber E. Manavbasi, Shukhan Ng, Giavanna S. McCall, Aron K. Barbey, Daniel G. Morrow","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research with cognitive training for older adults has largely shown that benefits are confined to the skills that are directly practiced with little or no generalization (or “transfer”) to other skills. However, investigations typically rely on pre-post designs in which the effects of training on non-practiced skills can only be revealed in the initial encounter with the novel task after training. The principle of mutualism suggests that growth in one cognitive skill may potentiate plasticity in related skills, such that transfer may only emerge with practice on the novel skill. We introduce a successive enrichment paradigm in which learning on a target skill (here, working memory (WM)) is examined as a function of earlier training experiences. Older adults were randomly assigned to one of four groups who trained on different combinations of tasks before training on a verbal WM task. Practice with any combination of WM tasks accelerated learning of the target task relative to a verbal decision speed control. Furthermore, those who first practiced multiple WM span tasks that were different from the target task showed larger pre- to posttest gain on the target WM task relative to those with prior exposure to only one different WM task or even the exact same WM task as the target. However, these effects only emerged with practice on the novel task. These data provide support for the mutualism principle — a conceptualization of transfer that can explain the emergence of the positive manifold of cognitive abilities, and offers promise for new pathways to promote late-life cognitive health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 101829"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000230/pdfft?md5=bbef3cb8f65becd8afe21bebe8d4f234&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000230-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140548682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0