Intelligence最新文献_第10页

Still no Dunning-Kruger effect: A reply to Hiller 仍然没有邓宁-克鲁格效应:对希特勒的回应

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101733

Gilles E. Gignac , Marcin Zajenkowski

引用次数: 0

Comment on Gignac and Zajenkowski, “The Dunning-Kruger effect is (mostly) a statistical artefact: Valid approaches to testing the hypothesis with individual differences data” 评论Gignac和Zajenkowski，“邓宁-克鲁格效应(主要)是一个统计伪产物:用个体差异数据检验假设的有效方法”

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101732

Avram Hiller

引用次数: 2

Reframing the clouded scientific spectacles of the Flynn effect: A view through two lenses 重塑弗林效应的科学眼镜：从两个镜头看

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101735

Patrick O'Keefe , Linda Wänström , Joseph Lee Rodgers

{"title":"Reframing the clouded scientific spectacles of the Flynn effect: A view through two lenses","authors":"Patrick O'Keefe , Linda Wänström , Joseph Lee Rodgers","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flynn argued that the Flynn effect was due to an increasing use of “scientific spectacles” among the general population (Flynn, 2010), yet the Flynn effect itself has been viewed through clouded scientific spectacles. Most research has focused on Flynn's main finding: IQ scores have increased over time. Flynn (1987) presumed the effect was a cohort (generational) effect, yet a variety of within- and between-person processes could give rise to the observed secular changes. Many theories have been put forth as to the fundamental cause of the Flynn effect. Frequently ignored is what a specific cause implies the Flynn effect would look like at different levels of analysis and in the context of different research designs. In this paper we present two ‘lenses’ with which to view a potential causal model of the Flynn effect, in the hopes of closing some of the current gaps emerging from past research. First, we propose an examination of within- versus between-person processes. Relatedly, we propose that the exclusive focus on normed measures of intelligence has hampered understanding of what functional form the Flynn effect might take, particularly during development. Consideration of “raw” intelligence is likely to be fruitful. For our second lens, we consider the framework of age-period-cohort modeling to categorize what kind of effect a given model implies. We examine several causal theories of the Flynn effect through these lenses. Viewed through our lenses, we find that certain causal theories are, perhaps, somewhat incomplete in their specification of all the relevant processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 101735"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48297097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

fMRI functional connectivity is a better predictor of general intelligence than cortical morphometric features and ICA parcellation order affects predictive performance fMRI功能连通性比皮质形态特征更好地预测一般智力，ICA的排列顺序影响预测性能

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101727

Erick Almeida de Souza, Stéphanie Andrade Silva, Bruno Hebling Vieira , Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon

{"title":"fMRI functional connectivity is a better predictor of general intelligence than cortical morphometric features and ICA parcellation order affects predictive performance","authors":"Erick Almeida de Souza, Stéphanie Andrade Silva, Bruno Hebling Vieira , Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Intelligence, as a general cognitive ability, shows a substantial inter-subject variation. Because of its impact on our lives, there is great interest in explaining the neural substrates of these differences. We used a large set of neuroimaging and behavioral data from 805 subjects, provided by the Human Connectome Project, and applied predictive models based on elastic-net regression using </span>functional connectivity and brain morphometric data to predict general intelligence values. Additionally, we explored the impact of brain spatial distribution of the input connectivity data in the regression model using two strategies: brain parcellation and individual components. Features derived from functional connectivity were considerably more correlated with general intelligence than cortical thickness and surface area. Considering the regularization terms in this particular prediction problem, the best performances were obtained when the impact of all the independent variables was considered in the regresion, i.e. null LASSO sparsity term. Using different parcellation schemes affected predictive performances, which indicates spatial heterogeneity in the regression. We were able to explain 17,5% of the general intelligence variance, in the best performance reached, with a brain parcellation of 25 independent components; by other hand, using only cortical morphometric features the performance reduced to 1,6% for both cortical thickness and surface area. While no component, in particular, was responsible for predicting a large portion of the variance, the spatial components with the best results comprehend parietal, frontal and occipital regions, in agreement with the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 101727"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41969395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ongoing trends of human intelligence 人类智力的持续趋势

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101708

Gerhard Meisenberg, Richard Lynn

{"title":"Ongoing trends of human intelligence","authors":"Gerhard Meisenberg, Richard Lynn","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of the study is to estimate the most recent trends of intelligence world-wide. We find that the most recent studies report mainly positive Flynn effects in economically less developed countries, but trivial and frequently negative Flynn effects in the economically most advanced countries. This is confirmed by an analysis of 48 countries in the 2000–2018 PISA tests, showing that high pre-existing IQ and school achievement are the best predictors of declining test scores. IQ gaps between countries are still large (e.g., 19 IQ points in PISA between East Asia and South Asia) but are diminishing world-wide. We predict that these trends, observed in adolescents today, will reduce cognitive gaps between the working-age populations of countries and world regions during coming decades. As is predicted by the well-established relationship between intelligence and economic growth, there is already evidence that the ongoing cognitive convergence is paralleled by global economic convergence. These developments raise questions as to how long this cognitive and economic convergence will continue, whether it will eliminate cognitive and economic gaps between countries entirely, and whether a condition with high levels of cognitive ability and economic prosperity is sustainable long-term.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101708"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43832739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The association between intelligence and face processing abilities: A conceptual and meta-analytic review 智力与面部处理能力之间的关系：概念和元分析综述

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101718

Dana L. Walker, Romina Palermo, Zoe Callis, Gilles E. Gignac

{"title":"The association between intelligence and face processing abilities: A conceptual and meta-analytic review","authors":"Dana L. Walker, Romina Palermo, Zoe Callis, Gilles E. Gignac","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Whether there is an association between intelligence and face processing ability (i.e., face detection, face perception and face memory) is contentious, with some suggesting a moderate, positive association and others contending there is no meaningful association. The inconsistent results may be due to sample size differences, as well as variability in the quality of intelligence measures administered. The establishment of a moderate, positive correlation between face processing and intelligence would suggest it may be integrated within the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence. Additionally, developmental prosopagnosia<span>, a specific impairment of the recognition of facial identity, may be assessable in a manner similar to a learning disability. Consequently, we employed a psychometric meta-analytic approach to estimate the true score correlation between intelligence and face processing ability. Intelligence was positively and significantly correlated with face detection (</span></span><em>r’</em> = 0.20; <em>k</em> = 2, <em>N =</em> 407), face perception (<em>r’</em> = 0.42, <em>k</em> = 11, <em>N</em> = 2528), and face memory (<em>r’</em> = 0.26, <em>k</em> = 23, <em>N</em> = 9062). Additionally, intelligence measurement quality moderated positively and significantly the association between intelligence and face memory (<em>β</em> = 0.08). On the basis of both theoretical and empirical considerations, we interpreted the results to suggest that face processing ability may be plausibly conceptualised within the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence, in a manner similar to other relatively narrow dimensions of cognitive ability, i.e., associated positively with intelligence, but also distinct (e.g., reading comprehension). Potential clinical implications for the assessment of developmental prosopagnosia are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101718"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41529653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Reevaluating the Dunning-Kruger effect: A response to and replication of 邓宁-克鲁格效应的再评价:对邓宁-克鲁格效应的回应与再现

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101717

C. Dunkel, Joseph L. Nedelec, Dimitri van der Linden

引用次数: 3

Reevaluating the Dunning-Kruger effect: A response to and replication of Gignac and Zajenkowski (2020) 重新评估Dunning-Kruger效应：对Gignac和Zajenkowski（2020）的回应和复制

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101717

Curtis S. Dunkel , Joseph Nedelec , Dimitri van der Linden

引用次数: 3

Educational choice has greater effects on sex ratios of college STEM majors than has the greater male variance in general intelligence (g) 教育选择对大学STEM专业学生性别比的影响大于男性在一般智力方面的差异（g）

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101719

Dai Li , Yizhen Wang , Lantian Li

{"title":"Educational choice has greater effects on sex ratios of college STEM majors than has the greater male variance in general intelligence (g)","authors":"Dai Li , Yizhen Wang , Lantian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In STEM fields other than biological sciences (math-intensive STEM), there is a greater ratio of males to females (M:F ratio) than that of the general population. The <em>Ability Distribution Hypothesis</em> suggests that this is mainly due to greater male variance in <em>g</em><span>. Others hypothesize that this is due to sex differences in occupational interests. There has not been an empirical study to evaluate which kind of differences has greater effects on the M:F ratios in math-intensive STEM fields. To fill the gap, we examine the test scores, application for majors and final admissions in a complete dataset of college entrance. We study the M:F ratios of four math-intensive STEM majors: Economics, Engineering, Computer Science and Physical sciences and Math. In summary, we find that greater male variance exists in total test scores; greater male variance partially explains the female underrepresentation in the upper tails of total test scores; men appear to have stronger interests in Engineering and Computer Science than women, while women appear to have stronger interests in Economics and to a lesser extent Physical sciences and Math than men; compared to sex differences in test scores, sex differences in major-choosing appear to have stronger effects on the M:F ratios of math-intensive STEM majors.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101719"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47628057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

g's little helpers – VOTAT and NOTAT mediate the relation between intelligence and complex problem solving g的小帮手——VOTAT和NOTAT调解了智力和解决复杂问题之间的关系

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101685

Christin Lotz , Ronny Scherer , Samuel Greiff , Jörn R. Sparfeldt

{"title":"g's little helpers – VOTAT and NOTAT mediate the relation between intelligence and complex problem solving","authors":"Christin Lotz , Ronny Scherer , Samuel Greiff , Jörn R. Sparfeldt","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Intelligence and complex problem solving (CPS) correlate closely, but little is known about the mechanism that translates intelligence into successful CPS. Therefore, this study considered the strategic exploration behaviors VOTAT (vary-one-thing-at-a-time) and NOTAT (vary no-thing-at-a-time) as possible mediators. A sample of 495 high-school students worked on nine CPS tasks, six of which with solely direct effects and three with direct and eigendynamic effects. We expected substantial mediation effects if the applied strategic behaviors were optimal to identify the particular underlying effect types (i.e., direct effects: VOTAT; direct and eigendynamic effects: VOTAT and NOTAT). The model for tasks with only direct effects revealed VOTAT and NOTAT to be substantial mediators: Whereas VOTAT showed substantial positive relations to intelligence and CPS performance, NOTAT unexpectedly showed substantial negative relations. Both VOTAT and NOTAT resulted in significant indirect mediation effects. The model for tasks with direct and eigendynamic effects showed substantial positive relations of VOTAT and NOTAT to intelligence and CPS-performance and resulted in significant and positive indirect mediation effects. Moreover, the indirect effects differed between VOTAT and NOTAT and across the two facets of CPS performance. Overall, strategic exploration behaviors are relevant for explaining the <em>g</em>-CPS-relation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 101685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46410219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0