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Stability of mental abilities and physical growth from 6 months to 65 years: Findings from the Zurich Longitudinal Studies 从6个月到65岁的心理能力和身体发育的稳定性:来自苏黎世纵向研究的发现

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101730

Dominique A. Eichelberger , Fabio Sticca , Dinah R. Kübler , Tanja H. Kakebeeke , Jon A. Caflisch , Oskar G. Jenni , Flavia M. Wehrle

{"title":"Stability of mental abilities and physical growth from 6 months to 65 years: Findings from the Zurich Longitudinal Studies","authors":"Dominique A. Eichelberger , Fabio Sticca , Dinah R. Kübler , Tanja H. Kakebeeke , Jon A. Caflisch , Oskar G. Jenni , Flavia M. Wehrle","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mental abilities and physical growth are important determinants of health across the lifespan. Here, the stability of these traits was assessed from 6 months to 65 years of age to investigate periods of stability and malleability. Mental abilities, height, and weight were assessed at 11 time-points in participants of the Zurich Longitudinal Studies. Individuals with more than three missing data points per trait across the 11 assessment time-points (i.e., more than approx. 25% missing data) were excluded from further analyses (final <em>N</em> = 281). Bivariate cross-time correlations showed that the stability of mental abilities was low in infancy and gradually increased. The stability of growth measures was uniform across development, with height being highly stable and weight moderately so. When a latent model was used, the overall stability of mental abilities approached that of weight. The findings indicate that stability and malleability across development differ between mental abilities and growth measures. This requires consideration in interventions targeting these traits as facilitators for improving health outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 101730"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45828356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Opinions on intelligence: An Arab perspective 对智力的看法:一个阿拉伯人的观点

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101731

David Becker, S. Bakhiet, A. Alshahomee, Abdelbasit Gadour, Fadil Elmenfi, Y. Essa, E. Dutton

引用次数: 0

What lies beneath the structure of intelligence? Overview of the special issue on the processes underlying intelligence 智力结构的下面隐藏着什么?概述了关于底层智能过程的特刊

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101720

Marco Koch , Nicolas Becker , Samuel Greiff

引用次数: 0

Opinions on intelligence: An Arab perspective 对智力的看法:一个阿拉伯人的观点

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101731

David Becker , Salaheldin Farah Bakhiet , Alsedig Abdalgadr Alshahomee , Abdelbasit Gadour , Fadil Elmenfi , Yossry Ahmed Sayed Essa , Edward Dutton

{"title":"Opinions on intelligence: An Arab perspective","authors":"David Becker , Salaheldin Farah Bakhiet , Alsedig Abdalgadr Alshahomee , Abdelbasit Gadour , Fadil Elmenfi , Yossry Ahmed Sayed Essa , Edward Dutton","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2023.101731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The issue of cultural differences in how the concept of intelligence is understood has long been debated. But do such differences really exist and, if so, to what extent do they exist and between which cultures are they the most pronounced? To better understand this, we translated a survey from <span>Warne and Burton (2020)</span> on beliefs about intelligence into Arabic, distributed it among psychology and non-psychology students and lecturers at universities within the Arab world, and compared our results with those from the US given by Warne and Burton, and with the current state of research. The survey consisted of 83 items about theories regarding the meaning and testing of intelligence. From our sample of up to 327 Arabic-speaking participants, we found that replies are overall similar to those from the US (<em>r</em> = .59; <em>N</em><sub>items</sub> = 63), while both samples showed hardly any congruence with the current state of research. Agreements between the Arab and US-sample are mostly to be found on questions in which abilities are seen as important components of intelligence, while Arabs question the predictive validity of IQ test scores for life success much more than do their Western counterparts. Based on our results, we conclude that there is little evidence for the existence of cultural bias in points of view about intelligence research and that the concept of cultural non-transferability – or “cultural bias” – must be examined more critically.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 101731"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49720123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Still no Dunning-Kruger effect: A reply to Hiller 仍然没有邓宁-克鲁格效应:对希特勒的回应

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101733

Gilles E. Gignac , Marcin Zajenkowski

引用次数: 0

Comment on Gignac and Zajenkowski, “The Dunning-Kruger effect is (mostly) a statistical artefact: Valid approaches to testing the hypothesis with individual differences data” 评论Gignac和Zajenkowski，“邓宁-克鲁格效应(主要)是一个统计伪产物:用个体差异数据检验假设的有效方法”

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101732

Avram Hiller

引用次数: 2

Reframing the clouded scientific spectacles of the Flynn effect: A view through two lenses 重塑弗林效应的科学眼镜：从两个镜头看

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101735

Patrick O'Keefe , Linda Wänström , Joseph Lee Rodgers

{"title":"Reframing the clouded scientific spectacles of the Flynn effect: A view through two lenses","authors":"Patrick O'Keefe , Linda Wänström , Joseph Lee Rodgers","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flynn argued that the Flynn effect was due to an increasing use of “scientific spectacles” among the general population (Flynn, 2010), yet the Flynn effect itself has been viewed through clouded scientific spectacles. Most research has focused on Flynn's main finding: IQ scores have increased over time. Flynn (1987) presumed the effect was a cohort (generational) effect, yet a variety of within- and between-person processes could give rise to the observed secular changes. Many theories have been put forth as to the fundamental cause of the Flynn effect. Frequently ignored is what a specific cause implies the Flynn effect would look like at different levels of analysis and in the context of different research designs. In this paper we present two ‘lenses’ with which to view a potential causal model of the Flynn effect, in the hopes of closing some of the current gaps emerging from past research. First, we propose an examination of within- versus between-person processes. Relatedly, we propose that the exclusive focus on normed measures of intelligence has hampered understanding of what functional form the Flynn effect might take, particularly during development. Consideration of “raw” intelligence is likely to be fruitful. For our second lens, we consider the framework of age-period-cohort modeling to categorize what kind of effect a given model implies. We examine several causal theories of the Flynn effect through these lenses. Viewed through our lenses, we find that certain causal theories are, perhaps, somewhat incomplete in their specification of all the relevant processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 101735"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48297097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

fMRI functional connectivity is a better predictor of general intelligence than cortical morphometric features and ICA parcellation order affects predictive performance fMRI功能连通性比皮质形态特征更好地预测一般智力，ICA的排列顺序影响预测性能

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101727

Erick Almeida de Souza, Stéphanie Andrade Silva, Bruno Hebling Vieira , Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon

{"title":"fMRI functional connectivity is a better predictor of general intelligence than cortical morphometric features and ICA parcellation order affects predictive performance","authors":"Erick Almeida de Souza, Stéphanie Andrade Silva, Bruno Hebling Vieira , Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2023.101727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Intelligence, as a general cognitive ability, shows a substantial inter-subject variation. Because of its impact on our lives, there is great interest in explaining the neural substrates of these differences. We used a large set of neuroimaging and behavioral data from 805 subjects, provided by the Human Connectome Project, and applied predictive models based on elastic-net regression using </span>functional connectivity and brain morphometric data to predict general intelligence values. Additionally, we explored the impact of brain spatial distribution of the input connectivity data in the regression model using two strategies: brain parcellation and individual components. Features derived from functional connectivity were considerably more correlated with general intelligence than cortical thickness and surface area. Considering the regularization terms in this particular prediction problem, the best performances were obtained when the impact of all the independent variables was considered in the regresion, i.e. null LASSO sparsity term. Using different parcellation schemes affected predictive performances, which indicates spatial heterogeneity in the regression. We were able to explain 17,5% of the general intelligence variance, in the best performance reached, with a brain parcellation of 25 independent components; by other hand, using only cortical morphometric features the performance reduced to 1,6% for both cortical thickness and surface area. While no component, in particular, was responsible for predicting a large portion of the variance, the spatial components with the best results comprehend parietal, frontal and occipital regions, in agreement with the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 101727"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41969395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ongoing trends of human intelligence 人类智力的持续趋势

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101708

Gerhard Meisenberg, Richard Lynn

{"title":"Ongoing trends of human intelligence","authors":"Gerhard Meisenberg, Richard Lynn","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of the study is to estimate the most recent trends of intelligence world-wide. We find that the most recent studies report mainly positive Flynn effects in economically less developed countries, but trivial and frequently negative Flynn effects in the economically most advanced countries. This is confirmed by an analysis of 48 countries in the 2000–2018 PISA tests, showing that high pre-existing IQ and school achievement are the best predictors of declining test scores. IQ gaps between countries are still large (e.g., 19 IQ points in PISA between East Asia and South Asia) but are diminishing world-wide. We predict that these trends, observed in adolescents today, will reduce cognitive gaps between the working-age populations of countries and world regions during coming decades. As is predicted by the well-established relationship between intelligence and economic growth, there is already evidence that the ongoing cognitive convergence is paralleled by global economic convergence. These developments raise questions as to how long this cognitive and economic convergence will continue, whether it will eliminate cognitive and economic gaps between countries entirely, and whether a condition with high levels of cognitive ability and economic prosperity is sustainable long-term.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101708"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43832739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The association between intelligence and face processing abilities: A conceptual and meta-analytic review 智力与面部处理能力之间的关系：概念和元分析综述

IF 3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101718

Dana L. Walker, Romina Palermo, Zoe Callis, Gilles E. Gignac

{"title":"The association between intelligence and face processing abilities: A conceptual and meta-analytic review","authors":"Dana L. Walker, Romina Palermo, Zoe Callis, Gilles E. Gignac","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2022.101718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Whether there is an association between intelligence and face processing ability (i.e., face detection, face perception and face memory) is contentious, with some suggesting a moderate, positive association and others contending there is no meaningful association. The inconsistent results may be due to sample size differences, as well as variability in the quality of intelligence measures administered. The establishment of a moderate, positive correlation between face processing and intelligence would suggest it may be integrated within the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence. Additionally, developmental prosopagnosia<span>, a specific impairment of the recognition of facial identity, may be assessable in a manner similar to a learning disability. Consequently, we employed a psychometric meta-analytic approach to estimate the true score correlation between intelligence and face processing ability. Intelligence was positively and significantly correlated with face detection (</span></span><em>r’</em> = 0.20; <em>k</em> = 2, <em>N =</em> 407), face perception (<em>r’</em> = 0.42, <em>k</em> = 11, <em>N</em> = 2528), and face memory (<em>r’</em> = 0.26, <em>k</em> = 23, <em>N</em> = 9062). Additionally, intelligence measurement quality moderated positively and significantly the association between intelligence and face memory (<em>β</em> = 0.08). On the basis of both theoretical and empirical considerations, we interpreted the results to suggest that face processing ability may be plausibly conceptualised within the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence, in a manner similar to other relatively narrow dimensions of cognitive ability, i.e., associated positively with intelligence, but also distinct (e.g., reading comprehension). Potential clinical implications for the assessment of developmental prosopagnosia are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101718"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41529653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2