Psychonomic Bulletin & Review最新文献

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02607-z

Kevin Ortego, Viola S Störmer

{"title":"Similarity in feature space dictates the efficiency of attentional selection during ensemble processing.","authors":"Kevin Ortego, Viola S Störmer","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02607-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-024-02607-z","url":null,"abstract":"Humans can rapidly and accurately extract statistical information about features of the visual environment, an ability referred to as ensemble perception. However, little is known about how ensemble estimates are affected when task-irrelevant and distracting feature information is present. Here, we tested how effectively feature-based attention-when tuned to a specific color-can select a single item set out of two intermixed ensembles of colored lines. Participants were instructed to report the average orientation of a target-colored item set, while ignoring a second differently colored set. To assess how representational overlap between the two sets impacts color-based selection, we systematically varied the orientation similarity between the relevant and irrelevant items. Our results showed that participants' orientation reports were reliably biased towards the irrelevant items, but interestingly, these biases were only observed when the item sets overlapped in orientation space. In a second experiment, using a visual mask to disrupt access to color information at different time points, we found that these biases were stronger when less time was available to process the stimuli. Together, these results suggest that ensemble representations are rapidly formed based on all available information in the relevant feature dimension, regardless of task relevance, and that selective attention weights and separates these ensemble representations at a relatively later processing stage. This selection appears highly effective when the underlying population activity generated by the two sets is separable along the to-be-estimated feature dimension, but is dampened when relevant and irrelevant ensemble representations overlap in feature space.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Readers may not integrate words strictly in the order in which they appear in Chinese reading. 在中文阅读中，读者可能不会严格按照词语出现的顺序进行整合。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02614-0

Hui Zhao, Linjieqiong Huang, Xingshan Li

引用次数: 0

Optimal metacognitive decision strategies in signal detection theory. 信号检测理论中的最佳元认知决策策略。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02510-7

Brian Maniscalco, Lucie Charles, Megan A K Peters

{"title":"Optimal metacognitive decision strategies in signal detection theory.","authors":"Brian Maniscalco, Lucie Charles, Megan A K Peters","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02510-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-024-02510-7","url":null,"abstract":"Signal detection theory (SDT) has long provided the field of psychology with a simple but powerful model of how observers make decisions under uncertainty. SDT can distinguish sensitivity from response bias and characterize optimal decision strategies. Whereas classical SDT pertains to \"type 1\" judgments about the world, recent work has extended SDT to quantify sensitivity for metacognitive or \"type 2\" judgments about one's own type 1 processing, e.g. confidence ratings. Here we further advance the application of SDT to the study of metacognition by providing a formal account of normative metacognitive decision strategies - i.e., type 2 (confidence) criterion setting - for ideal observers. Optimality is always defined relative to a given objective. We use SDT to derive formulae for optimal type 2 criteria under four distinct objectives: maximizing type 2 accuracy, maximizing type 2 reward, calibrating confidence to accuracy, and maximizing the difference between type 2 hit rate and false alarm rate. Where applicable, we consider these optimization contexts alongside their type 1 counterparts (e.g. maximizing type 1 accuracy) to deepen understanding. We examine the different strategies implied by these formulae and further consider how optimal type 2 criterion setting differs when metacognitive sensitivity deviates from SDT expectation. The theoretical framework provided here can be used to better understand the metacognitive decision strategies of real observers. Possible applications include characterizing observers' spontaneously chosen metacognitive decision strategies, assessing their ability to fine-tune metacognitive decision strategies to optimize a given outcome when instructed, determining over- or under-confidence relative to an optimal standard, and more. This framework opens new avenues for enriching our understanding of metacognition.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The self-relevant spotlight metaphor: Self-relevant targets diminish distractor-response-binding effects. 与自身相关的聚光灯隐喻：与自身相关的目标会削弱分心者的反应束缚效应。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02455-x

Marcel Pauly, Sarah Schäfer, Dirk Wentura, Christian Frings

{"title":"The self-relevant spotlight metaphor: Self-relevant targets diminish distractor-response-binding effects.","authors":"Marcel Pauly, Sarah Schäfer, Dirk Wentura, Christian Frings","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02455-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-024-02455-x","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, it has been proposed that self-relevance of a stimulus enhances executive control and reduces the impact of distractors on current task performance. The present study aimed to test whether the binding between a distractor and a response is influenced by self-relevance, too. We assumed that targets' self-relevance should increase executive control processes and therefore reduce the influence of distractors on current performance. In a distractor-response-binding (DRB) task, which measures the strength of binding between distractor stimuli and responses, we varied target relevance so that participants responded to targets that either were or were not self-relevant. Our design made it possible to measure DRB effects for both relevance conditions separately. DRB effects were diminished if targets were self-relevant compared to when they were not. These results expand our understanding of the influence of self-relevance on cognitive performance. The influence of self-relevance is not purely perceptual (Sui & Humphreys, 2012, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38[5], 1105-1117), but also found in higher-order processes such as executive control. Moreover, whereas for different paradigms binding advantages of self-relevance are assumed (Sui & Humphreys, 2015a, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19[12], 719-728; Humphreys & Sui, 2016, Cognitive Neuroscience, 7[1/4], 5-17), this study identifies an important boundary condition, in that distractor-response binding is reduced by target self-relevance.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Further perceptions of probability: Accurate, stepwise updating is contingent on prior information about the task and the response mode. 对概率的进一步认知：准确的逐步更新取决于任务和反应模式的先验信息。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02604-2

Mattias Forsgren, Peter Juslin, Ronald van den Berg

{"title":"Further perceptions of probability: Accurate, stepwise updating is contingent on prior information about the task and the response mode.","authors":"Mattias Forsgren, Peter Juslin, Ronald van den Berg","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02604-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-024-02604-2","url":null,"abstract":"To adapt to an uncertain world, humans must learn event probabilities. These probabilities may be stationary, such as that of rolling a 6 on a die, or changing over time, like the probability of rainfall over the year. Research on how people estimate and track changing probabilities has recently reopened an old epistemological issue. A small, mostly recent literature finds that people accurately track the probability and change their estimates only occasionally, resulting in staircase-shaped response patterns. This has been taken as evidence that people entertain beliefs about unknown, distal states of the world, which are tested against observations to produce discrete shifts between hypotheses. That idea stands in contrast to the claim that people learn by continuously updating associations between observed events. The purpose of this article is to investigate the generality and robustness of the accurate, staircase-shaped pattern. In two experiments, we find that the response pattern is contingent on the response mode and prior information about the generative process. Participants exist on continua of accuracy and staircase-ness and we only reproduce previous results when changing estimates is effortful and prior information is provided-the specific conditions of previous experiments. We conclude that explaining this solely through either hypotheses or associations is untenable. A complete theory of probability estimation requires the interaction of three components: (i) online tracking of observed data, (ii) beliefs about the unobserved \"generative process,\" and (iii) a response updating process. Participants' overt estimates depend on how the specific task conditions jointly determine all three.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simple Recurrent Networks are Interactive. 简单循环网络具有交互性。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02608-y

James S Magnuson, Sahil Luthra

{"title":"Simple Recurrent Networks are Interactive.","authors":"James S Magnuson, Sahil Luthra","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02608-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-024-02608-y","url":null,"abstract":"There is disagreement among cognitive scientists as to whether a key computational framework - the Simple Recurrent Network (SRN; Elman, Machine Learning, 7(2), 195-225, 1991; Elman, Cognitive Science, 14(2), 179-211, 1990) - is a feedforward system. SRNs have been essential tools in advancing theories of learning, development, and processing in cognitive science for more than three decades. If SRNs were feedforward systems, there would be pervasive theoretical implications: Anything an SRN can do would therefore be explainable without interaction (feedback). However, despite claims that SRNs (and by extension recurrent neural networks more generally) are feedforward (Norris, 1993), this is not the case. Feedforward networks by definition are acyclic graphs - they contain no loops. SRNs contain loops - from hidden units back to hidden units with a time delay - and are therefore cyclic graphs. As we demonstrate, they are interactive in the sense normally implied for networks with feedback connections between layers: In an SRN, bottom-up inputs are inextricably mixed with previous model-internal computations. Inputs are transmitted to hidden units by multiplying them by input-to-hidden weights. However, hidden units simultaneously receive their own previous activations as input via hidden-to-hidden connections with a one-step time delay (typically via context units). These are added to the input-to-hidden values, and the sums are transformed by an activation function. Thus, bottom-up inputs are mixed with the products of potentially many preceding transformations of inputs and model-internal states. We discuss theoretical implications through a key example from psycholinguistics where the status of SRNs as feedforward or interactive has crucial ramifications.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A common format for representing spatial location in visual and motor working memory. 在视觉和运动工作记忆中表示空间位置的通用格式

IF 3.5 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02366-3

Sami R Yousif, Alexander D Forrence, Samuel D McDougle

引用次数: 0

Facilitation effect of token syllable frequency in Chinese spoken word production. 汉语口语造词中标记音节频率的促进效应

IF 3.5 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02374-3

Zhiyun Wang, YuChen Jiang, Qingfang Zhang

{"title":"Facilitation effect of token syllable frequency in Chinese spoken word production.","authors":"Zhiyun Wang, YuChen Jiang, Qingfang Zhang","doi":"10.3758/s13423-023-02374-3","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-023-02374-3","url":null,"abstract":"Syllable frequency effects in spoken word production have been interpreted as evidence that speakers store syllable-sized motor programmes for phonetic encoding in alphabetic languages such as English or Dutch. However, the cognitive mechanism underlying the syllable frequency effect in Chinese spoken word production remains unknown. To investigate the locus of the syllable frequency effect in spoken Chinese, this study used a picture-word interference (PWI) task in which participants were asked to name the picture while ignoring the distractor word. The design included two variables: the syllable frequency of the target words (high vs. low) and the phonological relationships between distractor and target words (shared atonic syllable or not; related vs. unrelated). We manipulated mixed token and type syllable frequency in Experiment 1, and token syllable frequency but controlled type syllable frequency in Experiment 2. The results showed a facilitation effect of mixed syllable frequency and a similar facilitation effect of token syllable frequency. Importantly, the syllable frequency effect was found to be independent of the phonological facilitation effect. These results suggest that token syllable frequency played a dominant role in the observed facilitation effect, providing evidence that the syllable frequency effect arises in the phonetic encoding of Chinese spoken word production.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"721-733"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10223278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attribute amnesia as a product of experience-dependent encoding. 属性遗忘症是经验依赖编码的产物。

IF 3.5 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02379-y

Niya Yan, Brian A Anderson

{"title":"Attribute amnesia as a product of experience-dependent encoding.","authors":"Niya Yan, Brian A Anderson","doi":"10.3758/s13423-023-02379-y","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-023-02379-y","url":null,"abstract":"Attribute amnesia, a phenomenon in which participants fail to report a just-attended attribute in a surprise test, reflects the importance of expectation in determining memory for attended information. To investigate how expectations arise in the context of attribute amnesia, the present study examined whether and how different response histories, independently of task instruction, can shape expectation, thereby driving or eliminating attribute amnesia. Participants were assigned to three groups and completed variations of the attribute amnesia task, where they were initially instructed to encode both target location and identity. Two groups of participants were probed four times on target identity before a critical identity probe, in one case intermittently while in the other case repeatedly during the first few trials. Another group of participants was never probed on identity until the critical trial, which occurred on the 370th trial (after many location probes). The results showed that, in spite of common task instruction, performance on the critical trial depended strongly on response history, with initial identity probes providing some protection against attribute amnesia and intermittent probes completely eliminating it. The findings suggest that the encoding of information into working memory is determined by task experience, independently of task instruction.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"772-780"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10628027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Toward an integrative account of internal and external determinants of event segmentation. 对活动细分的内部和外部决定因素进行综合阐述。

IF 3.5 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02375-2

Yuxi Candice Wang, R Alison Adcock, Tobias Egner

{"title":"Toward an integrative account of internal and external determinants of event segmentation.","authors":"Yuxi Candice Wang, R Alison Adcock, Tobias Egner","doi":"10.3758/s13423-023-02375-2","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-023-02375-2","url":null,"abstract":"Our daily experiences unfold continuously, but we remember them as a series of discrete events through a process called event segmentation. Prominent theories of event segmentation suggest that event boundaries in memory are triggered by significant shifts in the external environment, such as a change in one's physical surroundings. In this review, we argue for a fundamental extension of this research field to also encompass internal state changes as playing a key role in structuring event memory. Accordingly, we propose an expanded taxonomy of event boundary-triggering processes, and review behavioral and neuroscience research on internal state changes in three core domains: affective states, goal states, and motivational states. Finally, we evaluate how well current theoretical frameworks can accommodate the unique and interactive contributions of internal states to event memory. We conclude that a theoretical perspective on event memory that integrates both external environment and internal state changes allows for a more complete understanding of how the brain structures experiences, with important implications for future research in cognitive and clinical neuroscience.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"484-506"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10564941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0