Psychonomic Bulletin & Review最新文献

{"title":"Does the benefit of time for working memory arise at encoding or retrieval?","authors":"Eda Mızrak, Klaus Oberauer","doi":"10.3758/s13423-026-02926-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-026-02926-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extended free time between the encoding of list items enhances immediate memory for serial order. Previous research suggests that this effect is predominantly proactive, free time improves memory for items presented after an extended interval but not for those presented before. This conclusion is based on two key findings. First, in forward serial recall, the benefit of free time increases with the serial position of the items (Mızrak & Oberauer, 2021, Oberauer, 2022b). Second, when a single inter-item interval is lengthened, the additional time primarily benefits items presented after that interval (Lu et al., 2024; Mızrak & Oberauer, 2021). Here we tested these two findings using both forward and random order recall and examined whether the relationship between free-time duration and the serial position of item differs when test order was changed. Our findings replicate the evidence for a proactive benefit of time in most conditions. Additional retroactive benefits of free time were apparent in some conditions. Retroactive benefits were more often observed when test order was random, in particular when participants could anticipate being tested in random order.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic brain reorganization and the role of motivation during the first year of foreign language learning: A longitudinal study.","authors":"Fei Gao, Xinglin Zeng, Paulo A S Armada-da-Silva, Hao Chen, José Lino Pascoal, Zhixian Wen, Han Wang, Zhen Yuan","doi":"10.3758/s13423-026-02916-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-026-02916-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to investigate whether structure-function coupling changes occur during the first year of foreign language learning and how such neural changes interact with individual differences in proficiency, motivation, and learning strategies. Behavioral results revealed significant improvements in language performance and learning strategies, with notable gains in the use of compensation strategies. Learners' wish for language proficiency and intrinsic motivation remained consistently high throughout the year, accompanied by a significant increase in self-efficacy. Neural results showed an overall decreasing structure-function coupling strength, with descriptively greater reductions in the frontoparietal network (FPN). Further analysis revealed a global increase in functional network modularity and segregation, with relatively greater changes in the FPN, whereas structural network segregation strength increased in lower-order networks and decreased in higher-order networks. Meanwhile, shifts in motivation significantly predicted changes in coupling within higher-order brain networks, including the FPN and the default mode network, which highlights the influence of motivation on brain networks involved in lexical retrieval, articulation, and reading. In addition, we identified a significant association between changes in language performance and functional connectivity between the left STG and the left temporal and parietal regions (i.e., PTR, IPL, ITG, MTG), highlighting the role of the left STG as a central hub supporting phonological representations and their interaction with semantic and control networks. Our findings thus demonstrated a dynamic interplay between brain changes and individual difference alterations during the initial year of foreign language learning from a longitudinal perspective. In particular, our study was among the first to explore how motivation influences the development of brain networks in foreign language learning. Our results indicated that early-stage language learning is accompanied by dynamic neural reorganization, with individual differences especially motivation associated with variability in this process.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No stone unturned: Prevalence effects in interactive search are different than those in visual search.","authors":"Haden Dewis, Cheryl D Metcalf, Martin B Warner, Richard Polfreman, Hayward J Godwin","doi":"10.3758/s13423-026-02919-2","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-026-02919-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When carrying out a search for a target object, manipulation with the environment may be required to successfully detect the target. These searches are known as interactive searches. Many real-life examples of interactive search involve searching for targets that are unlikely to be present or are said to have low target prevalence. To date, the effects of low target prevalence upon interactive search behaviors remain unclear. We conducted two experiments to examine search exhaustiveness in interactive search, focusing on whether searchers were less exhaustive when prevalence was low, primarily in terms of behavior during target-absent trials. For both experiments, we found a standard effect of low prevalence on response accuracy, such that low-prevalence targets were more likely to be missed than high-prevalence targets. However, through the utilization of Bayesian analyses, we found strong evidence against the influence of prevalence upon response times and all other search exhaustiveness measures during target-absent trials. In other words, contrary to traditional visual search findings, changes in response accuracy were not a result of reductions in search exhaustiveness. We conclude that, during interactive search, even when prevalence is low, searchers operate under a no-stone-unturned approach. Under this approach, searchers are unwilling to provide an \"absent\" response without checking most-if not all-possible places, regions or areas in a display that could contain a target.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13128790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limb apraxia and active inference in the visuomotor pathways.","authors":"Riccardo Proietti, Giovanni Pezzulo, Ferdinand Binkofski, Alessia Tessari","doi":"10.3758/s13423-025-02852-w","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-025-02852-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a unified neurocomputational account of apraxia within the visuomotor system using the active inference framework. In this framework, the brain encodes a generative model of the causes of sensory observations and continually reduces the surprise (or, more formally, variational free energy) associated with these observations. Our goal is to illustrate how the neuroanatomical and neurofunctional organization of the visuomotor system are emergent consequences of this minimization under the appropriate generative model, while apraxia arises from incorrect parameterizations of that model. Our active inference model of the visuomotor pathways provides a unifying perspective on key findings in the neuropsychological literature. By virtually simulating impairments in the model, we explain key aspects of five neuropsychological syndromes impacting cognitive aspects of motor behavior. This study therefore, provides a novel hypothesis about the neurocomputational basis of these pathologies and offers a formal quantitative approach to support clinical research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13124989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of episodic specificity induction on divergent thinking: A meta-analytic study.","authors":"Guillermo Tomás, Teresa Bajo, Alejandra Marful","doi":"10.3758/s13423-026-02859-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-026-02859-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous research suggests that Episodic Specificity Induction (ESI) (i.e., a brief training in episodic recall) can enhance performance in divergent thinking tasks. Based on the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis, participants need to access their past memories and use this information to generate novel ideas in divergent thinking tasks. While some studies report a strong positive effect of ESI on divergent thinking performance, recent evidence challenges this claim. The present meta-analysis examined the impact of the ESI procedure on divergent thinking performance across 21 samples from 16 experiments (reported in ten eligible studies). Results indicated a small increase in fluency (number of ideas), flexibility (categories of ideas), appropriate ideas and categories of appropriate ideas following ESI, compared to control conditions, that became weaker or null after correction for publication bias. Conversely, no significant effect of ESI was found on qualitative dimensions of divergent thinking tasks (e.g., originality, subjective creativity, and elaboration). Assessments of publication bias produced mixed results, generally indicating that studies with null findings may be under-represented in the literature. Given the small effect size and potential publication bias, further research is needed to clarify which components of ESI play a critical role in enhancing divergent thinking.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Once in a blue Mooney! Using the effects of prior exposure to elicit qualitative differences in naming of multi-identity images.","authors":"Joel S Solomons, Christopher J Berry","doi":"10.3758/s13423-026-02920-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-026-02920-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the extent to which repetition priming can elicit qualitative differences in identification of a stimulus with multiple identities. In an exposure phase, participants viewed images of objects from one of two stimulus sets (A or B). In a naming phase, participants viewed superMooney stimuli (for 6 s each), comprising perceptually degraded (Mooney) versions of the A and B images superimposed in distinct colours, and attempted to name both. Across four experiments with university students (Ns = 51, 60, 61, 59), rates of correct naming of previously exposed components exceeded those of components that were not. This was replicated when the stimulus exposure duration was self-paced, and with different stimulus sets. Our findings robustly demonstrate an I See it Differently effect- two people can experience the same stimulus in qualitatively different ways, depending on prior experience. Future research should address the possibility of contamination of the effect by explicit recall.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ten years Diffusion Model for Conflict (DMC) tasks: Theoretical foundations, applications, practical recommendations, and open challenges.","authors":"Markus Janczyk, Ian G Mackenzie, Rolf Ulrich, Valentin Koob","doi":"10.3758/s13423-026-02878-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-026-02878-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A central question in cognitive psychology concerns how humans selectively attend to task-relevant information while ignoring task-irrelevant information. This question is frequently studied using conflict tasks, such as the Simon, Eriksen flanker, and Stroop tasks that require responses to relevant stimulus features while ignoring irrelevant and potentially conflicting features. All conflict tasks produce better performance in congruent trials where task-relevant features and irrelevant features match compared with when they mismatch in incongruent trials: the congruency effect. However, they differ markedly in the temporal dynamics of this congruency effect and accordingly in their RT distributions. The Diffusion Model for Conflict tasks (DMC) was introduced as a model to formally account for all distributional patterns in conflict tasks. It integrates dual-route theories of cognitive control into the framework of sequential sampling models by positing two superimposed, independent evidence accumulation processes: a linear one for controlled processing of the task-relevant information, and a pulse-like one for automatic processing of the task-irrelevant information, in which activation first increases until a maximum and then decreases again. This review summarizes DMC's architecture, its core parameters, and its ability to account for various distributional patterns. We review and discuss applications of DMC across several psychological domains, and technical considerations such as parameter estimation and recovery. Limitations of the model are critically assessed, and fields of open research are outlined. Overall, DMC offers a general account of conflict processing. While a powerful tool for quantifying the dynamics of selective attention and cognitive control, there is still a limited standardization in its application, and more research is needed to extend DMC to other classes of conflict tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13102883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canonical and retinal size in visual working memory.","authors":"William L Gronewald, Vanessa G Lee, Roger W Remington","doi":"10.3758/s13423-026-02913-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-026-02913-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual working memory (VWM) is key to many daily tasks, such as remembering visual information about traffic when crossing a busy street. Despite extensive research, the extent to which VWM abstracts out sensory properties not relevant to identification, such as object size, remains unclear. In three experiments, we examined how object size affects VWM, with size defined in two ways: retinal size, referring to the image's size on the screen (small or large photos), and canonical size, referring to the typical size of objects in the real world, from big (e.g., a tower) to small (e.g., an egg). Experiments 1 and 2 tested memory for real-world objects, classified into four types based on their photo size and canonical size. VWM was better for large rather than small photos-a retinal-size effect-and for canonically small than big objects-a canonical-size effect. These effects were stronger when participants remembered a mix of different-sized objects than when all objects in a display were of the same size. Experiment 3 tested memory for colored squares that were either big or small on the screen. Size had no effect when displays consisted of colored squares of the same size, but big squares were remembered better when mixed with small squares. These results suggest that seemingly irrelevant sensory properties affect VWM, favoring objects that stimulate more neurons. The effect is stronger when size conditions are mixed, indicating that retinally larger objects are better attended.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13099791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of size constancy in children: A review and meta-analysis of size-matching studies.","authors":"Michael Kavšek","doi":"10.3758/s13423-026-02900-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-026-02900-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on children's size estimation across varying distances began in the 1920s and has continued to the present. The most prominent method is the size-matching task, in which the participants are asked, for example, to select from several nearby comparison objects the one that corresponds in size to a distant standard object. In this overview, data on the development of size constancy from 24 studies, which provided 245 mean values for size constancy, were analyzed descriptively. Moreover, 102 out of the 245 means were also statistically analyzed. Overall, children of all ages underestimate the size of distant objects. Moreover, size estimations become more accurate with increasing age and with decreasing distance. However, these trends are modulated by several methodological variants of the size-matching paradigm-that is, the impact of the mode of presentation of the comparison stimuli (single/successive versus series presentation of the comparison objects), of the angular separation between standard and comparison objects (simultaneous versus nonsimultaneous visibility of standard and comparison), of the relative position of standard and comparison objects (comparison nearer than standard versus standard nearer than comparison), of the kind of experimental size instructions (objective size versus apparent size instructions), and of viewing conditions (monocular versus binocular viewing conditions). The existing theories on the development of size constancy include the proximal versus constancy mode theory, the metacognitive theory, and the perceptual learning theory. These theories are discussed against the background of the results of the meta-analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13099787/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The domino error: A novel mistake in simple physical reasoning.","authors":"Brandon W Goulding, Ori Friedman","doi":"10.3758/s13423-026-02918-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-026-02918-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We reveal a novel error in people's thinking about the physical world: the domino error. Across six preregistered experiments (N = 1,655) we showed adults static pictures of objects that had fallen like dominos and asked questions requiring them to reason about which objects had fallen over first or last. Our participants often picked the wrong object. For instance, they often picked the object that fell over last when asked which fell over first. Participants made this error with different items and question wordings, despite believing the objects were arranged like dominos before they fell. Participants were also more likely to make the domino error if they had previously judged the order in which stacked items had been arranged. They rarely made the error, though, when asked about actual dominos, and when shown videos rather than pictures. Together, these findings suggest the domino error is unlikely to arise from a faulty understanding of how the world works or from people inaccurately simulating events. The error may instead reflect the application of a heuristic grounded on the assumption that arrays of objects were constructed from the bottom upward. Some findings suggested that participants applied this heuristic impulsively. In this sense, the domino error may resemble impulsive errors often seen in young children's physical reasoning.</p>","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}