Psychonomic Bulletin & Review最新文献

Individual differences do not mask effects of unconscious processing.

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02679-5

Itay Yaron, Nathan Faivre, Liad Mudrik, Matan Mazor

{"title":"Individual differences do not mask effects of unconscious processing.","authors":"Itay Yaron, Nathan Faivre, Liad Mudrik, Matan Mazor","doi":"10.3758/s13423-025-02679-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-025-02679-5","url":null,"abstract":"A wave of criticisms and replication failures is currently challenging claims about the scope of unconscious perception and cognition. Such failures to find unconscious processing effects at the population level may reflect the absence of individual-level effects, or alternatively, the averaging out of individual-level effects with opposing signs. Importantly, only the first suggests that consciousness may be necessary for the tested process to take place. To arbitrate between these two possibilities, we tested previously collected data where unconscious processing effects were not found (26 effects from 470 participants), using five frequentist and Bayesian tests that are robust to individual differences in effect signs. By and large, we found no reliable evidence for unconscious effects being masked by individual differences. In contrast, when we examined 136 non-significant effects from other domains, two novel non-parametric tests did reveal effects that were hidden by opposing individual results, though as we show, some of them might be driven by design-related factors. Taken together, five analysis approaches provide strong evidence for the restricted nature of unconscious processing effects not only across participants, but also across different trials within individuals. We provide analysis code and best-practice recommendations for testing for non-directional effects.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strategic control finely tunes working memory performance without the benefit of selection history.

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02681-x

Susan M Ravizza

{"title":"Strategic control finely tunes working memory performance without the benefit of selection history.","authors":"Susan M Ravizza","doi":"10.3758/s13423-025-02681-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-025-02681-x","url":null,"abstract":"People can predict the probability of an event occurring and allocate mental resources accordingly. For example, the likelihood of recalling an item from working memory varies as a function of the importance of recalling that item. Strategic control is thought to finely tune working memory performance using probabilistic information, but a possible contribution of automatic processes based on selection history has not been investigated. To determine if graded working memory performance is due to strategic control or selection history, probabilistic information was either blocked (Experiment 1) or changed from trial to trial (Experiment 2). A spatial cue indicated the likelihood (i.e., 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%) that one of two colors would have to be recalled. Attention was directed externally by a pre-cue presented before the memory array or internally by a retro-cue after the memory array. As in previous studies, cue effects increased linearly with greater predictability of the cue in the blocked conditions of Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, this finding was replicated despite a lower contribution from selection history when probability changed from trial to trial. In both experiments, cue effects were similar for the pre-cue and retro-cue conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that probability effects on WM performance are due to finely tuned strategic control without a strong contribution from selection history.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Self-reference promotes vocabulary learning in a foreign language.

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02674-w

Shimon Pruss, Avi Karni, Anat Prior

引用次数: 0

High variability orthographic training: Learning words in a logographic script through training with multiple typefaces.

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02646-0

Eric Pelzl

{"title":"High variability orthographic training: Learning words in a logographic script through training with multiple typefaces.","authors":"Eric Pelzl","doi":"10.3758/s13423-025-02646-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-025-02646-0","url":null,"abstract":"We tested whether naturally occurring visual variability-specifically, typefaces-would help people generalize word learning to typefaces they had never seen before. In Chinese, thousands of unique written characters must be learned item by item, and differentiated from similar-looking characters. Participants (n = 190) with no previous Chinese experience learned 24 Chinese characters in one of two training groups: the Single-Typeface group trained using only one of three Chinese typefaces; the Variable-Typeface group trained using all three. Everyone completed two training and testing phases. During Definition Training, they saw each character six times and learned to associate it with an English definition (-water). After training, participants were tested on their accuracy in providing definitions for the characters. During Form Training, participants chose the characters they had previously learned from a display that included a trained character and a visually similar distractor ( vs ). After training, they were tested on their speed/accuracy in choosing the learned characters. At testing in both phases, half of the words were presented in a familiar typeface; half in a novel typeface. Results showed significant interactions between training and testing conditions in both phases, with a significant effect of training in the Form Testing phase: Single-Typeface training resulted in faster responses for familiar typefaces, but much slower responses for novel typefaces; in comparison, Variable-Typeface training resulted in better generalization to novel typefaces. These results suggest that typeface variability can influence how effectively people generalize knowledge during the initial stages of learning a logographic script.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of wakeful rest on memory consolidation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 清醒休息对记忆巩固的影响：系统回顾和荟萃分析。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02665-x

Linman Weng, Jing Yu, Zhangwei Lv, Shiyan Yang, Simon Theodor Jülich, Xu Lei

{"title":"Effects of wakeful rest on memory consolidation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Linman Weng, Jing Yu, Zhangwei Lv, Shiyan Yang, Simon Theodor Jülich, Xu Lei","doi":"10.3758/s13423-025-02665-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-025-02665-x","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals spend roughly two-thirds of their day awake, with about half of that time in an offline state. This period may appear unproductive, potentially leading to perceived inefficiency. However, this period appears to be an essential component of our daily lives. Studies have increasingly found that quiet and wakeful rest after learning facilitates the consolidation of newly acquired memories, and enhances memory performance. Few studies quantitatively assessed the overall effect size of wakeful rest on memory consolidation, or examined the potential moderating factors. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis, compiled from 37 studies, including a total of 63 experiments that contributed 82 comparisons to this meta-analysis. We used a multilevel random-effects model to reveal a significant effect of wakeful rest on memory consolidation (Hedges's g = 0.448, 95% CI [0.339, 0.557], Z = 8.044, p < .001), and this effect persists even after 7 days (Hedges's g = 0.270, 95% CI [0.024, 0.516], Z = 2.153, p = .031). The effect of wakeful rest was influenced by age, with older adults deriving greater benefits compared with younger adults. Across different outcome measurements, the effect was better reflected by recall than by recognition. Additionally, the duration of wakeful rest, whether the eyes are open or closed, the luminance level, and the body posture do not seem to influence the wakeful rest effect. This meta-analysis offers a deep understanding of the effects of wakeful rest on memory consolidation and provides guidance for the experimental designs of future research in this area.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

False memories from nowhere: Humans falsely recognize words that are not attested in their vocabulary.

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02677-7

Daniele Gatti, Marco Petilli, Michela Marchetti, Tomaso Vecchi, Giuliana Mazzoni, Luca Rinaldi, Marco Marelli

{"title":"False memories from nowhere: Humans falsely recognize words that are not attested in their vocabulary.","authors":"Daniele Gatti, Marco Petilli, Michela Marchetti, Tomaso Vecchi, Giuliana Mazzoni, Luca Rinaldi, Marco Marelli","doi":"10.3758/s13423-025-02677-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-025-02677-7","url":null,"abstract":"Semantic knowledge plays an active role in many well-known false memory phenomena, including those emerging from the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task. Indeed, in this experimental paradigm, humans tend to falsely recognize newly presented words via activation of other previously shown stimuli. In the present study we aimed to test what happens in cases in which no apparent prior semantic knowledge is available, like in the case of entirely novel lexical stimuli. To do so, we evaluated semantic similarity effects in a DRM task with lists entirely composed by pseudowords (or \"novel words,\" i.e., letter strings resembling real words but lacking assigned meanings). Semantic similarity between pseudowords were established through a distributional semantic model able to represent in a vector space, not only attested words but also unmapped strings as bags of character n-grams. Participants were instructed to memorize those lists and then to perform a recognition task. Results showed that participants false and veridical recognition increased with increasing semantic similarity between each stimulus and the stimuli comprising its list, as estimated by the distributional model. These findings extend previous evidence indicating that humans are sensitive to the semantic (distributional) patterns elicited by novel words by showing that this sensitivity can even induce humans to falsely recognize stimuli that they have never encountered in their entire lives.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction: Sensorimotor learning during synchronous speech is modulated by the acoustics of the other voice.

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02651-3

Abigail R Bradshaw, Emma D Wheeler, Carolyn McGettigan, Daniel R Lametti

引用次数: 0

Fast reasoning and metacognition.

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02662-0

Valerie A Thompson, Henry Markovits

{"title":"Fast reasoning and metacognition.","authors":"Valerie A Thompson, Henry Markovits","doi":"10.3758/s13423-025-02662-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-025-02662-0","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has demonstrated that reasoners' Feeling of Rightness (FOR) for a quick, intuitive responses predicts the amount of analytic thinking they give to slower, more considered responses operationalized in terms of the length of thinking time and the probability of answer changes (Thompson et al., Cognitive Psychology, 63 (3), 107-140, 2011). In this experiment, we tested the novel hypothesis that FORs can also signal the direction in which answers will change when participants reason about a sequence of similar inferences. 289 participants responded to two blocks of belief-logic conflict syllogisms, with the first under an initial time constraint and the second in a no-constraint condition. Of particular interest were those participants who gave a mixed pattern of validity- and belief-based responses under time constraints, because they had the opportunity to shift their responses towards either belief-based or validity-based responses in the unconstrained condition. Consistent with our hypothesis, reasoners giving low FORs to their belief-based responses shifted their responses towards validity-based ones in the unconstrained condition, whereas those giving high FORs shifted towards belief-based responses. Thus, intuitive FORs generated during a sequence of inferential problems predicted both the probability and direction of answer change.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dissociating premotor and motor components of response times: Evidence of independent decisional effects during motor-response execution.

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02663-z

Saman Kamari Songhorabadi, Simone Sulpizio, Michele Scaltritti

{"title":"Dissociating premotor and motor components of response times: Evidence of independent decisional effects during motor-response execution.","authors":"Saman Kamari Songhorabadi, Simone Sulpizio, Michele Scaltritti","doi":"10.3758/s13423-025-02663-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-025-02663-z","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional measures of response times (RTs) capture the summed duration of multiple latent and overt processes, including motor-response execution. The present research assessed the functional independence of the decisional components unfolding before vs after the onset of the muscular activation in the context of a lexical decision task requiring manual button-press responses. Specifically, the lexicality effect (slower latencies for nonwords compared to words) was separately tracked across premotor and motor components of RTs under different regimes of decision bias. Whereas at the premotor level the lexicality effect was modulated by the proportion of word vs nonword trials in the block, with a reversal of the lexicality phenomenon when nonwords occurred in 75% of the trials, motor times (i.e., a chronometric measure of response duration) consistently displayed longer durations for nonword responses, irrespective of bias manipulation. The results point to a partial functional independence between the decisional components involved at the premotor vs motor level, suggesting that the onset of motor behavior may represent the onset of specific decisional processes, rather than the termination or the continuation of computations unfolding in the premotor interval.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

No evidence that selection is resource-demanding in conflict and bilingual language production tasks: Implications for theories of adaptive control and language-control associations.

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02672-y

Giacomo Spinelli, Simone Sulpizio

{"title":"No evidence that selection is resource-demanding in conflict and bilingual language production tasks: Implications for theories of adaptive control and language-control associations.","authors":"Giacomo Spinelli, Simone Sulpizio","doi":"10.3758/s13423-025-02672-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-025-02672-y","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of adaptive (and cognitive) control assume that selecting target information in the context of highly salient distractors depends on limited-capacity resources. Building on this assumption, theories of language-control associations propose that the opportunities afforded by bilingualism to engage such effortful selection, such as when speaking in a nondominant language, might improve domain-general adaptive control. The assumption that domain-general or language-specific selection is resource-demanding, however, has surprisingly little empirical support. Here, we tested that assumption by having unbalanced Italian-English bilinguals perform both an L1 Stroop task and an L2 picture-naming task simultaneously with an n-back task. Both tasks showed costs due to the load produced by the n-back task and distractor interference, with slower responses to incongruent (the word GREEN in the color red) and congruent stimuli (RED in red) than neutral ones (XXX in red) in the L1 Stroop task and to noncognate than cognate pictures (pictures with different/similar L1 and L2 names) in the L2 picture-naming task. However, neither task showed larger distractor interference with greater load, with Bayesian analyses favoring the absence of such interactions. These results suggest that domain-general and language-specific selection may occur reactively, i.e., only when the need arises, with no strong reliance on limited-capacity resources. Further, they invite a rethinking of both adaptive-control theories assuming resource-demanding selection and theories of language-control associations assuming that regularly engaging such selection would be conducive to domain-general benefits.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0