Psychonomic Bulletin & Review最新文献_第2页

Simple Recurrent Networks are Interactive. 简单循环网络具有交互性。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02608-y

James S Magnuson, Sahil Luthra

{"title":"Simple Recurrent Networks are Interactive.","authors":"James S Magnuson, Sahil Luthra","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02608-y","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02608-y","url":null,"abstract":"There is disagreement among cognitive scientists as to whether a key computational framework - the Simple Recurrent Network (SRN; Elman, Machine Learning, 7(2), 195-225, 1991; Elman, Cognitive Science, 14(2), 179-211, 1990) - is a feedforward system. SRNs have been essential tools in advancing theories of learning, development, and processing in cognitive science for more than three decades. If SRNs were feedforward systems, there would be pervasive theoretical implications: Anything an SRN can do would therefore be explainable without interaction (feedback). However, despite claims that SRNs (and by extension recurrent neural networks more generally) are feedforward (Norris, 1993), this is not the case. Feedforward networks by definition are acyclic graphs - they contain no loops. SRNs contain loops - from hidden units back to hidden units with a time delay - and are therefore cyclic graphs. As we demonstrate, they are interactive in the sense normally implied for networks with feedback connections between layers: In an SRN, bottom-up inputs are inextricably mixed with previous model-internal computations. Inputs are transmitted to hidden units by multiplying them by input-to-hidden weights. However, hidden units simultaneously receive their own previous activations as input via hidden-to-hidden connections with a one-step time delay (typically via context units). These are added to the input-to-hidden values, and the sums are transformed by an activation function. Thus, bottom-up inputs are mixed with the products of potentially many preceding transformations of inputs and model-internal states. We discuss theoretical implications through a key example from psycholinguistics where the status of SRNs as feedforward or interactive has crucial ramifications.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1032-1040"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimal metacognitive decision strategies in signal detection theory. 信号检测理论中的最佳元认知决策策略。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02510-7

Brian Maniscalco, Lucie Charles, Megan A K Peters

{"title":"Optimal metacognitive decision strategies in signal detection theory.","authors":"Brian Maniscalco, Lucie Charles, Megan A K Peters","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02510-7","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02510-7","url":null,"abstract":"Signal detection theory (SDT) has long provided the field of psychology with a simple but powerful model of how observers make decisions under uncertainty. SDT can distinguish sensitivity from response bias and characterize optimal decision strategies. Whereas classical SDT pertains to \"type 1\" judgments about the world, recent work has extended SDT to quantify sensitivity for metacognitive or \"type 2\" judgments about one's own type 1 processing, e.g. confidence ratings. Here we further advance the application of SDT to the study of metacognition by providing a formal account of normative metacognitive decision strategies - i.e., type 2 (confidence) criterion setting - for ideal observers. Optimality is always defined relative to a given objective. We use SDT to derive formulae for optimal type 2 criteria under four distinct objectives: maximizing type 2 accuracy, maximizing type 2 reward, calibrating confidence to accuracy, and maximizing the difference between type 2 hit rate and false alarm rate. Where applicable, we consider these optimization contexts alongside their type 1 counterparts (e.g. maximizing type 1 accuracy) to deepen understanding. We examine the different strategies implied by these formulae and further consider how optimal type 2 criterion setting differs when metacognitive sensitivity deviates from SDT expectation. The theoretical framework provided here can be used to better understand the metacognitive decision strategies of real observers. Possible applications include characterizing observers' spontaneously chosen metacognitive decision strategies, assessing their ability to fine-tune metacognitive decision strategies to optimize a given outcome when instructed, determining over- or under-confidence relative to an optimal standard, and more. This framework opens new avenues for enriching our understanding of metacognition.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1041-1069"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On Bayes factors for hypothesis tests. 关于假设检验的贝叶斯系数。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02612-2

Karl Christoph Klauer, Constantin G Meyer-Grant, David Kellen

{"title":"On Bayes factors for hypothesis tests.","authors":"Karl Christoph Klauer, Constantin G Meyer-Grant, David Kellen","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02612-2","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02612-2","url":null,"abstract":"We develop alternative families of Bayes factors for use in hypothesis tests as alternatives to the popular default Bayes factors. The alternative Bayes factors are derived for the statistical analyses most commonly used in psychological research - one-sample and two-sample t tests, regression, and ANOVA analyses. They possess the same desirable theoretical and practical properties as the default Bayes factors and satisfy additional theoretical desiderata while mitigating against two features of the default priors that we consider implausible. They can be conveniently computed via an R package that we provide. Furthermore, hypothesis tests based on Bayes factors and those based on significance tests are juxtaposed. This discussion leads to the insight that default Bayes factors as well as the alternative Bayes factors are equivalent to test-statistic-based Bayes factors as proposed by Johnson. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 67, 689-701. (2005). We highlight test-statistic-based Bayes factors as a general approach to Bayes-factor computation that is applicable to many hypothesis-testing problems for which an effect-size measure has been proposed and for which test power can be computed.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1070-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142716979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Priming the distractor can eliminate the Stroop interference effect. 引出分心物可以消除 Stroop 干扰效应。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02610-4

Samantha Curtis, Bianca De Wit, Sachiko Kinoshita

{"title":"Priming the distractor can eliminate the Stroop interference effect.","authors":"Samantha Curtis, Bianca De Wit, Sachiko Kinoshita","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02610-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02610-4","url":null,"abstract":"The Stroop interference effect-the slower response to color in an incongruent Stroop stimulus (e.g., ) relative to a neutral Stroop stimulus (e.g., ) is usually highly robust. The present study investigated the role of selective attention in the Stroop task by priming the distractor word. Replicating previous studies using the verbal (color-naming) task, priming the distractor word produced a substantial speedup of response to the color in a Stroop stimulus in our manual Stroop task. Importantly, priming the distractor completely eliminated the Stroop interference effect (Incongruent = Neutral, e.g., ), and brought about a sizable facilitation effect (Congruent < Neutral, e.g., ) that was absent in the standard (control-primed) Stroop trials. RT distribution analysis showed that the pattern of facilitation and interference effects was changed radically by priming the distractor: In the standard Stroop task, the Stroop interference effect increased across quantiles, and the facilitation effect was absent throughout the quantiles; in contrast, in the distractor-primed Stroop task, the interference effect was eliminated, and the large facilitation effect that emerged remained constant across the quantiles. We interpret these results in terms of a \"Trojan horse\" account that suggests that in a Stroop stimulus, color and word form are integrated into an object; hence, when object-based attention is deployed to attend to the color, the word form \"sneaks in.\" Priming the distractor breaks this integration, allowing attention to disengage from the irrelevant word dimension and eliminating Stroop interference.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1328-1336"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142740220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Which "working memory" are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back. 我们说的是哪种“工作记忆”？复杂跨度任务和N-back任务。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-04 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02622-0

Alexander P Burgoyne, David J Frank, Brooke N Macnamara

{"title":"Which \"working memory\" are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back.","authors":"Alexander P Burgoyne, David J Frank, Brooke N Macnamara","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02622-0","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02622-0","url":null,"abstract":"Psychologists and neuroscientists often use complex span tasks or the n-back to measure working memory capacity. At first glance, both tasks require many cognitive processes attributed to the construct, including the maintenance of information amidst interference. Nevertheless, evidence for their convergent validity is mixed. This poses consequences for the interpretation of working memory performance in cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, applied psychology, and executive functioning research. We recruited a large and diverse sample using a multisite approach (N = 1,272; community and university participants) and had them complete multiple working memory capacity, updating, and fluid intelligence tests. We found strong evidence for a dissociation between complex span and n-back tests, and more broadly, between working memory capacity and updating factors. Observed correlations between complex span and n-back performance were modest (r̄ = .25), and at the latent level, the two factors only shared 20% of their variance. Each explained unique variance in fluid intelligence, and each was more strongly related to fluid intelligence than to each other, with updating measures demonstrating stronger relations to fluid intelligence. These results were interpreted via the disengagement hypothesis. What distinguishes updating measures from working memory capacity measures is their relative emphasis on disengagement from outdated information; disengagement drives their strong relation with fluid intelligence because problem-solving requires generating hypotheses but also discarding those discovered to be false. We suggest that researchers who want to measure and draw conclusions about working memory capacity or updating should not use complex span tasks and the n-back interchangeably.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1337-1351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142780558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nudges for people who think. 对有思想的人的鞭策。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02613-1

Aba Szollosi, Nathan Wang-Ly, Ben R Newell

引用次数: 0

Product, not process: Metacognitive monitoring of visual performance during sustained attention. 产品，而非过程：持续注意力期间视觉表现的元认知监测。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02635-9

Cheongil Kim, Sang Chul Chong

引用次数: 0

Modeling dependent group judgments: A computational model of sequential collaboration. 依赖群体判断的建模：一个顺序协作的计算模型。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02619-9

Maren Mayer, Daniel W Heck

{"title":"Modeling dependent group judgments: A computational model of sequential collaboration.","authors":"Maren Mayer, Daniel W Heck","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02619-9","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02619-9","url":null,"abstract":"Sequential collaboration describes the incremental process of contributing to online collaborative projects such as Wikipedia and OpenStreetMap. After a first contributor creates an initial entry, subsequent contributors create a sequential chain by deciding whether to adjust or maintain the latest entry which is updated if they decide to make changes. Sequential collaboration has recently been examined as a method for eliciting numerical group judgments. It was shown that in a sequential chain, changes become less frequent and smaller, while judgments become more accurate. Judgments at the end of a sequential chain are similarly accurate and in some cases even more accurate than aggregated independent judgments (wisdom of crowds). This is at least partly due to sequential collaboration allowing contributors to contribute according to their expertise by selectively adjusting judgments. However, there is no formal theory of sequential collaboration. We developed a computational model that formalizes the cognitive processes underlying sequential collaboration. It allows modeling both sequential collaboration and independent judgments, which are used as a benchmark for the performance of sequential collaboration. The model is based on internal distributions of plausible judgments that contributors use to evaluate the plausibility of presented judgments and to provide new judgments. It incorporates individuals' expertise and tendency to adjust presented judgments as well as item difficulty and the effects of the presented judgment on subsequent judgment formation. The model is consistent with previous empirical findings on change probability, change magnitude, and judgment accuracy incorporating expertise as a driving factor of these effects. Moreover, new predictions for long sequential chains were confirmed by an empirical study. Above and beyond sequential collaboration the model establishes an initial theoretical framework for further research on dependent judgments.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1142-1164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Generating distant analogies increases metaphor production. 产生遥远的类比会增加隐喻的产生。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02628-8

Tim George, Andriana L Christofalos, Felix S Pambuccian

{"title":"Generating distant analogies increases metaphor production.","authors":"Tim George, Andriana L Christofalos, Felix S Pambuccian","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02628-8","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02628-8","url":null,"abstract":"Although a large body of work has explored the mechanisms underlying metaphor comprehension, less research has focused on spontaneous metaphor production. Previous research suggests that reasoning about analogies can induce a relational mindset, which causes a greater focus on underlying abstract similarities. We explored how inducing a relational mindset may increase the tendency to use metaphors to describe topics. Participants first solved a series of either cross-domain (i.e., far) analogies (kitten:cat::spark-?) to induce a high relational mindset or within-domain (i.e., near) analogies (kitten:cat::puppy-?) (control condition). Next, they received a series of topic descriptions containing either one feature (some jobs are confining) or three features (some jobs are confining, repetitive, and unpleasant), and were asked to provide a summary phrase of the topic. Use of metaphoric language increased when topics contained more features, and was particularly frequent in the high relational mindset condition. This finding suggests that the relational mindset induction may have shifted attention toward abstract comparisons, thereby facilitating the creative use of language involving metaphors.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1402-1410"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visual attention matters during word recognition: A Bayesian modeling approach. 视觉注意力在单词识别中的作用：贝叶斯建模方法。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02591-4

Thierry Phénix, Émilie Ginestet, Sylviane Valdois, Julien Diard

{"title":"Visual attention matters during word recognition: A Bayesian modeling approach.","authors":"Thierry Phénix, Émilie Ginestet, Sylviane Valdois, Julien Diard","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02591-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02591-4","url":null,"abstract":"It is striking that visual attention, the process by which attentional resources are allocated in the visual field so as to locally enhance visual perception, is a pervasive component of models of eye movements in reading, but is seldom considered in models of isolated word recognition. We describe BRAID, a new Bayesian word-Recognition model with Attention, Interference and Dynamics. As most of its predecessors, BRAID incorporates three sensory, perceptual, and orthographic knowledge layers together with a lexical membership submodel. Its originality resides in also including three mechanisms that modulate letter identification within strings: an acuity gradient, lateral interference, and visual attention. We calibrated the model such that its temporal scale was consistent with behavioral data, and then explored the model's capacity to generalize to other, independent effects. We evaluated the model's capacity to account for the word length effect in lexical decision, for the optimal viewing position effect, and for the interaction of crowding and frequency effects in word recognition. We further examined how these effects were modulated by variations in the visual attention distribution. We show that visual attention modulates all three effects and that a narrow distribution of visual attention results in performance patterns that mimic those reported in impaired readers. Overall, the BRAID model could be conceived as a core building block, towards the development of integrated models of reading aloud and eye movement control, or of visual recognition of impaired readers, or any context in which visual attention does matter.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1165-1203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142953965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0