Psychonomic Bulletin & Review最新文献_第3页

Model-averaged Bayesian t tests. 模型平均贝叶斯 t 检验。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02590-5

Maximilian Maier, František Bartoš, Daniel S Quintana, Fabian Dablander, Don van den Bergh, Maarten Marsman, Alexander Ly, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers

{"title":"Model-averaged Bayesian t tests.","authors":"Maximilian Maier, František Bartoš, Daniel S Quintana, Fabian Dablander, Don van den Bergh, Maarten Marsman, Alexander Ly, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02590-5","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02590-5","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most common statistical analyses in experimental psychology concerns the comparison of two means using the frequentist t test. However, frequentist t tests do not quantify evidence and require various assumption tests. Recently, popularized Bayesian t tests do quantify evidence, but these were developed for scenarios where the two populations are assumed to have the same variance. As an alternative to both methods, we outline a comprehensive t test framework based on Bayesian model averaging. This new t test framework simultaneously takes into account models that assume equal and unequal variances, and models that use t-likelihoods to improve robustness to outliers. The resulting inference is based on a weighted average across the entire model ensemble, with higher weights assigned to models that predicted the observed data well. This new t test framework provides an integrated approach to assumption checks and inference by applying a series of pertinent models to the data simultaneously rather than sequentially. The integrated Bayesian model-averaged t tests achieve robustness without having to commit to a single model following a series of assumption checks. To facilitate practical applications, we provide user-friendly implementations in JASP and via the <math><mi>RoBTT</mi></math> package in <math><mi>R</mi></math> . A tutorial video is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcuzGTIcorQ.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1007-1031"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092555/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142606004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cracking arbitrariness: A data-driven study of auditory iconicity in spoken English. 破解随意性：英语口语听觉象似性的数据驱动研究。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02630-0

Andrea Gregor de Varda, Marco Marelli

引用次数: 0

Real-world estimation taps into basic numeric abilities. 真实世界的估算需要基本的数字能力。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02575-4

Barbara K Kreis, Julia Groß, Thorsten Pachur

{"title":"Real-world estimation taps into basic numeric abilities.","authors":"Barbara K Kreis, Julia Groß, Thorsten Pachur","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02575-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02575-4","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately estimating and assessing real-world quantities (e.g., how long it will take to get to the train station; the calorie content of a meal) is a central skill for adaptive cognition. To date, theoretical and empirical work on the mental resources recruited by real-world estimation has focused primarily on the role of domain knowledge (e.g., knowledge of the metric and distributional properties of objects in a domain). Here we examined the role of basic numeric abilities - specifically, symbolic-number mapping - in real-world estimation. In Experiment 1 ( <math><mrow><mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>286</mn></mrow> </math> ) and Experiment 2 ( <math><mrow><mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>592</mn></mrow> </math> ), participants first completed a country-population estimation task (a task domain commonly used to study real-world estimation) and then completed a number-line task (an approach commonly used to measure symbolic-number mapping). In both experiments, participants with better performance in the number-line task made more accurate estimates in the estimation task. Moreover, Experiment 2 showed that performance in the number-line task predicts estimation accuracy independently of domain knowledge. Further, in Experiment 2 the association between estimation accuracy and symbolic-number mapping did not depend on whether the number-line task involved small numbers (up to 1000) or large numbers that matched the range of the numbers in the estimation task (up to 100,000,000). Our results show for the first time that basic numeric abilities contribute to the estimation of real-world quantities. We discuss implications for theories of real-world estimation and for interventions aiming to improve people's ability to estimate real-world quantities.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1217-1230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142522797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prediction in reading: A review of predictability effects, their theoretical implications, and beyond. 阅读预测：对可预测性效应、其理论意义及其他方面的回顾。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02588-z

Roslyn Wong, Erik D Reichle, Aaron Veldre

{"title":"Prediction in reading: A review of predictability effects, their theoretical implications, and beyond.","authors":"Roslyn Wong, Erik D Reichle, Aaron Veldre","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02588-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02588-z","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, prediction during reading has been considered an inefficient and cognitively expensive processing mechanism given the inherently generative nature of language, which allows upcoming text to unfold in an infinite number of possible ways. This article provides an accessible and comprehensive review of the psycholinguistic research that, over the past 40 or so years, has investigated whether readers are capable of generating predictions during reading, typically via experiments on the effects of predictability (i.e., how well a word can be predicted from its prior context). Five theoretically important issues are addressed: What is the best measure of predictability? What is the functional relationship between predictability and processing difficulty? What stage(s) of processing does predictability affect? Are predictability effects ubiquitous? What processes do predictability effects actually reflect? Insights from computational models of reading about how predictability manifests itself to facilitate the reading of text are also discussed. This review concludes by arguing that effects of predictability can, to a certain extent, be taken as demonstrating evidence that prediction is an important but flexible component of real-time language comprehension, in line with broader predictive accounts of cognitive functioning. However, converging evidence, especially from concurrent eye-tracking and brain-imaging methods, is necessary to refine theories of prediction.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"973-1006"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142558603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Readers may not integrate words strictly in the order in which they appear in Chinese reading. 在中文阅读中，读者可能不会严格按照词语出现的顺序进行整合。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02614-0

Hui Zhao, Linjieqiong Huang, Xingshan Li

引用次数: 0

Illusory truth effect across languages and scripts. 跨越语言和文字的虚幻真实效应。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02596-z

Anna Hatzidaki, Mikel Santesteban, Eduardo Navarrete

{"title":"Illusory truth effect across languages and scripts.","authors":"Anna Hatzidaki, Mikel Santesteban, Eduardo Navarrete","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02596-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02596-z","url":null,"abstract":"The repetition of a statement increases its credibility, a phenomenon known as the illusory truth effect. Here we tested whether the illusory truth effect persists across languages and scripts. In two experiments, Italian-English (n = 80) and Greek-English (n = 66), unbalanced bilinguals were exposed to 60 written unknown trivia statements in English. After a distractor math task, participants rated the truthfulness of the same 60 (repeated) statements and 60 new statements, which were presented either in the same language as in the exposure phase (English) or in a different language (Italian, Experiment 1, or Greek, Experiment 2). Response times were faster when information was repeated in the same language compared to a different language, suggesting increased processing fluency in the former than in the latter case. Truth ratings yielded an illusory truth effect: repeated statements were considered more truthful than new statements. Interestingly, the magnitude of the illusory truth effect remained regardless of whether the repetition was in the same or in a different language and persisted even when the different language condition also entailed a different script (Latin in exposure phase and Greek in repetition). The results suggest that the language of information presentation is not a critical factor to affect the illusory truth effect, despite the fact that repetition in the same language increases processing speed. We interpret our results in light of the referential theory (Unkelbach & Rom, Cognition 160: 110-126, 2017), attributing the illusory truth effect to conceptual fluency induced by the overlap of activated conceptual representations in bilingual memory.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1231-1239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142522796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visual statistical learning requires attention. 视觉统计学习需要注意力。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02605-1

Dock H Duncan, Dirk van Moorselaar, Jan Theeuwes

{"title":"Visual statistical learning requires attention.","authors":"Dock H Duncan, Dirk van Moorselaar, Jan Theeuwes","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02605-1","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02605-1","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical learning is a person's ability to automatically learn environmental regularities through passive exposure. Since the earliest studies of statistical learning in infants, it has been debated exactly how \"passive\" this learning can be (i.e., whether attention is needed for learning to occur). In Experiment 1 of the current study, participants performed a serial feature search task where they searched for a target shape among heterogenous nontarget shapes. Unbeknownst to the participants, one of these nontarget shapes was presented much more often in location. Even though the regularity concerned a nonsalient, nontarget item that did not receive any attentional priority during search, participants still learned its regularity (responding faster when it was presented at this high-probability location). While this may suggest that not much, if any, attention is needed for learning to occur, follow-up experiments showed that if an attentional strategy (i.e., color subset search or exogenous cueing) effectively prevents attention from being directed to this critical regularity, incidental learning is no longer observed. We conclude that some degree of attention to a regularity is needed for visual statistical learning to occur.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1240-1253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142576774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simple Recurrent Networks are Interactive. 简单循环网络具有交互性。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02608-y

James S Magnuson, Sahil Luthra

{"title":"Simple Recurrent Networks are Interactive.","authors":"James S Magnuson, Sahil Luthra","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02608-y","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02608-y","url":null,"abstract":"There is disagreement among cognitive scientists as to whether a key computational framework - the Simple Recurrent Network (SRN; Elman, Machine Learning, 7(2), 195-225, 1991; Elman, Cognitive Science, 14(2), 179-211, 1990) - is a feedforward system. SRNs have been essential tools in advancing theories of learning, development, and processing in cognitive science for more than three decades. If SRNs were feedforward systems, there would be pervasive theoretical implications: Anything an SRN can do would therefore be explainable without interaction (feedback). However, despite claims that SRNs (and by extension recurrent neural networks more generally) are feedforward (Norris, 1993), this is not the case. Feedforward networks by definition are acyclic graphs - they contain no loops. SRNs contain loops - from hidden units back to hidden units with a time delay - and are therefore cyclic graphs. As we demonstrate, they are interactive in the sense normally implied for networks with feedback connections between layers: In an SRN, bottom-up inputs are inextricably mixed with previous model-internal computations. Inputs are transmitted to hidden units by multiplying them by input-to-hidden weights. However, hidden units simultaneously receive their own previous activations as input via hidden-to-hidden connections with a one-step time delay (typically via context units). These are added to the input-to-hidden values, and the sums are transformed by an activation function. Thus, bottom-up inputs are mixed with the products of potentially many preceding transformations of inputs and model-internal states. We discuss theoretical implications through a key example from psycholinguistics where the status of SRNs as feedforward or interactive has crucial ramifications.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1032-1040"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142626851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimal metacognitive decision strategies in signal detection theory. 信号检测理论中的最佳元认知决策策略。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02510-7

Brian Maniscalco, Lucie Charles, Megan A K Peters

{"title":"Optimal metacognitive decision strategies in signal detection theory.","authors":"Brian Maniscalco, Lucie Charles, Megan A K Peters","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02510-7","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02510-7","url":null,"abstract":"Signal detection theory (SDT) has long provided the field of psychology with a simple but powerful model of how observers make decisions under uncertainty. SDT can distinguish sensitivity from response bias and characterize optimal decision strategies. Whereas classical SDT pertains to \"type 1\" judgments about the world, recent work has extended SDT to quantify sensitivity for metacognitive or \"type 2\" judgments about one's own type 1 processing, e.g. confidence ratings. Here we further advance the application of SDT to the study of metacognition by providing a formal account of normative metacognitive decision strategies - i.e., type 2 (confidence) criterion setting - for ideal observers. Optimality is always defined relative to a given objective. We use SDT to derive formulae for optimal type 2 criteria under four distinct objectives: maximizing type 2 accuracy, maximizing type 2 reward, calibrating confidence to accuracy, and maximizing the difference between type 2 hit rate and false alarm rate. Where applicable, we consider these optimization contexts alongside their type 1 counterparts (e.g. maximizing type 1 accuracy) to deepen understanding. We examine the different strategies implied by these formulae and further consider how optimal type 2 criterion setting differs when metacognitive sensitivity deviates from SDT expectation. The theoretical framework provided here can be used to better understand the metacognitive decision strategies of real observers. Possible applications include characterizing observers' spontaneously chosen metacognitive decision strategies, assessing their ability to fine-tune metacognitive decision strategies to optimize a given outcome when instructed, determining over- or under-confidence relative to an optimal standard, and more. This framework opens new avenues for enriching our understanding of metacognition.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1041-1069"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On Bayes factors for hypothesis tests. 关于假设检验的贝叶斯系数。

IF 3.2 3区心理学

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02612-2

Karl Christoph Klauer, Constantin G Meyer-Grant, David Kellen

{"title":"On Bayes factors for hypothesis tests.","authors":"Karl Christoph Klauer, Constantin G Meyer-Grant, David Kellen","doi":"10.3758/s13423-024-02612-2","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13423-024-02612-2","url":null,"abstract":"We develop alternative families of Bayes factors for use in hypothesis tests as alternatives to the popular default Bayes factors. The alternative Bayes factors are derived for the statistical analyses most commonly used in psychological research - one-sample and two-sample t tests, regression, and ANOVA analyses. They possess the same desirable theoretical and practical properties as the default Bayes factors and satisfy additional theoretical desiderata while mitigating against two features of the default priors that we consider implausible. They can be conveniently computed via an R package that we provide. Furthermore, hypothesis tests based on Bayes factors and those based on significance tests are juxtaposed. This discussion leads to the insight that default Bayes factors as well as the alternative Bayes factors are equivalent to test-statistic-based Bayes factors as proposed by Johnson. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 67, 689-701. (2005). We highlight test-statistic-based Bayes factors as a general approach to Bayes-factor computation that is applicable to many hypothesis-testing problems for which an effect-size measure has been proposed and for which test power can be computed.","PeriodicalId":20763,"journal":{"name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","volume":" ","pages":"1070-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142716979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0