心理学最新文献

{"title":"Playing repeated games with large language models","authors":"Elif Akata, Lion Schulz, Julian Coda-Forno, Seong Joon Oh, Matthias Bethge, Eric Schulz","doi":"10.1038/s41562-025-02172-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02172-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications where they interact with humans and other agents. We propose to use behavioural game theory to study LLMs’ cooperation and coordination behaviour. Here we let different LLMs play finitely repeated 2 × 2 games with each other, with human-like strategies, and actual human players. Our results show that LLMs perform particularly well at self-interested games such as the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma family. However, they behave suboptimally in games that require coordination, such as the Battle of the Sexes. We verify that these behavioural signatures are stable across robustness checks. We also show how GPT-4’s behaviour can be modulated by providing additional information about its opponent and by using a ‘social chain-of-thought’ strategy. This also leads to better scores and more successful coordination when interacting with human players. These results enrich our understanding of LLMs’ social behaviour and pave the way for a behavioural game theory for machines.</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-regulation in preschool children: Hot and cool executive control as predictors of later classroom learning behaviors","authors":"Todd M. Wyatt,&nbsp;Susanne A. Denham,&nbsp;Hideko H. Bassett","doi":"10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examined associations between aspects of preschoolers' executive control (both hot and cool), on-task involvement, and subsequent learning behaviors (attention/persistence, attitude towards learning, competence motivation) in kindergarten, taking into account potentially indirect effects of on-task involvement on relations between executive control and later learning behaviors. Moderating effects of gender and socioeconomic risk also were examined. Three hundred eighteen children were directly assessed regarding executive control (T1) and teachers rated their on-task involvement (T2); 108 kindergartners' teachers evaluated children's learning behaviors (T3). We modeled the hypothesized longitudinal relations, as well as separate models for moderators using partial least squares analyses (PLS). Findings often identified end-of-preschool on-task involvement as a mediator between earlier hot executive control and kindergarten learning behaviors, and sometimes indicated direct prediction of kindergarten learning behaviors by preschool cool executive control. Discussion centers upon interpreting the overall model and moderating influences, as well as potential applications.</div><div>Educational relevance statement.</div><div>When young children progressing through preschool and transitioning into kindergarten can manage their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, become able to participate positively in a classroom, and ultimately feel competent and interested in learning, they are more likely to succeed in school. Our results show a progression across time in these abilities from early preschool to kindergarten. Specifically, preschoolers' ability to delay gratification and inhibit behavior often supports their engagement in preschool classroom tasks, which in turn contributes to kindergarten learning behaviors. In contrast, their ability to focus, remember, plan, and solve problems plays a key role in kindergartners' persistence and their ability to feel positive about learning and their own competence as they transition to elementary school. Understanding these distinct yet interconnected aspects of self-regulation can help inform strategies to prepare preschoolers for kindergarten and address the diverse needs of children from different backgrounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48336,"journal":{"name":"Learning and Individual Differences","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102701"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Parent Influencers Neglect or Abuse Their Children? A Document Analysis.","authors":"Süreyya Sarvan,Leyla Muslu,Arzu Akcan","doi":"10.1177/08862605251336344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605251336344","url":null,"abstract":"For parents, influencer marketing has become a primary profession and income source. Parents share highly personal images of their underage children. In these posts, the privacy and rights of the children can sometimes be overlooked. The aim of this study was to identify situations in which the posts made by parent influencers about their children may negatively affect them. This study analyzed 2,597 posts shared over a 6-month period by 29 parent influencers on Instagram in 2024, using a qualitative content analysis method. The content of the posts related to children was categorized using the Social Media Content Evaluation system developed by the research team. The total number of followers of the parent influencers was 16,578,279. Posts that featured children's images received approximately twice as many likes as those that did not. Four themes were identified from the images featuring children; using the child to earn income, ignoring children's privacy, disclosing information related to the child's temperament or disposition, and the tendency of parent influencers to use their children in posts. There is a risk of misuse of posts involving children by parent influencers. It can be stated that these posts increase the children's digital footprint, and stronger measures should be taken to protect the children's privacy rights in this context.","PeriodicalId":16289,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","volume":"37 1","pages":"8862605251336344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Adult Attitudes Toward Corporal Punishment in Honduras: The Role of Sex, Gender Roles, Education, Childhood Experiences, and Psychopathy.","authors":"Miguel Landa-Blanco,Yaraní Echenique,Francisco Cruz-Quintana,Manuel Fernández-Alcántara,María Nieves Pérez Marfil,Elena Navarro","doi":"10.1177/08862605251336785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605251336785","url":null,"abstract":"Corporal punishment (CP) remains a contentious issue in child-rearing debates, with varying opinions influenced by cultural, educational, and personal experiences. This study investigates the impact of sex, educational level, witnessing domestic violence, and experiencing physical and psychological abuse during childhood on adults' attitudes toward CP. In addition, it explores the mediating roles of stereotypical gender roles and psychopathy in these relationships. Four hundred fifty Honduran adults completed an online survey. Of the total sample, 66.67% were female. A quantitative cross-sectional design was used. Data was collected through self-reported questionnaires previously validated. 49.78% of participants reject slapping as a necessary disciplinary method, and 50.67% oppose legalizing parental use of force. However, a minority still considers spanking effective (24.66%). Mediation analysis shows that childhood psychological abuse significantly reduces support for CP, while psychopathy and stereotypical gender roles increase it. Females exhibit lower levels of psychopathy and adherence to traditional gender roles, which mediates their reduced support for CP. In addition, childhood physical abuse indirectly decreases CP endorsement through its influence on gender role beliefs. Educational level does not, directly or indirectly, predict attitudes toward CP. However, despite its medium effect size, the model only accounts for 16.7% of the variance in CP attitudes. Overall, being female and reporting childhood physical and psychological abuse significantly reduce support for CP, whereas witnessing domestic violence increases it. Despite the influence of these factors, other unexamined variables may also play a role.","PeriodicalId":16289,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","volume":"25 1","pages":"8862605251336785"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamified goal-setting: leaderboards effects differs across quantitative, qualitative, and perceived performance","authors":"Tomas Kratochvil ,&nbsp;Michaela Šaradín Lebedíková ,&nbsp;Martin Vaculik ,&nbsp;Jakub Prochazka ,&nbsp;Andreas Lieberoth","doi":"10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaderboards are commonly used in gamification to enhance performance outcomes. While their impact on quantitative performance is well-established, their effects on other performance indicators and moderators remain underexplored. We replicated and extended Landers et al.'s (2017) study of the gamified goal-setting effect on task performance to examine the effect on quantitative (e.g., task speed), qualitative (e.g., accuracy), and self-reported performance across two studies using 12-minute tasks. While leaderboards improved quantitative performance, qualitative performance remained unaffected. Moreover, leaderboards led to higher and more accurate self-reported performance than an impossible goal and lower and more accurate than an easy goal. This effect was more pronounced among experienced learners. This suggests that leaderboards balance the advantages of simple and challenging goals, making them particularly effective for experienced learners compared to traditional goal setting. Future gamification research should focus on self-assessment as it may shape future objective performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48336,"journal":{"name":"Learning and Individual Differences","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102708"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cues paired with alternative reinforcement mitigate resurgence in humans","authors":"Christopher A. Podlesnik ,&nbsp;Carla N. Martinez-Perez ,&nbsp;Carolyn M. Ritchey ,&nbsp;Toshikazu Kuroda","doi":"10.1016/j.lmot.2025.102137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lmot.2025.102137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resurgence is the return of a previously reinforced and extinguished operant response with the worsening of more recent conditions, including extinction of a more recently reinforced alternative response. Given the relevance of resurgence to relapse of clinically relevant behavior, this preclinical experiment evaluated a method for mitigating resurgence by arranging a cue paired with alternative reinforcement in adult humans. After reinforcing target button pressing with points during Phase 1, Phase 2 arranged extinction of target responding and reinforced alternative responding with point delivery and a paired cue. Phase 3 provided a within-subject evaluation of the presence and absence of the cue between two groups either with continued or removed alternative reinforcement. Target responding was greater during Phase 3 in the absence (i.e., resurgence) than presence of alternative reinforcement. Continued presentation of the cue decreased target responding with the removal but not when continuing alternative reinforcement. Alternative response rates did not differ, however, depending on the presence or absence of cues, which is inconsistent with interpretations based on conditioned reinforcement and generalization. These findings are consistent with previous studies with rats, pigeons, and children, though moderate effect sizes suggest future research is needed to identify variables that could enhance the effectiveness of such cues to mitigate resurgence clinically.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47305,"journal":{"name":"Learning and Motivation","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amelioration of Chronic Ethanol Administration-Induced Learning and Memory Impairments by High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Ritalin","authors":"Sara Shirazpour,&nbsp;Farahnaz Taheri,&nbsp;Gholamreza Sepehri,&nbsp;Mahla Zangiabadizadeh,&nbsp;Mostafa Zangiabadi,&nbsp;Najmeh Sadat Hosseini,&nbsp;Sara Sheikhi,&nbsp;Azadeh Shahrokhi Raeini,&nbsp;Sara Sheibani Tezerji","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70539","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current study aimed to investigate the impacts of 8-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and Ritalin (RIT), alone and in combination, on cognitive functions and hippocampal oxidative parameters following chronic ethanol consumption in male rats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 56 adult male rats were divided into 8 groups and received one of the following treatments: ethanol 20% (ET) (3 mL/kg/day, orally, 5 consecutive days/week in weeks 1–4, and 3 consecutive days/week in weeks 4–8), RIT (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, three consecutive times/week for 8 weeks), HIIT + SAL (five consecutive times/week for 8 weeks + saline injection), or saline (1 mL/day, intraperitoneally, three consecutive times/week for 8 weeks). Cognitive performance was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance tasks. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), were measured in the hippocampus using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP). Nitric oxide (NO) level in the hippocampus was determined using an NO Assay Kit (Natrix, Arman Biotech, Iran).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chronic ethanol administration impaired cognitive functions. However, RIT, HIIT, and their combination significantly improved these impairments. Furthermore, RIT increased ethanol-induced oxidative stress, whereas HIIT reduced it, even in the combination group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chronic ethanol consumption caused learning and memory deficits and disrupted oxidant/antioxidant balance in the hippocampus of rats. HIIT potentially improved memory impairments by restoring this balance, whereas RIT ameliorated cognitive dysfunction through a mechanism that requires further investigation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affirming the Less Defended Self: Quiet Ego Reminders Reduce Implicit Self-Other Bias","authors":"Heidi A. Wayment","doi":"10.1007/s10902-025-00894-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-025-00894-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The quiet ego reflects psychological mechanisms that enable individuals to interpret themselves and others less defensively by balancing concerns for the welfare and growth of both (Bauer &amp; Weatherbie, 2023). Two experimental studies tested the hypothesis that listening to brief reminders of four quiet ego characteristics would reduce a common form of defensiveness: self-other bias. In Study 1, female college students (N = 112) completed surveys and then were randomly assigned to one of two conditions consisting of a 5 min audio reminding them of key ideas related to the quiet ego (self-affirmation condition) or goal setting (control condition). Immediately following the intervention participants completed the Self-versus-Other Implicit Association Test (SOI-IAT; Thorton &amp; Aknin, 2020) where terms related to self and other, pleasant and unpleasant, are paired. As predicted, compared to controls, those who listened to the quiet ego reminders showed no self-other bias. Study 2 modified delivery of the quiet ego and control intervention materials and included of compassion-related outcomes in a sample of college women (N = 126). The primary hypothesis was supported, and compared to controls, those exposed to the quiet ego reminders reported less self-other bias, more compassion for the self, and more even-handed compassion for the self and others. Discussion focuses on the potential utility of embedding quiet ego content into brief interventions to reduce excessively self-focused related psychological processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15837,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Happiness Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurophysiological features of dream recall and the phenomenology of dreams: Auditory stimulation impacts dream experiences","authors":"Gulshan Kumar ,&nbsp;Safoora Naaz ,&nbsp;Nahida Jabin ,&nbsp;Arun Sasidharan ,&nbsp;Ravindra P. Nagendra ,&nbsp;Ravi Yadav ,&nbsp;Bindu M. Kutty","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studies on the electrophysiological and phenomenological aspects of dream experiences provide insight on consciousness during sleep. Whole night polysomnography (PSG) studies were conducted among 29 healthy young participants with high dream recall abilities. Dreams reports were collected during the second night by multiple awakening protocol. On the third night, participants were presented with an audiovisual task and during subsequent sleep, dream reports were collected following an auditory stimuli presentation.</div><div>REM sleep dreams favor high dream recall rates when compared to N2 dreams. Enhanced EEG beta activity, functional connectivity across the brain structures of the default mode network (DMN) and activation of medial frontal cortex were observed during dream recall irrespective of the sleep states. Auditory stimulations influenced emotional dream experiences highlighting the possibility of target memory reactivation. The study highlights the potential role of dream states and dream experiences in understanding consciousness during sleep.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 103869"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Risk Factors Influencing Hemorrhage Volume in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Multicenter Retrospective Study","authors":"Chenglong Li,&nbsp;Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Tangming Peng,&nbsp;Jiangnan Wu,&nbsp;Hongyu Wang,&nbsp;Jian Song,&nbsp;Di Zhao,&nbsp;Guang Feng,&nbsp;Lei Chen","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70498","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This multicenter retrospective study aimed to identify significant risk factors influencing hemorrhage volume in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 891 patients diagnosed with SAH were included from multiple medical centers. Data encompassing demographic characteristics, medical history, clinical parameters at admission, and radiographic findings were collected and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate associations between various risk factors and hemorrhage volume.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study identifies several factors significantly associated with increased hemorrhage volume in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Multivariate analysis revealed that diabetes (P = 0.022), hypertension (P = 0.047), and saccular aneurysm morphology (P = 0.008) were independent risk factors for high hemorrhage volume. Additionally, larger aneurysm size (maximum diameter: P = 0.007, neck diameter: P = 0.021) and higher systolic blood pressure after onset (P = 0.002) were also significant predictors of increased hemorrhage volume. Factors such as age (P = 0.05) and time interval to the first CT scan (P = 0.022) were found to be associated with hemorrhage volume in univariate analysis but did not maintain independent significance in multivariate regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study highlights key risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension, and saccular aneurysm morphology, which independently contribute to higher hemorrhage volume in SAH patients. Management strategies focusing on early detection and control of these factors may improve clinical outcomes by reducing the risk of hemorrhagic complications. While other factors such as age and time interval to the first CT scan were associated with hemorrhage volume, they did not demonstrate independent causality in the multivariate analysis, suggesting that their role in hemorrhage volume may be secondary or context-dependent.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}