Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Microbiome depletion by broad-spectrum antibiotics does not influence demyelination and remyelination in cuprizone-treated mice.","authors":"Rumi Murayama, Guilin Liu, Ming-Ming Zhao, Dan Xu, Ting-Ting Zhu, Yi Cai, Yong Yue, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Kenji Hashimoto","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) is a feature of various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut-brain axis may play a crucial role in CNS demyelination. The cuprizone (CPZ) model, which involves the administration of CPZ-containing food pellets, is commonly used to study the effects of different compounds on CNS demyelination and subsequent remyelination. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of microbiome depletion, induced by an antibiotic cocktail (ABX), on demyelination in CPZ-treated mice and the subsequent remyelination following CPZ withdrawal. Our findings indicate that a chronic 4-week oral ABX regimen, administered both during and after a 6-week CPZ exposure, does not affect demyelination or remyelination in the brains of CPZ-treated mice. Specifically, ABX treatment for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after CPZ exposure, in the final 4 weeks before sacrifice, and for 4 weeks post-CPZ withdrawal, did not significantly alter these processes compared to control mice receiving water instead of ABX. These results indicate that despite effective microbiome depletion, a 4-week oral ABX regimen does not influence demyelination or remyelination in the CPZ model. Thus, it is unlikely that gut microbiota depletion by ABX plays a significant role in these processes. However, further research is needed to fully understand the role of the host microbiome on CPZ-induced demyelination.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173946"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caffeine intake during gestation and lactation causes long-term behavioral impairments in heterogenic mice offspring in a sex-dependent manner.","authors":"Bruna da Silva Oliveira, Thaís de Mérici Domingues Paula, Lucas Carvalho Cardoso, João Vitor Lopes Ferreira, Caroline Amaral Machado, Heliana de Barros Fernandes, Brener Cunha Carvalho, Ingrid Dos Santos Freitas, Lorena Taveira Nogueira, Antônio Lúcio Teixeira, Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano, Aline Silva de Miranda, Fernanda Radicchi Campos Lobato de Almeida","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growing evidence has indicated a potential association between maternal consumption of caffeine and impaired cognition and behavior in rodent offspring. However, potential sex differences, as well as caffeine-related effects in subsequent generations are still poorly investigated. We aimed to investigate the impact of pre-and/or neonatal exposition to caffeine on the neurodevelopment of male and female mice offspring. Adult female Swiss mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups, which received, via gavage, water or caffeine (120 mg/day). Control/control (CC) received water during pregnancy and lactation; treated/control (TC): received caffeine during pregnancy and water during lactation; control/treated (CT): received water during pregnancy and caffeine during lactation; treated/treated (TT): received caffeine during pregnancy and lactation. Dams were euthanized at gestational day 17.5 and fetal brains were collected. Adult mice of F1 and F2 generations were submitted to behavioral analysis and their pre-frontal cortex and hippocampi were dissected to measure the levels of BDNF and CX3CL1. Caffeine induced reduction of CX3CL1 levels in female fetuses compared with controls. Maternal intake of caffeine was associated with anxiety- and compulsive-like behavior in both F1 and F2 female mice offspring. Interestingly, only F2 female mice exhibited caffeine-induced impairment of work memory. Hippocampal levels of CX3CL1 and BDNF were decreased in female F1TT and F2TT groups; while among males exposed to caffeine, only F1 offspring had reduced hippocampal CX3CL1 levels. Our results suggest that both pre- and neonatal exposition to caffeine lead to long-term behavioral and neurochemical impairments in a sex-dependent manner, adversely affecting the subsequent female generation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173949"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142838712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pramipexole decreases allodynia and hyperalgesia via NF-κB in astrocytes in rats with Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Beatriz Godínez-Chaparro, Maria Cristina Rodríguez-Ramos, María Guadalupe Martínez-Lorenzana, Estefanía González-Morales, Karen Pamela Pérez-Ruíz, Antonio Espinosa de Los Monteros-Zuñiga, Felipe Mendoza-Pérez, Miguel Condes-Lara","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pain is one of the principal non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), negatively impacting the patient's quality of life. This study aimed to demonstrate whether an effective dose of pramipexole (PPX) can modulate the NF-κB/p-p65 activation in glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and diminish the hypersensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia) in male Wistar rats with PD. For this, 2 μl of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 8 μg/μL/0.2 μl/min) was administered unilaterally in the Substantia Nigra of the Pars Compacta (SNpc) to establish a PD model rat. Motor behavioral tests were used to validate the PD model, and von Frey filaments were used to evaluate allodynia and hyperalgesia. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence were used to analyze the level of tyrosine hydroxylase in SNpc and striatum as well as the expression of GFAP, Iba-1, NF-κB/p-65 in the L4-L6 spinal cord dorsal horn. Unilateral 6-OHDA-lesion reduces motor capacity and produces long-term allodynia and hyperalgesia in both hind paws. L4-L6 spinal cord dorsal horn astrocytes and microglia were active in these 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Moreover, PPX (1 and 3 mg/Kg, i.p./10 days, n = 10 per group) inhibited the bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity, and PPX (3 mg/Kg/i.p./10 days) reduced 6-OHDA-induced astrocyte and microglia activation, as well as reduced NF-κB/p-p65 expression only in astrocytes of dorsal horn spinal cord in the L5-L6. These findings suggest that PPX could alleviate pain by decreasing the activation of microglia and astrocytes through the NF-κB/p-p65 pathway in the dorsal horn spinal cord. Therefore, PPX could be considered an optional tool for improving pain hypersensitivity in PD patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173945"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 attenuates cognitive and motor deficits and reduces amyloid load in 5XFAD Alzheimer mice.","authors":"Johanna E L Möller, Franziska W Schmitt, Daniel Günther, Alicia Stöver, Yvonne Bouter","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive decline, with pathological features including amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and inflammation. Despite recent approvals of anti-amyloid antibodies, there remains a need for disease-modifying and easily accessible therapies. The endocannabinoid system presents a promising target for AD treatment, as it regulates various processes implicated in AD pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study assesses the effects of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 on AD pathology and behavior deficits in aged 5XFAD mice, a well-established AD model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male 9-month-old 5XFAD mice received either 0.2 mg/kg WIN 55,212-2 or a vehicle solution for 42 days. Memory, anxiety, and motor tests were conducted at 10 months to identify potential changes in behavior and cognition following WIN 55,212-2 treatment. Additionally, the effects of prolonged WIN 55,212-2 treatment on Aβ pathology and neuroinflammation in the brain were quantified immunohistochemically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Therapeutic WIN 55,212-2 treatment improved the motor performance of 5XFAD mice on the rotarod and rescued memory deficits in the water maze. However, WIN 55,212-2 treatment did not significantly affect anxiety-like behavior in 5XFAD mice. Additionally, prolonged treatment with WIN 55,212-2 reduced Aβ plaque pathology and astrogliosis in the cortex and hippocampus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights the therapeutic potential of WIN 55,212-2 in AD by ameliorating cognitive and motor deficits and reducing neuropathology. These findings support a cannabinoid-based therapy as a promising strategy for AD treatment, with WIN 55,212-2 emerging as a potential candidate.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173944"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142828694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of novel fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors as anti-alzheimer agents via in-silico-based drug design, virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, DFT, and non-clinical studies.","authors":"Smita Jain, Ritu Singh, Tripti Paliwal, Kanika Verma, Jaya Dwivedi, Sarvesh Paliwal, Swapnil Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To identify some novel fatty acid hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors that may contribute to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In-silico pharmacophore modelling including ligand-based pharmacophore modelling, virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics modelling, density functional theory and in-silico pharmacokinetics and toxicological studies were employed for the retrieving of novel FAAH inhibitors. Further, these compounds were evaluated for FAAH inhibitory activity using an in vitro enzymatic assay, and later, an in vivo streptozotocin (STZ)-induced AD model was examined in mice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using an in-silico pharmacophore modelling process with molecular docking, molecular dynamic modelling, density functional theory and in-silico pharmacokinetics and toxicological analysis, three compounds (NCI1697, NCI1001and NCI1041) were retrieved. The in vitro FAAH activity assay kit (Fluorometric) was employed to examine the FAAH inhibitory activity of identified compounds. Further, in in-vivo studies, treatment with these compounds at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg doses orally for 10 days restored the STZ-induced memory deficits in mice, as evident in the radial arm and Morris's water maze assays. Also, these compounds ameliorated oxidative stress profiles and neuroinflammatory biomarkers in mice. Interestingly, STZ-induced disturbance in gene expressions related to AD pathophysiology including endocannabinoid signalling neuroinflammation and neuroimmune signalling were also restored after the treatment. Histopathological findings also confirmed the improvement in the organization of cells and reduction in vacuolation in mice hippocampal tissue in treated mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The in-silico, in vitro and in-vivo findings collectively indicated that these compounds have impressive FAAH inhibitory activity and may be developed as therapeutic agents in the management of AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173943"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mu-opioid receptor knockout on Foxp2-expressing neurons reduces aversion-resistant alcohol drinking.","authors":"Harrison M Carvour, Charlotte A E G Roemer, D'Erick P Underwood, Edith S Padilla, Oscar Sandoval, Megan Robertson, Mallory Miller, Natella Parsadanyan, Thomas W Perry, Anna K Radke","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mu-opioid receptors (MORs) in the amygdala and striatum are important in addictive and rewarding behaviors. The transcription factor Foxp2 is a genetic marker of intercalated (ITC) cells in the amygdala and a subset of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), both of which express MORs in wild-type mice and are neuronal subpopulations of potential relevance to alcohol-drinking behaviors. For the current series of studies, we characterized the behavior of mice with genetic deletion of the MOR gene Oprm1 in Foxp2-expressing neurons (Foxp2-Cre/Oprm1^fl/fl). Male and female Foxp2-Cre/Oprm1^fl/fl mice were generated and heterozygous Cre+ (knockout) and homozygous Cre- (control) animals were tested for aversion-resistant alcohol consumption using an intermittent access (IA) task, operant responding for a sucrose reward, conditioned place aversion (CPA) to morphine withdrawal, and locomotor sensitization to morphine. The results demonstrate that deletion of MOR on Foxp2-expressing neurons renders mice more sensitive to quinine-adulterated alcohol. Mice with the deletion (vs. Cre- controls) also consumed less alcohol during the final sessions of the IA task, were less active at baseline and following morphine injection, and there was a trend toward less responding for sucrose under an FR3 schedule. Foxp2-MOR deletion did not impair the ability to learn to respond for reward or develop a conditioned aversion to morphine withdrawal. Together, these investigations demonstrate that Foxp2-expressing neurons may be involved in escalation of alcohol consumption and the development of compulsive-like alcohol drinking.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173932"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142795012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caffeic acid differentially modulates behavior and neurochemicals in chronic unpredictable mild stress and dexamethasone induced models of depression.","authors":"Hariom, Prerna Kumari, Sushma Chaturvedi, Sonika Shrivastav, Sushma Maratha, Vaibhav Walia","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study authors studied the effect of caffeic acid (CA) in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and dexamethasone (DEXA) model of depression. CUMS (21 days) and DEXA (1.5 mg/kg × 21 days) was used for the induction of depression and anxiety related behavior. Locomotor activity was determined using actophotometer. Depression related behavior was determined using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) whereas for the determination of anxiety related behavior elevated plus maze (EPM) test was used. Following behavioral studies, mice were sacrificed by decapitation method. Hippocampus was dissected and was used for the neurochemical assays including 5-HT (serotonin), glutamate, nitrite and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The results obtained suggested that the CA (25-100 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the activity count in CUMS exposed and DEXA treated mice. CA (50 mg/kg) evoked anxiogenic reactions in CUMS model by increasing the hippocampal nitrite and glutamate level while CA (50 mg/kg) exerted anxiolysis in DEXA model by reducing the level of 5-HT. In CUMS model, CA exerted antidepressant like effect by increasing the hippocampal nitric oxide (NO) level, in DEXA model CA exerted antidepressant like effect by reducing the hippocampal glutamate level. CA failed to reverse DEXA mediated nNOS inhibition and therefore decreases hippocampal glutamate level to exert antidepressant like effect. Thus, CA modulate anxiety and depression related neurobehavioral alterations in both CUMS and DEXA models.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173930"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long- vs short-access cocaine alters behavioral inhibition for cocaine in male rats.","authors":"Taena Hanson, Dustin J Stairs","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Impulsivity and behavioral inhibition are measures commonly associated with substance misuse, particularly cocaine use disorder. However, patterns of impulsive behaviors have been shown to differ based on cocaine use history and level of cocaine dependence. Extended cocaine access, which more closely models neural and behavioral changes that take place during the development of problematic cocaine use, has been shown to decrease behavioral inhibition in comparison to limited cocaine access. However, previous preclinical studies investigating these relationships have been mostly correlational and only utilize non-drug rewards. This study aims to utilize a differential rates of low reinforcement (DRL) schedule to investigate the impact of extended access to cocaine on behavioral inhibition toward a cocaine reinforcer. Male Sprague Dawley rats first self-administered intravenous cocaine infusions on a DRL schedule of reinforcement before being split into two groups: one given 6-h extended cocaine access (LgA) and one given 1-h short cocaine access (ShA) for 10 daily sessions. Following a washout period, the rats were placed back on DRL cocaine self-administration sessions. Results revealed that LgA rats showed impaired performance on the behavioral inhibition measure during the DRL self-administration sessions compared to baseline DRL performance and compared to ShA post-access behavioral inhibition measures. These results indicate that extended cocaine access impairs an organism's behavioral inhibition toward future cocaine use, indicating that those individuals with a history of heavy cocaine use will have impaired behavioral inhibition toward future cocaine use.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173929"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconsidering OCD pharmacotherapy: The case for levomilnacipran as a safer alternative to clomipramine.","authors":"Luke Manietta","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173942","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173942"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Juvenile chronic social defeat stress reduces prosocial behavior in adult male mice.","authors":"Zihan Zhao, Mingxu Zhang, Qiqi Tang, Minghao Lu, Xiangyu An, Yajie Cui, Mingyang Zhao, Ningyuan Qian, Juan Shao, Haishui Shi, Xiaojuan Qie, Li Song","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to stress in early life can have a significant impact on individuals. However, the effects of early-life stress (ELS) on prosocial behavior remain unclear, as do the underlying mechanisms. In this study, ICR juvenile mice were subjected to juvenile chronic social defeat stress (jCSDS) between postnatal days 32 and 41, during which body weight changes were continuously monitored. The behaviors of adult mice were evaluated using the open field test (OFT), the social interaction test (SIT), and the prosocial choice task (PCT). ELISA was used to quantify serum levels of oxytocin, serotonin, and dopamine. The density of dendritic spines in the basolateral amygdala was evaluated by Golgi staining. Behavioral test results showed that jCSDS induced anxiety-like behavior and decreased prosocial selection tendency in mice. Additionally, exposure to jCSDS increased the serum levels of oxytocin, decreased those of serotonin, and increased the density of dendritic spines in the basolateral amygdala. Correlation analysis indicated that prosocial behavior was negatively correlated with serum oxytocin levels and dendritic spine density in the basolateral amygdala. These results suggested that jCSDS reduced prosocial behavior, possibly due to changes in serum oxytocin contents and adaptive changes in amygdaloid neurons.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173941"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}