Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Standardization of decision-making skills but persistent impulsivity after chronic stimulant exposure in ADHD patients","authors":"Francisco José Lobato-Camacho,&nbsp;Juan Pedro Vargas,&nbsp;Juan Carlos López","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with deficits in executive function. Even though attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are the more distinctive symptoms, impairment in other cognitive processes, for instance memory, could be due to the interferences from these symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether information processing errors made by individuals with ADHD arise primarily from impulsive responding or reflect a more fundamental difference in how they process information, potentially due to compensatory mechanisms developed throughout childhood. This study analyzes pattern separation (distinguishing similar stimuli), recognition memory, decision-making, and impulsivity in both ADHD-diagnosed and non-diagnosed youth population. We further examined possible treatment effects by dividing the ADHD group into three cohorts based on stimulant medication duration. We evaluate their response latency and responses utilizing the signal detection theory method. While ADHD participants exhibited poorer recognition memory compared to controls, this pattern did not show a statistically significant difference in pattern separation. Additionally, both processes improved with longer treatment duration within the ADHD group, leading to decreased error commission. Decision-making analyses revealed sex-specific response strategies within the ADHD group, but both groups showed similar adjustment to task difficulty. However, the ADHD group responses were notably faster, associated with a higher error rate. Additionally, response times varied depending on the stimulus type, suggesting potential differences in how the ADHD group processed information compared to the control group. These findings collectively point towards a possible difference in information management in ADHD, that is also characterized by faster, but less accurate, processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173986"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching from menthol to non-menthol cigarettes does not impact acute responses to intravenous nicotine","authors":"Noah R. Wolkowicz ,&nbsp;Suprit Parida ,&nbsp;Ralitza Gueorguieva ,&nbsp;Mehmet Sofuoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Limited research exists on how switching from menthol to non-menthol cigarettes affects the acute response to nicotine for individuals who smoke menthol cigarettes. Such research can inform public health strategies to reduce smoking prevalence.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study investigated whether switching from menthol to non-menthol cigarettes for two weeks alters the acute responses to intravenous nicotine infusions delivered at different rates. We assessed changes in subjective drug effects, smoking urges, withdrawal severity, heart rate, and performance on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) (primary outcomes); as well as nicotine biomarker blood levels (ng/ml) of nicotine, cotinine, and nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; hydroxycotinine/cotinine), and cigarette consumption (secondary outcomes).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixteen menthol-preferring individuals who smoke cigarettes were randomized to a sequence of menthol or non-menthol cigarette smoking conditions for 2 weeks (Phase 1) and then switched to the other condition for another 2 weeks (Phase 2). During week 2 of each phase, an experimental session was held. During the experimental sessions, participants were given a total of 3 infusions, one saline and two nicotine infusions delivered at different rates (1 mg nicotine delivered over 2.5- and 5-min). Each infusion period lasted 10 min, with saline administered for the remainder of the time after the 2.5- and 5-min nicotine infusions. Following the first session, participants crossed over to the other smoking condition.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Switching to non-menthol cigarettes led to a decrease in daily cigarette smoking (<em>p</em> &lt; .05). However, this switch did not appear to affect the severity of tobacco withdrawal, urges to smoke, or the subjective and heart rate responses to IV nicotine administration (<em>p</em> &gt; .05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest that switching from menthol to non-menthol cigarettes is feasible without significantly altering the individual's response to nicotine. Further, there may be a potential public health benefit through reduced cigarette consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173985"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEfficacy of minocycline in substance use disorder: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.","authors":"Sahar Eshrati, Marjan Nikbakht-Zadeh, Reza Arezoomandan, Azin Fattahi","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Addiction is a serious condition that leads to negative changes in the central nervous system. Although there have been significant advancements in medication treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs), it is clear that there is a need to implement these developments in clinical settings to explore new therapeutic approaches for helping individuals with SUDs. Minocycline, a semi-synthetic second-generation tetracycline, possesses neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies have shown promising results when using this drug for the treatment of substance misuse. This study aimed to review the pre-clinical and clinical studies assessing the therapeutic efficacy of minocycline on drug-related outcomes, including reward, tolerance, withdrawal, impairments, and toxicity. We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of minocycline in ameliorating drug-induced outcomes per the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic medical databases Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched from databases from their inception date until December 2023. 56 of the 623 articles met the eligible criteria for analysis. Of the 56 articles reviewed, 51 were conducted on animals, while 5 involved human subjects. Our study indicates that the majority of animal studies have primarily focused on morphine and alcohol, with no research found to date on the effects of cannabis. This review highlights minocycline's potential in addiction treatment through its effects on anti-inflammatory mechanisms, neuroprotection, regulation of synaptic plasticity. Results of this study suggest that although minocycline shows promise in experiments, its effectiveness in humans may be limited by dosage, individual variability, and addiction's complexity. Further clinical studies are required to clarify the optimal dose, duration of administration, and delivery route and focus on identifying specific conditions where it may be most effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173982"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-socialization reduces social isolation-induced high alcohol preference and anxiety via possibly restoring dopamine-rewarding effects in the rat striatum","authors":"Lei An ,&nbsp;Yuxiu Xiong ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Dan Lyu ,&nbsp;Zhuo Yang ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social environmental factors frequently play an important role in early-life. It is reported that isolation increases vulnerability to develop alcohol use disorder. We investigated the effects of re-socialization on high alcohol preference and anxiety behaviors, induced by early-life social isolation (SI), and its possible underlying mechanism in male Wistar rats. On the 21st postnatal day, animals were either housed in groups of (CON) or isolated (SI-1) for the first stage (3 weeks). Afterwards, the SI-1 group were divided into two groups: re-socialization with socially housed rats (Re-SH) and isolation (SI-2) for a second stage (3 weeks). Both alcohol preference and behaviour tests were performed in these two stages. The ratio of dopamine content in striatum tissue was measured. The results showed that SI considerably induced the high alcohol preference and increased anxiety-like behaviors. However, during the 2nd stage, peer companionship significantly reduced the high alcohol preference and anxiety-like behaviors which were induced by early-life SI. Moreover, the striatal dopamine content was significantly enhanced by SI, but was evidently suppressed by re-socialization. Additionally, there was no statistical difference in body weight, anxiety-like behaviour, alcohol preference or dopamine content when the rats were only isolated during the SI-2 stage. It suggests that both the high alcohol preference and anxiety-like behaviors are able to be significantly reduced by re-socialization, which is possibly associated with regulating dopamine concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173981"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-life stress of limited bedding/nesting material induced recognition memory loss and decreased hippocampal VGluT1 and nectin3 levels in aged male mice","authors":"Ze-Cong He ,&nbsp;Ya-Jie Yu ,&nbsp;Ting Wang ,&nbsp;Hui-Rong Yin ,&nbsp;Ya-Xin Sun ,&nbsp;Xiao Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao-Meng Xie ,&nbsp;Hong-Li Wang ,&nbsp;Yun-Ai Su ,&nbsp;Ji-Tao Li ,&nbsp;Tian-Mei Si","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to early-life stress has been found to lead to enduring psychiatric symptoms, including cognitive impairments that persist into adulthood and even old age. In this study, we investigated the behavioral effects and molecular changes of a well-established animal model of early-life stress, the limited bedding and nesting (LBN) model, in aged male mice. After 16 months, stressed mice showed a marked impairment in novel and spatial object recognition tasks, but not in temporal order memory or spatial working memory in the Y-maze spontaneous alternation task. These cognitive deficits were accompanied by a reduction in VGluT1 expression and a lower VGluT1/VGAT ratio in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, as well as reduced nectin3 expression in the mouse hippocampus. No significant molecular alterations were observed in the medial prefrontal cortex. These data support the notion that early-life stress leads to cognitive impairments in aged male mice, and these effects may be associated with a dysregulated excitatory/inhibitory balance and reduced nectin3 levels in the hippocampus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173980"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-chain fatty acids in Huntington's disease: Mechanisms of action and their therapeutic implications","authors":"Mohamed J. Saadh ,&nbsp;Hanan Hassan Ahmed ,&nbsp;Radhwan Abdul Kareem ,&nbsp;Gaurav Sanghvi ,&nbsp;Subbulakshmi Ganesan ,&nbsp;Mohit Agarwal ,&nbsp;Parjinder Kaur ,&nbsp;Waam Mohammed Taher ,&nbsp;Mariem Alwan ,&nbsp;Mahmood Jasem Jawad ,&nbsp;Atheer Khdyair Hamad","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and emotional instability, primarily resulting from the abnormal accumulation of mutant huntingtin protein. Growing research highlights the role of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in modulating HD progression. SCFAs, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are produced by gut bacteria through dietary fiber fermentation and are recognized for their neuroprotective properties. Evidence suggests that SCFAs regulate neuroinflammation, neuronal communication, and metabolic functions within the central nervous system (CNS). In HD, these compounds may support neuronal health, reduce oxidative stress, and enhance blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Their mechanisms of action involve binding to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and modulating gene expression through epigenetic pathways, underscoring their therapeutic potential. This analysis examines the significance of SCFAs in HD, emphasizing the gut-brain axis and the benefits of dietary interventions aimed at modifying gut microbiota composition and promoting SCFA production. Further research into these pathways may pave the way for novel HD management strategies and improved therapeutic outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173972"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purified cannabidiol leads to improvement of severe treatment-resistant behavioral symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder","authors":"Pablo Sebastián Fortini ,&nbsp;Javier J. Toibaro ,&nbsp;Roberto H. Caraballo","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of purified cannabidiol as an add-on medication in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) associated with treatment resistant repetitive behaviors, behavior disorders, and intellectual disability and unresponsive to conventional medications and behavioral interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>A prospective, observational, before-and-after study was conducted including 20 patients with severe ASD who initiated treatment with purified CBD. Patients were evaluated using different scales at baseline and at three-month intervals during followup.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The median total CBD dose was 363.5 mg (range, 100–700), and the median follow-up was 11 months (range, 6–12). As to the primary outcome evaluating symptoms reported by parents, improvement in at least one was observed after CBD initiation in 18 patients (90 %) and no improvement in two (10 %) (1 worsening, 1 no response). In the responders, 83.5 % (<em>n</em> = 76) of all reported symptoms improved. Regarding the secondary outcomes based on the assessment with different scales, improvement of around 30 % was found in irritability, social withdrawal, hyperactivity. Restricted and repetitive behavior improved in nine (50 %), while no changes were seen in seven (38.8 %). Sleep patterns were found to be slightly improved. Adverse effects were reported in 13 patients (65 %), mainly consisting of increased irritability and decreased appetite, but were mild or moderate and transient in all. In 40 % of the children, concomitant medication could be reduced or partially discontinued.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results suggest that treatment with purified CBD is effective and safe and could benefit patients with severe ASD by improving some of the core symptoms, including repetitive behaviors and social interaction, as well as associated comorbidities. The families considered the quality of life to have improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173971"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Striatal dopamine D2, adenosine A2A and cannabinoid CB1 receptors balance as a target against non-cognitive symptoms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Laura Gómez-Acero ,&nbsp;Nuria Sánchez-Fernández ,&nbsp;Paula Subirana ,&nbsp;Francisco Ciruela ,&nbsp;Ester Aso","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are almost ubiquitous in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but current therapies are not fully effective and safe. In this study, we aim to evaluate the role played by the interplay among striatal D₂, adenosine A_2A (A_2AR) and cannabinoid CB₁ (CB₁R) receptors in some of these non-cognitive impairments in a well-established animal model of AD, the double transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Our results reveal that the alterations existing in the ratios between these three receptors significantly correlate with the sensorimotor gating and the social interaction impairments occurring in APP/PS1 mice at 12 months of age. Moreover, the pharmacological stimulation of A_2AR and CB₁R blunted the sensorimotor gating deficiencies in APP/PS1 mice. To note, we observed some age-dependent differences among male and female mice. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the contribution of an altered interplay between dopaminergic, adenosinergic and endocannabinoid systems in the sensorimotor gating deficits and social withdrawal occurring in AD and points to A_2AR and CB₁R as a potential target to reverse these non-cognitive symptoms in AD patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173970"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age- and sex-dependent participation of the endocannabinoid system in locomotion and risk assessment of an ADHD rat model","authors":"Daniel Bussinger de Souza Penna ,&nbsp;Samara Gumiéro Costa ,&nbsp;Juliana Santos Romão ,&nbsp;Karin da Costa Calaza ,&nbsp;Karen de Jesus Oliveira ,&nbsp;Alexandre dos Santos Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Pablo Pandolfo","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting individuals across age groups. Impairments in executive function characterize ADHD and are often associated with elevated levels of risk-taking behaviors. The endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in modulating prefrontal cortex circuits. Here, we assessed the effects of acute pharmacological manipulation of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors on locomotion and risk assessment/anxiety-like behaviors in an ADHD animal model during adolescence and adulthood. Further, we investigated the protein levels and gene expression of endocannabinoid system components (CB1, CB2, FAAH, MAGL) in the prefrontal cortex at both ages. During adolescence, activation of cannabinoid receptors aggravated the hyperactivity and risky behaviors of the ADHD model. These behavioral traits were more evident in female rats. In adulthood, manipulation of cannabinoid receptors did not alter hyperactivity but worsened risk assessment. Overall, gene expression levels of receptors and enzymes of the endocannabinoid system were increased in the ADHD model. Our findings suggest that the endocannabinoid system may operate differently in ADHD, and manipulating this system, especially in adolescents, could exacerbate deficits in inhibitory control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 173969"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabidiol interactions with oxycodone analgesia in an operant orofacial cutaneous thermal pain assay following oral administration in rats.","authors":"Ariana C Brice-Tutt, Niall P Murphy, Barry Setlow, Alexandria S Senetra, Wendi Malphurs, Robert M Caudle, Adriaan W Bruijnzeel, Marcelo Febo, Abhisheak Sharma, John K Neubert","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies have driven the notion that the cannabis constituent cannabidiol could be an effective adjunct to opioid administration for managing pain. Most of these studies have used experimental rodents with routes of administration, such as subcutaneous and intraperitoneal, that do not correspond with the routes used in clinical practice. In response to this, we tested the ability of cannabidiol co-administration to augment opioid analgesia via the more clinically-relevant oral route of administration. To this end, male and female rats were orally gavaged with cannabidiol (25 mg/kg), oxycodone (1.4 mg/kg), or a combination of both, after which they were tested in an operant thermal orofacial pain assay in which they voluntarily exposed their faces to cutaneous thermal pain to receive a palatable reward. All three drug conditions produced analgesic effects of varying degrees, being most profound in the combination group where a statistically significant enhancement over oxycodone-induced analgesia alone was evident. Additionally, oxycodone administration decreased lick frequencies - a measure of motor coordination of rhythmic movements - which too was magnified by co-administration of cannabidiol. Together these studies provide further support of an ability of cannabidiol to augment opioid effects, particularly analgesia, when administered by a route relevant to human pain management. As such, they encourage the notion that cannabidiol could find utility as an opioid-sparing approach to treating pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173968"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143365570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}