Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor: A therapeutic target for novel anxiolytics","authors":"Shigeyuki Chaki","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anxiety disorders are chronic, disabling psychiatric disorders, and there is a growing medical need for the development of novel pharmacotherapeutic agents showing improved efficacy and an improved side effect profile as compared with the currently prescribed anxiolytic drugs. In the course of the search for next-generation anxiolytics, neuropeptide receptors have garnered interest as potential therapeutic targets, underscored by pivotal roles in modulating stress responses and findings from animal studies using pharmacological tools.</p><p>Among these neuropeptide receptors, the type 1 receptor for melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH1), which has been demonstrated to be involved in an array of physiological processes, including the regulation of stress responses and affective states, has gained attraction as a therapeutic target for drugs used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders. To date, a plethora of MCH1 antagonists have been synthesized, and studies using MCH1 antagonists and genetically manipulated mice lacking MCH1 have revealed that the blockade of MCH1 produces anxiolytic-like effects across diverse rodent paradigms. In addition, MCH1 antagonists have been demonstrated to show a rapid onset of antidepressant-like effects; therefore, they may be effective for conditions commonly encountered in patients with anxiety disorders, which is an advantage for anxiolytic drugs. Notably, MCH1 antagonists have not manifested the undesirable side effects observed with the currently prescribed anxiolytics. All these preclinical findings testify to the potential of MCH1 antagonists as novel anxiolytics.</p><p>Although there are still issues that need to be resolved prior to the initiation of clinical trials, such as elucidating the precise neuronal mechanisms underlying their anxiolytic effects and exploring pertinent biomarkers that can be used in clinical trials, MCH1 blockade appears to be an attractive way to tackle anxiety disorders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 173818"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The antidepressant-like effect and proposed mechanism of action of TPN672MA, a novel serotonin-dopamine receptor modulator for the treatment of schizophrenia","authors":"Jiaxin Cheng ,&nbsp;Chunhui Wu ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Zhen Wang ,&nbsp;Yang He ,&nbsp;Jingshan Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>TPN672MA, an innovative antipsychotic drug candidate currently in clinical trials, acts as a dopamine D₂/D₃ receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist, and serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated its potential in treating the core symptoms of schizophrenia. The present study highlights TPN672MA’s significant antidepressant-like effects in classical behavioral models, such as the chronic social defeat stress paradigm. The pronounced 5-HT_1A receptor agonism and D₂/D₃ receptor partial agonism of TPN672MA likely contribute to its therapeutic effects in depression. Additionally, TPN672MA’s antidepressant-like efficacy may be linked to its ability to enhance the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, TPN672MA displayed a more rapid onset of antidepressant-like action. In conclusion, TPN672MA represents a promising new drug candidate for the treatment of symptoms of schizophrenia and depression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 173809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141470086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postweaning sodium citrate exposure induces long-lasting and sex-dependent effects on social behaviours in mice","authors":"Zihan Qin ,&nbsp;Xinyue He ,&nbsp;Qiang Gao ,&nbsp;Yuxin Li ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Huajian Wang ,&nbsp;Na Qin ,&nbsp;Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Boya Huang ,&nbsp;Yun Shi ,&nbsp;Congcong Liu ,&nbsp;Sheng Wang ,&nbsp;Huifeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Youdong Li ,&nbsp;Haishui Shi ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Tian ,&nbsp;Li Song","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Postweaning is a pivotal period for brain development and individual growth. As an important chemical used in medicines, foods and beverages, sodium citrate (SC) is commonly available. Although some effects of SC exposure on individual physiology have been demonstrated, the potential long-lasting effects of postweaning dietary SC exposure on social behaviours are still elusive.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Both postweaning male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to SC through drinking water for a total of 3 weeks. A series of behavioural tests, including social dominance test (SDT), social interaction test (SIT), bedding preference test (BPT) and sexual preference test (SPT), were performed in adolescence and adulthood. After these tests, serum oxytocin (OT) levels and gut microbiota were detected.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The behavioural results revealed that postweaning SC exposure decreased the social dominance of male mice in adulthood and female mice in both adolescence and adulthood. SC exposure also reduced the sexual preference rates of both males and females, while it had no effect on social interaction behaviour. ELISA results indicated that SC exposure decreased the serum OT levels of females but not males. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed a significant difference in β-diversity after SC exposure in both males and females. The correlation coefficient indicated the correlation between social behaviours, OT levels and dominant genera of gut microbiota.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings suggest that postweaning SC exposure may have enduring and sex-dependent effects on social behaviours, which may be correlated with altered serum OT levels and gut microbiota composition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 173807"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141458587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaporized Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in utero has negative effects on attention in a dose- and sex-dependent manner","authors":"Samantha L. Penman ,&nbsp;Nicole M. Roeder ,&nbsp;Jia Wang ,&nbsp;Brittany J. Richardson ,&nbsp;Lily Freeman-Striegel ,&nbsp;Alexis Krayevsky ,&nbsp;Rina D. Eiden ,&nbsp;Saptarshi Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Panayotis K. Thanos","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There has been an increasing use of cannabis during pregnancy in recent years. Studies have indicated that THC exposure in utero may increase the risk of attention deficits and memory impairments in adolescence. The goal of the present study is to investigate the effects of vaporized THC exposure during pregnancy on offspring memory and attention performance in early and late adolescence. Pregnant dams were exposed to vaporized THC (10 mg or 40 mg) daily from gestational day 2 until labor. Pups were given either a standard or a high-fat diet at weaning and tested in early and late adolescence in two memory tests, the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test and the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, and a test of attention, the Object-Based Attention (OBA) test. Rats exposed to low-dose THC showed significantly decreased object exploration in both the NOR and OBA tests, indicating decreased attention. Object exploration time in OBA was significantly lower in females than males. Additionally, post hoc analysis of MWM tests showed some differences in learning patterns for HD THC offspring in early adolescence, possibly due to diet interaction, but ultimate performance was not impacted. While there are existing studies examining prenatal exposure to THC in rodents, this is the first to our knowledge examining memory and attention in adolescence following vaporized THC exposure in utero, and we find indications that prenatal THC exposure may lead to attention deficits and altered memory performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 173808"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141446752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Escalating caffeine dose-dependently increases alcohol consumption in adult male, but not female, C57BL/6J mice","authors":"Bradyn N. Swanson,&nbsp;Sydney A. Lewis,&nbsp;Amarpreet Kaur,&nbsp;Jennifer N. Berry","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although previous research has illustrated the effects of the consumption of alcohol and caffeine individually, less research has focused on the popular combination of the two drugs. The increase in alcohol consumption when combined with caffeine has led to the idea that the stimulant effects of caffeine may mask the depressant effects of alcohol, and this may contribute to increased binge drinking as the individual feels more awake and stimulated. Preclinical research has shown various effects of combined alcohol and caffeine where several studies show decreased alcohol consumption and others show increased alcohol consumption and even binge-like drinking. Results from a previous study in our lab indicate that intermittent access (IA) to steady levels of low (0.015 %) but not moderate (0.03 %) caffeine increased alcohol consumption in male C57BL/6J mice. The current studies further investigated the sex and dose differences in adult mice receiving varying concentrations of caffeine on combined alcohol intake. In Experiment 1, adult mice (<em>n</em> = 50, 25 males and 25 females) had IA to one of the following experimental bottles throughout the 4 week period: water, alcohol (10 % <em>v</em>/v), caffeine (0.015 % <em>w</em>/<em>v</em>), or 10 % alcohol +0.015 % caffeine. In Experiment 2, adult mice (<em>n</em> = 70, 35 males and 35 females) were given IA to one of the following experimental bottles: water, alcohol (10 % <em>v</em>/v; steady, maintained throughout the 4 weeks), caffeine (increasing 0.01 % to 0.015 % to 0.02 % to 0.03 % weekly), or 10 % alcohol+increasing caffeine (at the previously mentioned concentrations). When both caffeine and alcohol concentrations remained steady throughout the 4 weeks, there was no change in alcohol consumption. Chronic exposure to IA caffeine led to increased locomotor activity and decreased freezing episodes when tested in the open field test approximately 6 h after removal of the bottles. In Experiment 2, caffeine dose-dependently increased alcohol co-consumption in male mice whereas female mice consumed less alcohol when it was presented in conjunction with caffeine. The results in males are in line with clinical literature suggesting that the combination of alcohol and caffeine may lead to increased stimulation and alcohol drinking. Additionally, these studies provide evidence that the escalation of caffeine is crucial when investigating alcohol and caffeine co-consumption using the IA paradigm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 173806"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141327770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contextual and psychosocial factors influencing drug reward in humans: The importance of non-drug reinforcement","authors":"Samuel F. Acuff ,&nbsp;Lauren E. Oddo ,&nbsp;Alexandra N. Johansen ,&nbsp;Justin C. Strickland","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The reinforcing efficacy, or behavior-strengthening effect, of a substance is a critical determinant of substance use typically quantified by measuring behavioral allocation to the substance under schedules of reinforcement with escalating response requirements. Although responses on these tasks are often used to indicate stable reinforcing effects or trait-level abuse potential for an individual, task designs often demonstrate within-person variability across varying degrees of a constraint within experimental procedures. As a result, quantifying behavioral allocation is an effective approach for measuring the impact of contextual and psychosocial factors on substance reward. We review studies using laboratory self-administration, behavioral economic purchase tasks, and ambulatory assessments to quantify the impact of various contextual and psychosocial factors on behavioral allocation toward consumption of a substance. We selected these assessment approaches because they cover the translational spectrum from experimental control to ecological relevance, with consistent support across these approaches representing greater confidence in the effect. Conceptually, we organized factors that influence substance value into two broad categories: factors that influence the cost/benefit ratio of the substance (social context, stress and affect, cue exposure), and factors that influence the cost/benefit ratio of an alternative (alternative non-drug reinforcers, alternative drug reinforcers, and opportunity costs). We conclude with an overview of future research directions and considerations for clinical application.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 173802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141311382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From past to future: 50 years of pharmacological interventions to treat narcolepsy","authors":"Eric Konofal","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The history of narcolepsy research began with the pioneering work of Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau in the late 19th century. In the 1880s, Gélineau introduced the term “narcolepsy” to describe a condition characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep. His clinical descriptions laid the foundation for our understanding of this complex disorder.</p><p>Over the last half-century, the pharmacological landscape for narcolepsy treatment has evolved remarkably, shifting from merely managing symptoms to increasingly targeting its underlying pathophysiology. By the 1930s, treatments such as ephedrine and amphetamine were introduced to alleviate excessive daytime sleepiness, marking significant advancements in narcolepsy management. These stimulants provided temporary relief, helping patients maintain wakefulness during the day.</p><p>As research progressed, the focus shifted towards understanding the disorder's underlying mechanisms. The discovery of orexin (also known as hypocretin) in the late 1990s revolutionized the field. This breakthrough underscored the importance of orexin in regulating sleep-wake cycles and provided new targets for pharmacological intervention.</p><p>Looking ahead, the future of narcolepsy pharmacotherapy is poised for further innovation. The ongoing exploration of orexin receptor agonists and the potential development of neuroprotective therapeutic targets underscore a promising horizon. Emerging research into the genetic and immunological underpinnings of narcolepsy opens new avenues for personalized medicine approaches and the identification of biomarkers for more precise treatment strategies. Additionally, the refinement of existing treatments through improved delivery systems and the investigation of combination therapies offer opportunities for enhanced efficacy and improved quality of life for patients with narcolepsy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 173804"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305724000984/pdfft?md5=f0a11b58523f1db63b4a52761ee34236&pid=1-s2.0-S0091305724000984-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the gut microbiota's (Coprococcus and Subdoligranulum) impact on depression: Network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Sarvesh Sabarathinam","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Depression, a prevalent mental health condition, significantly impacts global mental impairment rates. While antidepressants are commonly used, treatment-resistant depression (TRD) poses a challenge. Emerging research highlights the role of the gut microbiota in depression through the gut-brain axis. This study identifies key genes associated with depression influenced by specific gut microbiota, <em>Coprococcus</em> and <em>Subdoligranulum</em>. Using bioinformatics tools, potential targets were elucidated, and molecular docking studies were performed. Furthermore, gene expression analysis identified hub-genes related to depression, intersecting with metabolite targets. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed pivotal targets such as PTGS2 and MMP9. Molecular docking demonstrated 3-Indolepropionic acid's superior affinity over (<em>R</em>)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)lactate. Physicochemical properties and toxicity profiles were compared, suggesting favorable attributes for 3-Indolepropionic acid. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stability and interactions of compounds with target proteins. This comprehensive approach sheds light on the complex interplay between gut microbiota, genes, and depression, emphasizing the potential for microbiota-targeted interventions in mental health management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 173805"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141288402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human laboratory models of reward in substance use disorder","authors":"Alexandra N. Johansen ,&nbsp;Samuel F. Acuff ,&nbsp;Justin C. Strickland","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human laboratory models in substance use disorder provide a key intermediary step between highly controlled and mechanistically informative non-human preclinical methods and clinical trials conducted in human populations. Much like preclinical models, the variety of human laboratory methods provide insights into specific features of substance use disorder rather than modelling the diverse causes and consequences simultaneously in a single model. This narrative review provides a discussion of popular models of reward used in human laboratory research on substance use disorder with a focus on the specific contributions that each model has towards informing clinical outcomes (forward translation) and analogs within preclinical models (backward translation). Four core areas of human laboratory research are discussed: drug self-administration, subjective effects, behavioral economics, and cognitive and executive function. Discussion of common measures and models used, the features of substance use disorder that these methods are purported to evaluate, unique issues for measure validity and application, and translational links to preclinical models and special considerations for studies wishing to evaluate homology across species is provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 173803"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141284425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ramelteon protects against social defeat stress-associated abnormal behaviors","authors":"Chao-Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Wei-Lan Yeh ,&nbsp;Vichuda Charoensaensuk ,&nbsp;Chingju Lin ,&nbsp;Liang-Yo Yang ,&nbsp;Sheng-Yun Xie ,&nbsp;Hsien-Yuan Lane ,&nbsp;Chieh-Hsin Lin ,&nbsp;Yu-Wen Wang ,&nbsp;Cheng-Fang Tsai ,&nbsp;Dah-Yuu Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Psychological stress affects the neuroendocrine regulation, which modulates mental status and behaviors. Melatonin, a hormone synthesized primarily by the pineal gland, regulates many brain functions, including circadian rhythms, pain, sleep, and mood. Selective pharmacological melatonin agonist ramelteon has been clinically used to treat mood and sleep disorders. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition associated with severe trauma; it is generally triggered by traumatic events, which lead to severe anxiety and uncontrollable trauma recall. We recently reported that repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) may induce robust anxiety-like behaviors and social avoidance in mice. In the present study, we investigated whether melatonin receptor activation by melatonin and ramelteon regulates RSDS-induced behavioral changes. Melatonin treatment improved social avoidance and anxiety-like behaviors in RSDS mice. Moreover, treatment of the non-selective MT₁/MT₂ receptor agonist, ramelteon, markedly ameliorated RSDS-induced social avoidance and anxiety-like behaviors. Moreover, activating melatonin receptors also balanced the expression of monoamine oxidases, glucocorticoid receptors, and endogenous antioxidants in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings indicate that the activation of both melatonin and ramelteon regulates RSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors and PTSD symptoms. The current study also showed that the regulatory effects of neuroendocrine mechanisms and cognitive behaviors on melatonin receptor activation in repeated social defeat stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 173794"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}