Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Intermittent environmental enrichment induces behavioral despair, while intermittent social isolation impairs spatial learning in rats","authors":"Aybuke Akkaya ,&nbsp;Deren Aykan ,&nbsp;Sinem Gencturk,&nbsp;Gunes Unal","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental enrichment and social isolation constitute two well-studied experimental manipulations that result in several behavioral, neural, and molecular changes in rodents. Enrichment is linked to enhanced cognitive performance, and mitigation of different nervous system injuries and disorders. In contrast, social isolation or impoverished environment often induce negative effects on cognitive and affective systems. Both manipulations are typically examined with a short-term or chronic exposure, which cannot capture the actual human experiences. In this study, we explored the behavioral and neural alterations led by intermittent environmental enrichment or social isolation in adult Wistar rats. Animals were assigned to an enriched condition (EC), isolation/impoverished condition (IC), or standard condition (SC). The differential housing protocol involved transferring the animals to their respective cages for two days at the end of each five-day standard housing period for 8 weeks. Enriched animals exhibited behavioral despair in the forced swim test without differential overall locomotor activity. In the Morris water maze, impoverished animals displayed a slower learning rate compared to the SC and EC groups. In line with this, the IC group had fewer parvalbumin (PV) immunopositive (+) cells in the CA1 and dentate gyrus. No differences were observed in PV+ cell levels in the amygdala, while the IC group had more c-Fos+ cells in the same region following acute restraint stress. These findings implicate that intermittent isolation or enrichment are sufficient to trigger distinct behavioral changes at the cognitive and affective domains, and pinpoint PV as a biomarker for environmentally induced alterations in hippocampal memory performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 174001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent effects of noradrenergic activation and orexin receptor 1 blockade on hippocampal structure, anxiety-like behavior, and social interaction following chronic stress","authors":"Masoumeh Sarfi,&nbsp;Mahmoud Elahdadi Salmani,&nbsp;Taghi Lashkarbolouki,&nbsp;Iran Goudarzi","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic stress (Ch.S) has detrimental effects on the brain's structure and function, particularly in the hippocampus. The noradrenergic and orexinergic systems play crucial roles in the stress response and regulation of stress-related behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between noradrenergic activation and orexin receptor 1 inhibition on chronic stress-induced hippocampal alterations.</div><div>The study conducted experiments on male Wistar rats, subjected to Ch.S, OXr1 blocking, noradrenergic activation, or a combination of these treatments. Plasma corticosterone level was measured using a fluorometric method. Behavioral assessment of social maze, elevated plus maze (EPM) and novel object recognition (NOR) test were performed. Then, the expression of prepro-orexin, OXr1, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was analyzed using semiquantitative RT-PCR. Neuronal populations were quantified through Nissl staining.</div><div>The data revealed that all stress and yohimbine groups had elevated plasma corticosterone levels. Ch.S significantly altered behavior, impairing social interaction, disrupting object recognition memory and increasing anxiety-like responses in the EPM. OXr1 blocking reversed these stress-induced behavioral deficits, while yohimbine did not improve these behavioral outcomes. Chronic stress led to a significant increase in prepro-orexin, OXr1, and GR expression. While blocking OXr1 helped counteract these stress-induced changes, yohimbine failed to restore the expression levels. Ch.S reduced hippocampal neuronal populations, while OXr1 blocking partially reversed this effect, and yohimbine further recovered the reversal.</div><div>These findings indicate that blocking hippocampal OXr1 can mitigate the adverse effects of chronic stress on both hippocampal structure and anxiety-like behaviors, while noradrenergic signaling appears to have differential effects on behavioral and cellular measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 173997"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operant effort-based decision-making task reveals sex differences in motivational behavior but no long-term effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol in Sprague Dawley rats","authors":"Anny Gano,&nbsp;Andrew S. Vore,&nbsp;Daniella Geraci,&nbsp;Elena I. Varlinskaya,&nbsp;Terrence Deak","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Loss of motivated behavior, or apathy, is a key feature across multiple affective disorders, and is assessed via operant effort-based decision-making (EBDM). The mechanisms of amotivation have been connected to pro-inflammatory signaling which can directly impact dopamine signaling. Chronic alcohol exposure is associated with altered immune signaling and impaired goal-directed behavior, so the present studies assessed the impact of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) on EBDM in adulthood across sex. Adolescent male and female (<em>N</em> = 32/<em>n</em> = 8 per group) Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ethanol (4 g/kg) intragastrically on a 3 days on/2 days off schedule during postnatal days ~30–50 or given vehicle, and allowed to age into adulthood (P80+). All rats were then trained on the operant EBDM concurrent FR5/chow task, after which we tested the impact of sex and AIE history on responding 1) during breakpoint challenge raising the FR requirement in a log₂ pattern, 2) 90 min after immune challenge (2 μg/kg IL-1β), 3) 18 h after 3.5 g/kg intraperitoneal ethanol challenge (hangover), and 4) immediately after a 30-min restraint stress challenge. Immune challenge disrupted motivated behavior without affecting appetite. No effects of AIE emerged and sex differences were evident throughout all challenges. Females responded less for pellets yet persisted responding until a higher breakpoint. This work indicates that AIE does not alter baseline or evoked EBDM as can be measured with this approach. Testing across aging and using other modalities should be performed to continue examining the effects of chronic alcohol on apathy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 173998"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of minocycline in substance use disorder: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies","authors":"Sahar Eshrati ,&nbsp;Marjan Nikbakhtzadeh ,&nbsp;Reza Arezoomandan ,&nbsp;Azin Fattahi","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addiction is a serious condition that leads to negative changes in the central nervous system. Although there have been significant advancements in medication treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs), it is clear that there is a need to implement these developments in clinical settings to explore new therapeutic approaches for helping individuals with SUDs. Minocycline, a semi-synthetic second-generation tetracycline, possesses neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies have shown promising results when using this drug for the treatment of substance misuse. This study aimed to review the pre-clinical and clinical studies assessing the therapeutic efficacy of minocycline on drug-related outcomes, including reward, tolerance, withdrawal, impairments, and toxicity. We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of minocycline in ameliorating drug-induced outcomes per the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic medical databases Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched from databases from their inception date until December 2023. 56 of the 623 articles met the eligible criteria for analysis. Of the 56 articles reviewed, 51 were conducted on animals, while 5 involved human subjects. Our study indicates that the majority of animal studies have primarily focused on morphine and alcohol, with no research found to date on the effects of cannabis. This review highlights minocycline's potential in addiction treatment through its effects on anti-inflammatory mechanisms, neuroprotection, regulation of synaptic plasticity. Results of this study suggest that although minocycline shows promise in experiments, its effectiveness in humans may be limited by dosage, individual variability, and addiction's complexity. Further clinical studies are required to clarify the optimal dose, duration of administration, and delivery route and focus on identifying specific conditions where it may be most effective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 173982"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-treatment with cannabidiol and escitalopram in ineffective doses induces antidepressant effect in maternally separated male adolescent rats","authors":"Jonasz Dragon,&nbsp;Miłosz Gołyszny,&nbsp;Ewa Obuchowicz","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to low efficacy and delayed therapeutic effect of drugs currently used in the therapy of depression in adolescent population, a lot of effort has been put into finding new substances using alternative target points that could support treatment with traditional antidepressive drugs. Cannabidiol, compound derived from <em>Cannabis sativa</em> may have therapeutic potential in depressive disorders. This study aimed to investigate whether combined administration of escitalopram with cannabidiol in ineffective doses, will provide better or similar effects in behavioral tests compared to escitalopram in an effective dose in adolescent maternally separated rats. Maternal separation has been used as a form of early life adversity. The pups were separated from their dams for 360 min daily from postnatal day (PND) 2 until PND 15. Later, escitalopram (15 or 5 mg/kg) or vehicle were administered ip. in a subacute manner in mid-adolescent male rats. Cannabidiol (15 mg/kg) or vehicle were injected ip. in a single dose about 1 h prior to behavioral assessment. Three standard behavioral tests were performed: the elevated plus maze and the open field test on PND 42 and the forced swimming test on PND 43–44 on the subsequent groups of rats. The combined treatment with escitalopram and cannabidiol in ineffective doses did not induce anxiolytic-like effects but successfully relieved despair behavior in the forced swimming test showing similar efficacy as treatment with escitalopram in effective dose. This result might be the basis for future research and the development of new therapeutic strategies for treatment of adolescent depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 174000"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dopamine type II receptors in amygdala along with oxytocin in hypothalamus regulate social behavior in male mandarin voles","authors":"Xiaolei An ,&nbsp;Peng Yu ,&nbsp;Gang Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The amygdala dopamine (DA) system and hypothalamic oxytocin (OT) play important roles in emotion regulation, and emotions are important in regulating social behavior. However, it is unclear whether DA in the amygdala is involved in the regulation of social behavior, and whether OT in the hypothalamus is also involved in this process. In this study, we examined the release of DA in the medial amygdala (MeA) during different social interactions and the effect of injecting the dopamine II receptor (D2R) agonist quinpirole and the D2R antagonist raclopride into the MeA on social behavior and OT in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON), as well as in the blood of male mandarin voles (<em>Microtus mandarinus</em>). The results showed that the DA in the MeA increased in the process of social behavior, and the DA in the face of strangers was higher than that in the face of familiars. In addition, the injection of D2R antagonists in the MeA reduced attacking and escaping behaviors but increased physical contact and investigating behaviors, increased the number of OT-IR neurons in the PVN and SON, and increased OT levels in the blood. While injection of D2R agonists in the MeA increased attacking and escaping behaviors but reduced physical contact and investigating behaviors, it also reduced OT-IR neurons in the SON. In conclusion, D2R in the medial amygdala and oxytocin in the hypothalamus regulate social behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 174002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melanin-concentrating hormone: A promising target for antidepressant treatment","authors":"Lingchang Shi ,&nbsp;Ying He ,&nbsp;Yujun Lian ,&nbsp;Jie Luo ,&nbsp;Xuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Hongqing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Depression represents a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with an escalating global health burden, characterized by heterogeneous pathophysiology and profound impairments in cognitive-emotional functioning. Current treatment methods have limited efficacy in some individuals and may induce undesirable side effects, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic targets and techniques. Emerging research has identified neuropeptide systems as pivotal regulators of mood-related circuits, with melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) signaling emerging as a particularly promising candidate for antidepressant development. The potential involvement of MCH in the pathophysiology of depression was first proposed over two decades ago. Since then, accumulating evidence from recent studies has progressively illuminated its multifaceted roles in modulating depressive behaviors and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. This review systematically analyzes the mechanistic interplay between MCH signaling and depression pathophenotypes, including its relationship with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neurotransmitter systems, synaptic plasticity, and the regulation of sleep-wakefulness. Particular emphasis is placed on advancing the therapeutic rationale for MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists, which demonstrate rapid-onset antidepressant efficacy in preclinical studies compared to traditional agents. Nonetheless, the antidepressant mechanism of the MCH system still requires further elucidation to confirm its therapeutic potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 173999"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Striatal dopamine D2, adenosine A2A and cannabinoid CB1 receptors balance as a target against non-cognitive symptoms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Laura Gómez-Acero ,&nbsp;Nuria Sánchez-Fernández ,&nbsp;Paula Subirana ,&nbsp;Francisco Ciruela ,&nbsp;Ester Aso","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are almost ubiquitous in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but current therapies are not fully effective and safe. In this study, we aim to evaluate the role played by the interplay among striatal D₂, adenosine A_2A (A_2AR) and cannabinoid CB₁ (CB₁R) receptors in some of these non-cognitive impairments in a well-established animal model of AD, the double transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Our results reveal that the alterations existing in the ratios between these three receptors significantly correlate with the sensorimotor gating and the social interaction impairments occurring in APP/PS1 mice at 12 months of age. Moreover, the pharmacological stimulation of A_2AR and CB₁R blunted the sensorimotor gating deficiencies in APP/PS1 mice. To note, we observed some age-dependent differences among male and female mice. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the contribution of an altered interplay between dopaminergic, adenosinergic and endocannabinoid systems in the sensorimotor gating deficits and social withdrawal occurring in AD and points to A_2AR and CB₁R as a potential target to reverse these non-cognitive symptoms in AD patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173970"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purified cannabidiol leads to improvement of severe treatment-resistant behavioral symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder","authors":"Pablo Sebastián Fortini ,&nbsp;Javier J. Toibaro ,&nbsp;Roberto H. Caraballo","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of purified cannabidiol as an add-on medication in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) associated with treatment resistant repetitive behaviors, behavior disorders, and intellectual disability and unresponsive to conventional medications and behavioral interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>A prospective, observational, before-and-after study was conducted including 20 patients with severe ASD who initiated treatment with purified CBD. Patients were evaluated using different scales at baseline and at three-month intervals during followup.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The median total CBD dose was 363.5 mg (range, 100–700), and the median follow-up was 11 months (range, 6–12). As to the primary outcome evaluating symptoms reported by parents, improvement in at least one was observed after CBD initiation in 18 patients (90 %) and no improvement in two (10 %) (1 worsening, 1 no response). In the responders, 83.5 % (<em>n</em> = 76) of all reported symptoms improved. Regarding the secondary outcomes based on the assessment with different scales, improvement of around 30 % was found in irritability, social withdrawal, hyperactivity. Restricted and repetitive behavior improved in nine (50 %), while no changes were seen in seven (38.8 %). Sleep patterns were found to be slightly improved. Adverse effects were reported in 13 patients (65 %), mainly consisting of increased irritability and decreased appetite, but were mild or moderate and transient in all. In 40 % of the children, concomitant medication could be reduced or partially discontinued.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results suggest that treatment with purified CBD is effective and safe and could benefit patients with severe ASD by improving some of the core symptoms, including repetitive behaviors and social interaction, as well as associated comorbidities. The families considered the quality of life to have improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173971"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching from menthol to non-menthol cigarettes does not impact acute responses to intravenous nicotine","authors":"Noah R. Wolkowicz ,&nbsp;Suprit Parida ,&nbsp;Ralitza Gueorguieva ,&nbsp;Mehmet Sofuoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Limited research exists on how switching from menthol to non-menthol cigarettes affects the acute response to nicotine for individuals who smoke menthol cigarettes. Such research can inform public health strategies to reduce smoking prevalence.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study investigated whether switching from menthol to non-menthol cigarettes for two weeks alters the acute responses to intravenous nicotine infusions delivered at different rates. We assessed changes in subjective drug effects, smoking urges, withdrawal severity, heart rate, and performance on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) (primary outcomes); as well as nicotine biomarker blood levels (ng/ml) of nicotine, cotinine, and nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; hydroxycotinine/cotinine), and cigarette consumption (secondary outcomes).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixteen menthol-preferring individuals who smoke cigarettes were randomized to a sequence of menthol or non-menthol cigarette smoking conditions for 2 weeks (Phase 1) and then switched to the other condition for another 2 weeks (Phase 2). During week 2 of each phase, an experimental session was held. During the experimental sessions, participants were given a total of 3 infusions, one saline and two nicotine infusions delivered at different rates (1 mg nicotine delivered over 2.5- and 5-min). Each infusion period lasted 10 min, with saline administered for the remainder of the time after the 2.5- and 5-min nicotine infusions. Following the first session, participants crossed over to the other smoking condition.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Switching to non-menthol cigarettes led to a decrease in daily cigarette smoking (<em>p</em> &lt; .05). However, this switch did not appear to affect the severity of tobacco withdrawal, urges to smoke, or the subjective and heart rate responses to IV nicotine administration (<em>p</em> &gt; .05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest that switching from menthol to non-menthol cigarettes is feasible without significantly altering the individual's response to nicotine. Further, there may be a potential public health benefit through reduced cigarette consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 173985"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}