Psychological bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Interstimulus interval effects on habituation: A systematic review with theoretical implications.","authors":"Sebastián A. Becerra, Jorge A. Pinto, Orlando E. Jorquera, Pablo D. Matamala, Claudio C. Ramírez, Edgar H. Vogel","doi":"10.1037/bul0000511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000511","url":null,"abstract":"After more than a century of research across a broad phylogenetic spectrum, the prevailing belief among experimental psychologists is that response diminution due to iterated stimulation or habituation depends on the interval at which the stimulus is repeated, known as the interstimulus interval (ISI). Moreover, there is some consensus on the somewhat paradoxical fact that although this interval is inversely related to the ongoing decrement in responding, it is directly related to the persistence of the decrement. This fact has been taken as a probe of two functional processes: a short-term process favored by short ISIs and a long-term process favored by longer ISIs. Neurobiological data, mainly from invertebrates, tend to support this view. This literature review examines the extensive behavioral literature on this topic, with particular attention to the experimental designs employed. The most common design used to assess ISI effects on habituation tracks changes in responding over repeated trials (the \"habituation curve\"), but this method faces interpretative challenges, particularly the conflation of learning with performance and of short-term with long-term effects. Some of these issues have been addressed by studies of \"refractory-like\" effects, which are often found to vary inversely with the ISI. A few of these studies report stimulus specificity and dishabituation, suggesting that these brief effects may reflect genuine short-term learning. Numerous studies using retention tests also suggest that longer ISIs are more effective in producing longer lasting learning. These two approaches offer complementary insights into the timing of habituation. Nonetheless, further studies using integrated designs within a single animal model and guided by theoretical frameworks are still needed. Two theories of habituation are discussed, along with recommendations for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"96-125"},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147667120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the mechanisms of intervention effect fade-out: A meta-analytic review of interventions targeting at-risk students’ achievement.","authors":"Jens Dietrichson, Roopali Bhatnagar, Trine Filges, Mikkel Helding Vembye","doi":"10.1037/bul0000516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000516","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of preschool and school interventions typically fade out over time. To assess the implications of such fade-out for returns to interventions and for skill development theories, it is essential to know the mechanisms underlying fade-out. In this study, we reviewed and categorized potential fade-out mechanisms and developed testable hypotheses about the distribution of intervention effect sizes. We then evaluated the hypotheses using meta-analysis and data from 42 studies and 677 effect sizes examining the effects of school interventions targeting at-risk students on standardized tests in mathematics and reading. Our findings show that mechanisms linked to challenges of measuring and estimating effect sizes explain only a small part of fade-out. Fade-out appears to be a genuine phenomenon reflecting real changes in the skills of the intervention participants. Among skill-based mechanisms, we found evidence against the treatment group forgetting the skills they acquired in the intervention. We found the most support for mechanisms predicting that the treatment group's skills would grow but more slowly than those of the control group after the intervention. The two most plausible mechanisms explain the slower growth by the treatment group's inability to build on the skills acquired during the intervention and by negative side effects on parental and school investments for the treatment group. Because these mechanisms have different implications for the returns to interventions and for theories of skill development, future research should aim to distinguish their contributions to fade-out. We conclude by discussing study designs that can achieve this goal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"37 1","pages":"66-95"},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147667119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for On the Mechanisms of Intervention Effect Fade-Out: A Meta-Analytic Review of Interventions Targeting At-Risk Students’ Achievement","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/bul0000516.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000516.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147667127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misogynous messages in the media increase hostility to women: Evidence from a meta-analysis of 257 experimental and nonexperimental studies.","authors":"Christa Nater,Lilly Felber,Ronja Lüke,Alice H Eagly,Tobias Greitemeyer,David I Miller,Angela R Dorrough","doi":"10.1037/bul0000513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000513","url":null,"abstract":"Media often portray women in misogynous, discriminatory, and negative ways. By considering different types of misogynous media content and hostile responses to women, this meta-analysis of experimental and nonexperimental studies examined the relation between exposure to misogynous media content and hostility to women. The meta-analytic review included 257 eligible studies published across 47 years and encompassed 132,933 participants, thereby yielding 1,421 effect sizes. Analyses used robust variance estimation to examine the relationship between misogynous media exposure and hostility. On average, such exposure was associated with greater hostility to women (g = 0.26, 95% confidence interval, CI [.21, .30]), in both experimental (g = 0.28, 95% CI [.22, .35]) and nonexperimental (g = 0.24, 95% CI [.18, .29]) studies. Notably, exposure to misogynous media content affected both women and men, although the effect tended to be stronger among men (g = 0.27) than women (g = 0.20). The 95% prediction interval for the overall effect ranged from -0.52 to 1.04, indicating large heterogeneity. In fact, violent content easily recognized as antiwomen resulted in greater hostility among men (g = 0.38) but not women (g = 0.03), whereas humiliating (g = 0.29) and pornographic (g = 0.21) content yielded similarly hostile responses in women and men. In addition, adolescent participants were more influenced (g = 0.32) than participants in their midlate adulthood (g = 0.17), but they did not differ from those in their early adulthood (g = 0.27). Overall, this research showed that misogynous media content elicits demeaning attitudes and hostile behaviors directed toward women, thereby perpetuating the gender hierarchy defined by women's lower status in society. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effort-based decision making in psychopathology: A transdiagnostic multilevel meta-analysis and systematic review of behavioral patterns and mechanisms underlying amotivational psychopathology.","authors":"Matthias Pillny,Katharina E Renz,Alina Hay,Daniel Fulford,Tania M Lincoln,Deanna M Barch,James M Gold,Stefan Kaiser","doi":"10.1037/bul0000510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000510","url":null,"abstract":"Effort-based decision making (EBDM) is fundamental to motivation. This cognitive process weighs the effort required to obtain a reward against its magnitude and the probability of obtaining it. Research suggests both transdiagnostic and disorder-specific patterns and mechanisms of EBDM in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and those at risk for these conditions. This preregistered meta-analysis (CRD42022344605) aimed to quantify EBDM across these conditions compared to healthy controls and examine mechanisms underlying altered effort allocation. PubMed, APA PsycInfo, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for eligible studies. We synthesized 115 effect sizes from 68 studies (N = 3,697). Three-level random-effects meta-analyses revealed moderate deficits in EBDM across schizophrenia spectrum disorders (g = -0.40) and bipolar disorder (g = -0.39), a smaller impairment in major depressive disorder (g = -0.28), and no significant reductions in at-risk samples (g = -0.01). Altered effort allocation patterns were marked by reduced effort exertion across increasing reward and probability conditions, with schizophrenia spectrum disorders showing the most pronounced deficits. The most robust moderators were the number of probability conditions, ethnicity, gender, and the severity of positive and negative symptoms. A narrative synthesis of computational modeling studies indicated that maladaptive EBDM may reflect increased effort sensitivity, reduced reward sensitivity, and cognitive impairment, with variations across disorders. Whereas schizophrenia spectrum disorders are associated with unsystematic effort allocation and cognitive deficits, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder show heightened effort sensitivity. Overall, findings point to both shared and disorder-specific mechanisms of EBDM, offering directions for targeted interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147359399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Effort-Based Decision Making in Psychopathology: A Transdiagnostic Multilevel Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Behavioral Patterns and Mechanisms Underlying Amotivational Psychopathology","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/bul0000510.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000510.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147319934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internalized racism and personal self-esteem among ethnoracial minoritized groups: A meta-analytic review.","authors":"Drexler James, Elie ChingYen Yu, Yilin Wang, Mariola Moeyaert","doi":"10.1037/bul0000508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000508","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative effects of implicit and explicit attitudes on behavior: A meta-analytic review and test of key moderators.","authors":"Daniel J. Phipps, Martin S. Hagger, Kyra Hamilton","doi":"10.1037/bul0000506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does controlling for baseline stressful life events clarify or cloud the stress generation effect? A response to Dang and Xiao (2025).","authors":"Katerina Rnic, Angela C. Santee, Hannah R. Snyder, Lisa R. Starr, David J. A. Dozois, Joelle LeMoult","doi":"10.1037/bul0000507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000507","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acknowledgment","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/bul0000493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000493","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20854,"journal":{"name":"Psychological bulletin","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}