Applied Neuropsychology: Child最新文献

{"title":"Executive functions in early childhood from past to present: Scientific trends and conceptual transformations, 1997-2025.","authors":"H Gözde Ertürk Kara, Feyza Aydın Bölükbaş, Tülin Güler Yıldız","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2026.2664442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2026.2664442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to provide a comprehensive, longitudinal perspective on the evolution of executive functions (EF) in early childhood by examining scientific trends and conceptual transformations from 1997 to 2025. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on 530 peer-reviewed articles indexed in Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), and Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI Expanded), retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection. To enhance transparency and reproducibility, a rigorous screening process is detailed through a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram. The field's conceptual structure was revealed through co-occurrence and clustering analyses, resulting in four major thematic clusters: (a) Skills and Early Learning, emphasizing school readiness and academic processes; (b) Family Influences, covering socioeconomic factors and parenting practices; (c) Behavioral Dimension, focusing on EF-related difficulties and standardized assessment tools; and (d) Experimental and Intervention-Based Studies, representing program evaluations and mechanism-oriented approaches. Trend analyses demonstrate a notable increase in EF research particularly after 2015, accompanied by a shift from deficit-oriented perspectives toward more ecological, developmental, and intervention-focused approaches. The visualized maps generated in this study illustrate both the dynamic intellectual growth of the field and the conceptual transitions that have shaped EF research in early childhood over nearly three decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147832676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable artificial intelligence-driven visual task-specific electroencephalogram analysis for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder detection using information-theoretic feature selection.","authors":"Lakshmi Kalpana Roy K, Malar B, Aparna V","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2026.2654718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2026.2654718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurological disorder that primarily develops in early childhood and affects motor development, vision, information processing, memory, and sensory functioning in children. Although many works have been focused on developing machine learning (ML) models to diagnose ADHD from electroencephalography (EEG) data, they lack in interpreting the predictions. This article addresses this gap by proposing an explainable artificial intelligence (AI)-driven approach that computes entropy, mutual information, and transfer entropy from EEG data using the 10-20 system, aggregates electrode-level features into lobe-wise representations, applies ML models, and selects the optimal model for interpretable predictions. Experimental and statistical results show that support vector machine provides better results, 92% accuracy of classification of ADHD and proves to be suitable for clinical screening tasks than other state of the art algorithms. Furthermore, explanations are obtained using Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), Shapely Additive Explanations (SHAP), and Partial Dependency Plot (PDP). These reveal that higher values of entropy and transfer entropy in frontal region indicates uncertainty; whereas less participation of occipital region denotes dysfunctionality toward visual perception in children with ADHD. The PDP proves that the maximum values of the three measures in frontal, occipital, and central lobes contribute to the feature importance for the prediction class.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A single arm feasibility trial of low-dosage Cogmed Working memory intervention in school-age children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.","authors":"Sneha V Bharadwaj, Caitlin Al-Mutawa, Ryan Hulla, Michelle Henry","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2026.2654719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2026.2654719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children who are deaf or hard hearing (DHH) demonstrate difficulties with working memory (WM), which is associated with language, literacy and academic skills. This feasibility study investigated WM, language and literacy skills and the relationship among them in children who are DHH and whether a low-frequency dosage of Cogmed working memory training (CWMT) program leads to improved performance in WM (trained) and in language (untrained) tasks. Twenty-one children, aged 6-16 years who used hearing aids and/or cochlear implants participated in the assessment study. A battery of 14 subtests spanning cognitive, language, and literacy domains was administered to all children. Ten children participated in approximately 40 sessions of CWMT program, administered two-three times per week at their school. Results showed below-average performance by some children on verbal WM, language, and reading comprehension, with demonstrated strengths in word reading skills. Verbal WM showed significant positive associations with language and literacy variables whereas visual WM did not. Following intervention, children demonstrated significant improvements in WM and in recalling sentences task. Results demonstrated feasibility of administering a low-frequency dosage of CWMT program in public schools and provided preliminary evidence for short-term improvement in WM and far transfer of intervention effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147662176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Executive Functions in the Prediction of variations in academic performance in science among Saudi school children.","authors":"Ashwaq Hamzah Ali Alturki","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2026.2655898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2026.2655898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research aimed to analyze the extent to which executive functions (EF) predict changes in Science academic performance (SAP) of primary school students, based on student self-reports and parental perceptions of their children's executive functioning. Students attending primary school in Medina, Saudi Arabia was selected. A non-probability convenience sample was drawn. This sample consisted of 200 children from 3 schools. The present study corresponds to a non-experimental, quantitative design, with a descriptive-correlational scope. Descriptive analyses were performed, and the mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values of the variables of interest were calculated. For inferential analyses, a correlation analysis was first conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient to examine the existence of significant correlations between the variables. The results showed that EF related to planning (PL) and working memory (WM), according to the perceptions of the students and their parents, can explain Science academic performance (SAP). The results provide evidence regarding the potential importance of using self-reports and parental reports of cognitive abilities in analyzing the relationship between executive functioning (EF) and Science academic performance (SAP), and in studying the influence of socioeconomic context on SAP in primary school students. These results regarding EF can inform interventions or policies concerning school performance in academic achievement.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147643498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability and validity of the Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI) in youth: An experimental study of feigned and careless responding.","authors":"Brechje Dandachi-FitzGerald, Leona Blanken, Audrey Merry, Yvonne Bol","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2026.2653567","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21622965.2026.2653567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI) in adolescents, aiming to determine whether the SRSI effectively distinguishes between valid and distorted symptom reports under different instructed response conditions.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Eighty-eight adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years, from the Dutch-speaking general population completed the SRSI twice: once under honest instructions, and once under one of four randomly assigned conditions: honest (<i>n</i> = 24), feigning depression (<i>n</i> = 23), feigning pain (<i>n</i> = 22), or careless responding (<i>n</i> = 19). Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and discriminative validity were analyzed. Exploratory analyses examined the impact of careless responding on SRSI scores and the utility of consistency items (i.e., positive health items) in differentiating between careless and feigned responding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SRSI demonstrated high discriminative validity between honest and feigned responses, with specificity of .90 and sensitivity of .91 at the standard cutoff (> 9). When careless responses were combined with feigned responses - both reflecting distorted symptom presentations - sensitivity decreased to .80. Internal consistency was high for both the genuine (<i>α</i> = .91) and pseudosymptoms (<i>α</i> = .81) scales, and test-retest reliability was high (<i>n</i> = 24; <i>r</i> = .93 and .88, respectively). Among careless responders, approximately 50% scored above the SRSI pseudosymptoms standard cutoff. Exploratory findings suggest that endorsement of multiple consistency items after failing the SRSI may reflect careless rather than feigned responding.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These initial findings support the potential utility of the SRSI as a symptom validity measure for adolescents. The lower specificity at the standard cutoff than that found in experimental feigning studies in adults (.90 <i>vs.</i> ≥ .95) suggests that the cutoff may need to be raised in youth samples. Further validation in clinical populations is necessary before recommending its use in applied settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147621474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the association between developmental language disorder and depressive symptoms in preschool children.","authors":"Zehra Koyuncu, Neslihan Zabcı, Meryem Seçen Yazıcı, Tuncay Sandıkçı, Halide Çetin Kara, Burak Doğangün","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2385659","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2385659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to investigate the association between developmental language disorder (DLD) and depressive symptoms in preschool-aged children, building upon previous research that has demonstrated emotional difficulties in children with DLD. Forty-one children with DLD or children at risk for DLD (DLD group) and 41 children with typical language development (TLD) were included in this study. Language development was evaluated using the TEDIL test which is a Turkish adaptation of the Test of Early Language Development-3. Auto acoustic Emissions Testing and Immittance-Metric Assessment were used to exclude children with hearing impairment. Developmental delays were excluded by Denver Developmental Screening Test II. Mothers filled out the Sociodemographic Data Form and the Child Depressive Symptoms Assessment Scale. The results demonstrate that children in DLD group scored significantly higher on the Child Depressive Symptoms Assessment Scale, manifesting increased levels of aggression, separation anxiety, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and encountering greater social adaptation difficulties and deterioration in cognitive processes than TLD. Multivariate regression analysis suggests that increased impulsivity and hyperactivity, alongside social and cognitive challenges, are predictors of DLD. The study concludes that depressive symptoms are more prevalent in children in DLD group than in their typically developing counterparts. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted psychiatric and pedagogical interventions, as well as individualized educational programs that cater to the socio-emotional and cognitive needs of children with DLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"159-168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141791754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward an endophenotype for ADHD: Exploring the duration mismatch negativity in drug-free children with ADHD.","authors":"Shadi Moradkhani, Atoosa Sanglakh Ghoochan Atigh, Mehdi Alizade Zarei, Fabrice Wallois, Mohammad Ali Nazari","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2384946","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2384946","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in children that is considered to affect early stages of information processes. Inefficient processing of temporal information, which is a vital auditory processing skill suggests itself as a potential candidate for investigating ADHD deficits. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), a neuroscience-based research framework, has been introduced to study mental illness without relying on pre-established diagnostic categories. In this regard, Mismatch Negativity (MMN) has been considered an ideal electrophysiological marker for investigating ADHD deficits. This study investigates alterations in the amplitude and latency of the MMN component in response to changes in the duration and Inter-Stimulus Interval (ISI) of basic sound stimuli within an oddball task. The MMN paradigm was employed to examine duration deviations in ADHD (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 25, 84% male, mean age: 7.3 years, SD = 2.01) compared to Control group of typically developing (TD) children (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 25, 72% male, mean age: 7.2 years, SD = 1.92). Participants with ADHD were introduced from an accredited psychiatrist. TD children were recruited from social media and online forms. Both groups were matched in terms of gender, age and IQ. The psychological tests conducted in this study included Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), Gilliam Autism Rating Scale|Third Edition (Gars3), Sensory profile questionnaire and Edinburgh Handedness inventory. Our findings revealed reduced MMN amplitudes in response to two blocks of duration and ISI-based deviations in ADHD children. To elaborate in greater detail, at Fz, in Duration and ISI block, respectively, the ADHD group showed an amplitude of -1.2097 ± 0.2938 and -0.8553 ± 0.4423, while the normal group showed an amplitude of -1.8325 ± 0.3689 and -2.0855 ± 0.3802. Additionally, at Cz, the ADHD group exhibited a shorter amplitude (-1.2515 ± 0.3261 and -0.9367 ± 0.3432) compared to the normal group (-2.1319 ± 0.4445 and -2.7561 ± 0.4883), in the duration and ISI blocks, respectively. Furthermore, children with ADHD display longer MMN latencies in both experimental blocks, suggesting atypical responses. To provide more detail, at Fz, the ADHD group displayed MMN latencies of 239.68 ± 5.059 and 226.88 ± 4.885 in the Duration and ISI blocks, respectively, whereas the normal group showed MMN latencies of 228.56 ± 6.584 and 213.56 ± 4.153. Similarly, at Cz, the ADHD group exhibited longer MMN latencies (234.40 ± 5.741 and 231.44 ± 5.464) compared to the normal group (227.52 ± 6.710 and 218.00 ± 5.261) in the Duration and ISI blocks, respectively. Our findings were interpreted in the context of the internal clock model, which involves the pace of an internal pacemaker regulated by dopamine (DA) levels. The convergence of MMN and auditory timing abnormalities within the RDoC framework suggests their potential as endophenotypes for ADHD, highlighting the significance of senso","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"148-158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141854584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autism or not? A case series of evaluation decision points in child and adolescent psychological assessment.","authors":"MaryKate Frisch, Rebecca Canale, Christine L Yantz, Marianne L Barton","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2418447","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2418447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increase in the incidence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and increased attention to symptoms of ASD in social media have contributed to a significant rise in referrals for neuropsychological assessment of possible ASD. Many practitioners lack specific training in the assessment of ASD and may avoid addressing these concerns, despite the frequency of those referrals. This paper reviews potential contributors to the rise in referrals and several related conditions which share some overlap with features of ASD. That is followed by descriptions of four school-aged children and adolescents referred for comprehensive evaluation of suspected ASD. The authors describe decision points in the diagnostic process for those with or without proficiency in ASD-specific testing and close with a series of recommendations for the assessment of clients with complex presentations referred for suspected ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"220-231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of repetitive subconcussive head trauma on the neuropsychological functioning and symptom reporting of high school athletes in high and low contact sports: Age and sex.","authors":"William T Tsushima, Andrea Siu, Kennedy-Kainoa Z Tamashiro, Nathan M Murata","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2394174","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2394174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study was designed to assess the neuropsychological test performances of non-concussed female and male high school athletes of different ages in high and low contact sports.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Large samples of 2,510 high school athletes in High Contact sports (e.g., football) and 1,437 in Low Contact sports (e.g., basketball) were examined. The participants were administered a baseline Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) prior to their respective seasons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multivariate linear regression showed that the High Contact athletes had significantly poorer results than the Low Contact athletes in all four ImPACT Composite scores and the Total Symptom scores. No age differences were found, but in all three age groups, the High Contact athletes had lower Visual Motor Speed scores than the Low Contact athletes. No test score differences were noted between the females in the High and Low Contact groups, but the High Contact males had poorer Visual Motor Speed and Reaction Time than the Low Contact males.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present results were consistent with prior studies of subconcussive head trauma, with High Contact athletes obtaining overall poorer neuropsychological test results than Low Contact athletes. More investigations in this age group seems is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"200-206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children's color trails test: Greek normative data and clinical validity in children with traumatic brain injury and attention deficit - Hyperactivity disorder.","authors":"L Messinis, E Aretouli, P Patrikelis, S Malefaki, A Ntoskou-Messini, N Trimmis, N C Zygouris, K Konstantopoulos, P Gourzis","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2393806","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2393806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Children's Color Trail Test (CCTT) is considered a culture fair equivalent of the Trail Making Test for the assessment of cognitive flexibility in pediatric populations, while others emphasize its additional validity as a measure of attention, perceptual tracking, processing speed, susceptibility to interference and inhibition. The need for standardized neuropsychological tests in Greece, especially for the pediatric population is significant. In the present study, considering the relatively good psychometric properties of the CCTT and its wide cross-cultural application, we decided that such a tool would be useful to Greek clinicians and researchers, and therefore developed norms for the Greek child and adolescent population. Additionally, we examined the clinical validity of the test, administering it to two groups of patients (children with Traumatic Brain Injury and Attention Deficit - Hyperactivity Disorder). We administered the test to 417 native healthy Greek children 6-15 years, recruited primarily from Southwestern Greece from several public schools. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant influence of age on completion time in both parts of the CCTT, whereas sex did not influence time to completion. Older children consistently completed the test faster than younger children, whereas girls and boys performed similarly on both conditions. In addition, CCTT differentiated the performance of children who have had a TBI and those diagnosed with ADHD from the performances of their typically developing peers. This study provides much needed performance and clinical utility data for the pediatric population in Greece on a promising neuropsychological tool for use in clinical and research settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"192-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}