Applied Neuropsychology: Child最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating the effect of cochlear implantation age on pragmatic abilities before and after age of 3.","authors":"Pegah Nikrah,Rasool Ghareh Chahie,Atieh Ghazvini,Alemeh Hajizadeh","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2403100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2403100","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONThe cochlear implant (CI) is crucial in developing hearing, speech, language, and communication skills in children with profound hearing loss (HL). The study aimed to assess how the age at which children receive a CI affects the development of pragmatic abilities between the ages of 5 and 8 for those who received a CI before or after the age of 3.METHODSForty children with CI were evaluated. The children between the ages of 5 and 8 were divided into two groups who received CIs before or after age 3. The Persian version of the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) was used to assess pragmatic abilities with a parent rating scale.RESULTSChildren implanted under 3 got higher scores in social relationships, using context, conversational rapport, syntax, and speech. Also, their performance in inappropriate and stereotyped conversations was better than those over 3 years. They have a significant difference in the pragmatic composite than those who received CI over 3 except for coherence and interest (p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONAccording to the results, children with CI under 3 performed better in pragmatic composites, which means they have better pragmatic abilities. These findings suggest that early CI is important. Of course, other individual and environmental factors must also be considered.","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142255405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LITMUS Turkish sentence repetition test: The best items, effect of scoring and diagnostic accuracy.","authors":"Dilber Kaçar-Kütükçü,Seyhun Topbaş","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2400483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2400483","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThis study aimed to examine LITMUS Turkish Sentence Repetition Test's (LITMUS-TR) diagnostic accuracy, as well as the best scoring method and most distinguishing test items. We also sought to ascertain whether age has an impact on the sensitivity and specificity.METHODTwo hundred and fifty children with typical language development (TD) between the ages of 4 and 7, as well as 44 children with developmental language disorder (DLD), took part in the study. Data was collected using TODİL, LITMUS-TR, and the pediatric family interview form. LITMUS-TR was graded using four different methods.RESULTSThe performance of children with DLD in each score type was lower and the number of errors higher than those with TD. All items have excellent or acceptable item difficulty and discrimination values for binary scoring and total number of errors. LITMUS-TR's most distinctive items were complex structures with dependencies, such as syntactic movement and embedding. LITMUS-TR had high diagnostic accuracy for the whole test (0.887) and each scoring method. A separate analysis of each age group showed sensitivity and specificity above 0.80.CONCLUSIONSWhen employed as a supportive objective measure, LITMUS-TR was proven to be an effective diagnostic tool for DLD, with age influencing the diagnostic accuracy outcomes.","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":"83 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating mental chronometry as a quantitative measure of information processing in early childhood autism.","authors":"Yousif Ali Yaseen, Ahlam Muhammad Taher Saleem, Dindar S Bari, Rahma Tahseen Nayef, Haval Y Yacoob Aldosky","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2394178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2394178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Mental chronometry is the scientific study of cognitive processing speed measured by reaction time (RT), which is the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and an individual's response. This study aims at measuring the RT among young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and comparing it with normal (typically developing) children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>60 ASD children were selected from different ASD centers, and 60 normal children were selected from different kindergartens for participation in this study. Participants were aged 3-6 years old. The RT was measured using the Fitlight trainer device. The findings were statistically evaluated using independent t-tests and ANOVA tests.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) were found between both groups in all tasks, and ASD children demonstrated slower RT compared to the normal group. The RT measured through three senses (visual, auditory, and touch) for ASD and normal were 3.64 ± 2.16, 13.19 ± 2.41(trial), 1835.23 ± 757.95, 697.12 ± 87.83 (second), and 1550.89 ± 499.76, 752.67 ± 124.02 (second) respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The evaluated RT showed significant impairment in RT among ASD in comparison to normal children and this was true for the three senses. The Fitlight trainer could be used to assess RT and stimulus-response among ASD children in various cognitive tasks. Similar studies, involving larger samples from different areas and involving other sense organs, are indicated to confirm the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142103747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of repetitive subconcussive head trauma on the neuropsychological functioning and symptom reporting of high school athletes in high and low contact sports: Age and sex.","authors":"William T Tsushima, Andrea Siu, Kennedy-Kainoa Z Tamashiro, Nathan M Murata","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2394174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2394174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study was designed to assess the neuropsychological test performances of non-concussed female and male high school athletes of different ages in high and low contact sports.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Large samples of 2,510 high school athletes in High Contact sports (e.g., football) and 1,437 in Low Contact sports (e.g., basketball) were examined. The participants were administered a baseline Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) prior to their respective seasons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multivariate linear regression showed that the High Contact athletes had significantly poorer results than the Low Contact athletes in all four ImPACT Composite scores and the Total Symptom scores. No age differences were found, but in all three age groups, the High Contact athletes had lower Visual Motor Speed scores than the Low Contact athletes. No test score differences were noted between the females in the High and Low Contact groups, but the High Contact males had poorer Visual Motor Speed and Reaction Time than the Low Contact males.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present results were consistent with prior studies of subconcussive head trauma, with High Contact athletes obtaining overall poorer neuropsychological test results than Low Contact athletes. More investigations in this age group seems is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children's color trails test: Greek normative data and clinical validity in children with traumatic brain injury and attention deficit - Hyperactivity disorder.","authors":"L Messinis, E Aretouli, P Patrikelis, S Malefaki, A Ntoskou-Messini, N Trimmis, N C Zygouris, K Konstantopoulos, P Gourzis","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2393806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2393806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Children's Color Trail Test (CCTT) is considered a culture fair equivalent of the Trail Making Test for the assessment of cognitive flexibility in pediatric populations, while others emphasize its additional validity as a measure of attention, perceptual tracking, processing speed, susceptibility to interference and inhibition. The need for standardized neuropsychological tests in Greece, especially for the pediatric population is significant. In the present study, considering the relatively good psychometric properties of the CCTT and its wide cross-cultural application, we decided that such a tool would be useful to Greek clinicians and researchers, and therefore developed norms for the Greek child and adolescent population. Additionally, we examined the clinical validity of the test, administering it to two groups of patients (children with Traumatic Brain Injury and Attention Deficit - Hyperactivity Disorder). We administered the test to 417 native healthy Greek children 6-15 years, recruited primarily from Southwestern Greece from several public schools. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant influence of age on completion time in both parts of the CCTT, whereas sex did not influence time to completion. Older children consistently completed the test faster than younger children, whereas girls and boys performed similarly on both conditions. In addition, CCTT differentiated the performance of children who have had a TBI and those diagnosed with ADHD from the performances of their typically developing peers. This study provides much needed performance and clinical utility data for the pediatric population in Greece on a promising neuropsychological tool for use in clinical and research settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphophonological-semantic flexibility and its contribution to reading comprehension in children with dyslexia: A pilot study.","authors":"Sneha Mareen Varghese, Jayashree C Shanbal","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2389119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2389119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Graphophonological-semantic flexibility is the cognitive flexibility in reading that enables individuals to manage multiple phonological and semantic aspects of text simultaneously. This study investigated graphophonological-semantic flexibility and its contribution to reading comprehension in children with dyslexia, comparing them to age-matched, typically developing peers. Thirty children aged 8-11 were assessed using a reading-specific sorting task, where they categorized word cards by initial phoneme and meaning within a 2x2 matrix. After sorting, participants explained their arrangements, and their sorting speed, accuracy, and composite scores were evaluated. Additionally, reading comprehension was assessed through passages followed by questions. Results revealed significant differences between children with dyslexia and their peers in sorting accuracy and composite scores. Children with dyslexia exhibited poorer accuracy and longer sorting times, leading to lower composite scores indicative of reduced graphophonological-semantic flexibility. Age showed a positive correlation with sorting accuracy and composite scores. Moreover, sorting accuracy and composite scores were strong predictors of reading comprehension. These findings suggest that children with dyslexia face challenges in managing both phonological and semantic aspects of text concurrently, highlighting the importance of graphophonological-semantic flexibility in reading development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141911500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring role of prefrontal cortex region of brain in children having ADHD with machine learning: Implications and insights.","authors":"Manjusha Pradeep Deshmukh, Mahi Khemchandani, Paramjit Mahesh Thakur","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2378464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2378464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is a general neurodevelopmental syndrome. This affects both adults and children, causing issues like hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Diagnosis, typically reliant on patient narratives and questionnaires, can sometimes be inaccurate, leading to distress. We propose utilizing empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for feature extraction and a machine learning (ML) algorithm to categorize ADHD and control.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Publicly available Kaggle dataset is used for research. The EMD technique decomposes an electroencephalogram (EEG) waveform to 12 intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Thirty-one statistical parameters are generated over the first 6 IMFs to create an input feature vector for the deep belief network (DBN) classifier. Principal component analysis (PCA) is utilized to reduce dimension.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Experimental results are compared on prefrontal cortex channels Fp1 and Fp2. After an in-depth evaluation of all metrics, it is observed that, in patients with ADHD, the prefrontal cortex regulates attention, behavior, and emotion. Our findings align with established neuroscience. The critical functions of the brain, such as organization, planning, attention, and decision making, are performed by the frontal lobe.</p><p><strong>Novelty: </strong>Our work provides a novel approach to understanding the disorder's underlying neurobiological mechanisms. It has the potential to deepen our understanding of the condition, improve diagnostic accuracy, personalize treatment methods, and, ultimately, improve outcomes for those affected.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141888277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing Pediatric (ImPACT Pediatric) change scores and factors associated with performance in patients aged 5-9 years following concussion: Preliminary findings.","authors":"Nathan Kegel, Aaron J Zynda, Abigail H Feder, Alicia Trbovich, Shawn R Eagle, Patrice Smith, Vanessa Fazio-Sumrok, Anthony P Kontos","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2379956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2379956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Computerized neurocognitive testing is one component of a multidomain assessment of concussion. However, the use of computerized neurocognitive testing has been limited to patients aged 11 years and up, leaving clinicians with few options to evaluate younger children.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the change in Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing Pediatric (ImPACT Pediatric) (ImPACT Applications, 2021) scores and factors associated with performance in children aged 5-9 years following a concussion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included 63 children (42% [n = 27] female) aged 5-9 (M = 7.5 ± 1.0) years within 30 (M = 8.5 ± 5.9) days of a concussion. All participants completed the ImPACT Pediatric at their initial visit and at medical clearance for their return to activity (RTA) visit. The ImPACT Pediatric test is a computerized neurocognitive battery that includes 5 tests that assess memory and visual processing speed. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance and paired t-tests were used to compare ImPACT Pediatric scores from the initial visit to medical clearance. Multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance and multiple linear regression examined factors associated with ImPACT Pediatric performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants demonstrated improved overall performance from the initial visit to the medical clearance visit (<i>F</i>(4, 59)=3.08, <i>p</i> = 0.02, Wilks' Λ = 0.83, η_p²=0.17), with significant improvement in Rapid Processing Speed (<i>F</i>(1, 62)=7.48, <i>p</i> < 0.01, η_p²=0.11). When controlling for age, sex, history of ADHD, and days to clinic, the improvement in overall performance remained significant (<i>F</i>(4, 51)=2.99, <i>p</i> = 0.03, Wilks' Λ = 0.81, η_p²=0.19). Older age was significantly associated with the Rapid Processing composite score at the initial visit (<i>F</i>(4, 59)=5.9, <i>p</i> < 0.001, Adj. R²=0.25) and medical clearance visit (<i>F</i>(4, 59)=3.8, <i>p</i> = 0.008, Adj. R²=0.16), with older children associated with better performance at both time points (Initial visit: B = 8.17, p < 0.001; Medical Clearance: B = 3.62, p = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our main findings suggest that children aged 5-9 years improved significantly in Rapid Processing on the ImPACT Pediatric from the initial visit to medical clearance. However, no differences were found for the memory components of the ImPACT Pediatric. Older children also performed better on processing speed than younger children. The findings suggest that the processing speed components of ImPACT Pediatric are useful for monitoring improvements in neurocognitive functioning following concussion in children aged 5-9 years, but that age differences need to be considered when interpreting performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141858889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Executive functions and their relationship with age: Insights from a novel neuropsychological Assessment Battery in Children-a pilot study.","authors":"Marcos Domic-Siede, Romina Ortiz, María Ávalos, Nancy Salazar, Jennifer Burgos, Constanza Rosales, Miguel Ramos-Henderson, Oscar Véliz-García, Carlos Calderón","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2381199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2381199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Executive functions (EFs) are a set of cognitive processes that enable individuals to manage and coordinate their thoughts and actions toward achieving specific goals. EFs include planning, organizing, initiating, and monitoring actions, and have been found to improve with age due to the maturation of the brain, especially during childhood. Therefore, our correlational study sought to determine the relationship between the performance in executive functions and age in 79 children (36 girls, 45.6%) throughout development, between the ages of 6 and 12 (mean = 9.25; <i>SD</i> = 2.05), using a battery designed in Chile: BEFE (<i>Batería de Evaluación de las Funciones Ejecutivas</i>: Executive Function Assessment Battery) based on traditional neuropsychological tests to evaluate Working Memory, Inhibitory Control, Cognitive Flexibility, and Planning skills. Our results showed various correlations between the variables age and performance in various behavioral parameters, demonstrating an increase in the number of correct responses (positive correlation) and/or a decrease in errors (negative correlation) with age (6-12) in the subtests that correspond to dimensions of Cognitive Flexibility (Semantic and Phonological Fluency, Card Sorting Game, and Tracing Tasks), Inhibitory Control (ENA-F and Sentence Completion), Working Memory (Audio-verbal WM Forward and Ordering, and Visuospatial WM Forward and Backward), and Planning (La Portada de Antofagasta and FISA Maps). These results are consistent with previous empirical evidence and support the notion of a developmental relationship between EF performance and age. Additionally, this study contributes to understanding EF development in culturally specific contexts, highlighting the importance of contextually relevant assessment tools in evaluating cognitive development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141873983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward an endophenotype for ADHD: Exploring the duration mismatch negativity in drug-free children with ADHD.","authors":"Shadi Moradkhani, Atoosa Sanglakh Ghoochan Atigh, Mehdi Alizade Zarei, Fabrice Wallois, Mohammad Ali Nazari","doi":"10.1080/21622965.2024.2384946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2024.2384946","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in children that is considered to affect early stages of information processes. Inefficient processing of temporal information, which is a vital auditory processing skill suggests itself as a potential candidate for investigating ADHD deficits. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), a neuroscience-based research framework, has been introduced to study mental illness without relying on pre-established diagnostic categories. In this regard, Mismatch Negativity (MMN) has been considered an ideal electrophysiological marker for investigating ADHD deficits. This study investigates alterations in the amplitude and latency of the MMN component in response to changes in the duration and Inter-Stimulus Interval (ISI) of basic sound stimuli within an oddball task. The MMN paradigm was employed to examine duration deviations in ADHD (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 25, 84% male, mean age: 7.3 years, SD = 2.01) compared to Control group of typically developing (TD) children (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 25, 72% male, mean age: 7.2 years, SD = 1.92). Participants with ADHD were introduced from an accredited psychiatrist. TD children were recruited from social media and online forms. Both groups were matched in terms of gender, age and IQ. The psychological tests conducted in this study included Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), Gilliam Autism Rating Scale|Third Edition (Gars3), Sensory profile questionnaire and Edinburgh Handedness inventory. Our findings revealed reduced MMN amplitudes in response to two blocks of duration and ISI-based deviations in ADHD children. To elaborate in greater detail, at Fz, in Duration and ISI block, respectively, the ADHD group showed an amplitude of -1.2097 ± 0.2938 and -0.8553 ± 0.4423, while the normal group showed an amplitude of -1.8325 ± 0.3689 and -2.0855 ± 0.3802. Additionally, at Cz, the ADHD group exhibited a shorter amplitude (-1.2515 ± 0.3261 and -0.9367 ± 0.3432) compared to the normal group (-2.1319 ± 0.4445 and -2.7561 ± 0.4883), in the duration and ISI blocks, respectively. Furthermore, children with ADHD display longer MMN latencies in both experimental blocks, suggesting atypical responses. To provide more detail, at Fz, the ADHD group displayed MMN latencies of 239.68 ± 5.059 and 226.88 ± 4.885 in the Duration and ISI blocks, respectively, whereas the normal group showed MMN latencies of 228.56 ± 6.584 and 213.56 ± 4.153. Similarly, at Cz, the ADHD group exhibited longer MMN latencies (234.40 ± 5.741 and 231.44 ± 5.464) compared to the normal group (227.52 ± 6.710 and 218.00 ± 5.261) in the Duration and ISI blocks, respectively. Our findings were interpreted in the context of the internal clock model, which involves the pace of an internal pacemaker regulated by dopamine (DA) levels. The convergence of MMN and auditory timing abnormalities within the RDoC framework suggests their potential as endophenotypes for ADHD, highlighting the significance of senso","PeriodicalId":8047,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141854584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}