Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献

{"title":"On bias in detecting bias: A signal detection analysis of attributions to gender discrimination.","authors":"Marie Jakob, Anat Shechter, Jimmy Calanchini, Karl Christoph Klauer","doi":"10.1037/xge0001995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Discrimination is the unjust treatment of people based on their group membership, and detecting discrimination is a necessary first step in countering it. Attributions to discrimination have often been conceptualized in terms of signal detection theory, with researchers speculating about the role of sensitivity (i.e., observers' ability to recognize discrimination) and response bias (i.e., their tendency to judge that discrimination is present) in observers' judgments. Here, we take a first step toward moving beyond conceptual applications to empirical signal detection theory analyses of attributions to discrimination across five studies examining judgments about gender discrimination in corporate pay raise decisions. We find that prototypes (Studies 1-3) and their alignment with the actual pattern of decisions (Studies 2-4) inform observers' response bias, reflecting differences in their attribution of unfair outcomes to discrimination (Study 5). In contrast, the extent of harm caused by discriminatory outcomes exerts a small effect on sensitivity and a large effect on response bias (Studies 1-3), which reflects observers' determination of a fair standard for decisions (Study 5). Theoretically, the present work contributes to the causal analysis of central factors shaping attributions to discrimination. Specifically, we shed light on whether effects of these factors are mediated by response bias or sensitivity, and assess their causal origin in either the application of a merit standard or attributional processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual differences in motor and auditory activation in second language speech learning: Roles of domain-general auditory processing.","authors":"Kazuya Saito-van Poeteren, Adam Tierney, Kotaro Takizawa, Diego Elisandro Dardon, Chunlin Liu, Magdalena Kachlicka, Motoaki Sugiura, Hyeonjeong Jeong","doi":"10.1037/xge0001991","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While existing models emphasize the critical roles of auditory and motor systems in speech perception, it remains unclear how individual learners differentially rely on these systems and how their relative weighting relates to language learning. This study investigates the neural mechanisms through which individual differences in domain-general auditory processing influence reliance on these networks during second language (L2) phonetic learning. Focusing on the acquisition of English [æ] and [ʌ] by 207 Japanese learners, we examined participants with varying auditory precision profiles using both behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses as they performed discrimination tasks for speech and nonverbal sounds. The findings revealed a pattern consistent with a triangular relationship among learners' auditory precision, brain activation in motor-related regions, and L2 speech development. Learners with lower auditory precision tended to show less advanced L2 vowel proficiency and exhibited higher levels of sensorimotor activation during discrimination of English [æ] and [ʌ], but not during discrimination of nonspeech counterparts with comparable second formant variation. In light of theoretical accounts of adult L2 speech learning (Best & Tyler, 2007), one possible interpretation is that greater reliance on articulatory processing among less auditory-precise and less experienced or proficient L2 learners reflects the processing of L2 sounds through first language articulatory routines. In contrast, learners with higher auditory precision attained not only more advanced L2 vowel proficiency but also lower levels of sensorimotor activity, comparable to that observed during nonverbal processing, suggesting more balanced spectrotemporal and articulatory analyses of sounds, which optimize both the process and outcomes of L2 speech learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"155 10","pages":"2394-2414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence and machines are capable of harm, but not of experiencing punishment.","authors":"Alexander Eng, Kai Chi Yam","doi":"10.1037/xge0001930","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Algorithms, robots, and artificial intelligence are increasingly making morally salient decisions (e.g., medical triage) and taking actions (e.g., terminate employees). Extant research suggests that we can and do perceive machines to be responsible for moral harm. Unlike human perpetrators, however, we suggest that we do not experience the same level of justice satisfaction after punishing machine perpetrators. Through a series of experimental paradigms, we first show that people do perceive machines as capable of wrongdoings and punish them accordingly (Pilot Study), but that people experience lower levels of justice satisfaction after punishing machines compared to human perpetrators (Study 1). Studies 2 and 3 replicate some of these findings, whereas Study 4 tests two mechanisms that might account for these effects-punishment as communication and punishment as retribution. A final supplemental study explores whether the dissatisfaction from punishing machines would cause people to displace their aggression onto innocent human bystanders. Our findings demonstrate that machines can commit wrongs and that people attempt to punish them, yet such punishment does not consistently restore a sense of justice relative to punishing humans. This pattern underscores the need for further research on how people understand and respond to machine wrongdoing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2327-2349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148199012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How leaders shape well-being and retention: Dominant leaders undermine and prestigious leaders enhance follower psychological need satisfaction.","authors":"Zhuo Li, Joey T Cheng, Alex J Benson","doi":"10.1037/xge0001992","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dominance and prestige are two key strategies through which people attain rank and influence within groups. Across three studies, we focus on how the deployment of these strategies shapes follower experiences-an important yet less well-understood question-by addressing how dominant and prestigious leaders satisfy the basic psychological needs of followers as outlined by self-determination theory. Using both observational (<i>N</i>₁ = 250) and experimental designs (<i>N</i>₂ = 277; <i>N</i>₃ = 299), we find that dominant leaders undermine followers' need satisfaction (i.e., their need for competence, relatedness, and autonomy), while prestigious leaders enhance it. Moreover, mediation analyses show that these differential patterns of need fulfillment in turn contribute to followers reporting higher leader-directed turnover intentions with dominant leaders but lower turnover intentions with prestigious leaders. Interestingly, when dominance was directed toward outgroup members-rather than ingroup members-followers report greater need satisfaction and lower desire to quit the leader. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2507-2526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148793058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dyadic division of labor: Effects of individual effectivities, task difficulty, and communicative abilities.","authors":"Megan Chiovaro, Alexandra Paxton","doi":"10.1037/xge0001956","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present experiments aim to identify the contexts and constraints that give rise to effective social coordination in a novel division-of-labor task, a gamified model of honey bee nectar processing. Experiment 1 investigated the interaction of task demand and individual effectivities on task efficiency and deterministic movement behavior in dyads. Experiment 2 replicated and extended Experiment 1 by adding a condition related to communicative abilities. Results showed that increasing task demand often resulted in increased coordination and synchronization, regardless of task-switching abilities or communicative abilities. Additionally, restricting individuals' abilities to switch roles during more difficult tasks improved performance. Hypotheses relating to communication were largely unsupported; however, trends suggested that restricting communication could be beneficial for coordination and efficiency if the system were given more time to adjust to their communicative abilities. Together, these constraints and contextual factors provide a starting point for investigating coordination in goal-oriented, division-of-labor settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2454-2480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148793967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Political shocks: Understanding major political events from an affective science lens.","authors":"Bethany Lassetter, Matthew Feinberg, Sabrina Thai, Brett Q Ford","doi":"10.1037/xge0001966","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major political events that happen suddenly and are beyond the scope of day-to-day politics-<i>political shocks</i>-capture the attention of millions, but little is known about how they affect people. We examine political shocks from an affective science lens, considering people's emotions, how they regulate those emotions, and the motivations those emotions drive. We apply this lens to two political shocks in the United States: the Supreme Court confirmation of Justice Brett Kavanaugh (Study 1; initial <i>N</i> = 430; September-October 2018) and the impeachments and acquittals of President Donald Trump (Study 2; initial <i>N</i> = 979; November 2019-February 2021). We documented how affective processes changed as the events unfolded. As expected, Democrats and Republicans experienced divergent emotional peaks and valleys across time that tracked party \"wins\" and \"losses.\" Then, we examined how people regulated these emotions and the collective implications of that regulation. Both Republicans' and Democrats' use of the emotion regulation strategy cognitive reappraisal predicted greater positive emotion about these political shocks, which in turn was associated with <i>greater</i> motivation for political action. Compared to Republicans, however, Democrats' use of reappraisal more strongly predicted lower negative emotion about these events, with lower negative emotion in turn predicting <i>lower</i> motivation for action. This party difference suggests that regulating emotion during these shocks may have more strongly impaired Democrats' (vs. Republicans') motivations to act. By examining the consequences of political shocks through an affective science lens, we highlight powerful processes that may shape people's psychologies as well as political landscapes at the national level. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2481-2506"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148793517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"A girl is the champion!\": Well-intentioned gendered messages can backfire.","authors":"April H Bailey, Maya Kreitman, Andrei Cimpian","doi":"10.1037/xge0002002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0002002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Initiatives aimed at promoting gender equity in majority-male domains often emphasize gender to highlight women's achievements (e.g., \"Space4Women,\" \"all-women spacewalk\"). Does such gendered messaging help achieve equity goals? Two theoretical accounts offer competing predictions. An informational account suggests that referencing a gender alongside a domain should strengthen beliefs that the referenced gender participates and succeeds. A pragmatic account, however, predicts that explicitly marking gender may backfire by signaling that the referenced gender is atypical in the domain-otherwise, why mention it? We tested these two possibilities with U.S. children (ages 4-10; N = 326) and adults (N = 788). Participants learned about fictional activities described with either gendered messaging (e.g., \"A girl/boy is the Gazzer champion\") or control messaging (e.g., \"Joan/Rob is the Gazzer champion\"). Gendered messaging backfired compared to control messaging on average, causing participants to infer lower participation by the referenced gender and, among adults, lower ability. Gendered messaging also undermined participants' interest in the activities. A meta-analysis across experiments revealed small-to-moderate effects that were larger for adults than children, consistent with developmental changes in pragmatic reasoning. Finally, backfire effects disappeared for messaging about fictional groups, suggesting that background knowledge about the referenced group may be needed to trigger pragmatic inferences. Together, these findings advance theoretical accounts of pragmatic reasoning while indicating that well-intentioned gendered messaging may paradoxically undermine equity goals. A more effective alternative may be to clearly feature women in a domain without explicitly framing it as being \"for them.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"155 10","pages":"2581-2600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From stigma to trust: A paradigm shift for understanding perceptions of individuals with bipolar disorder.","authors":"T Bradford Bitterly, Lisa A O'Donnell, Melvin G McInnis","doi":"10.1037/xge0001988","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001988","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) face professional and personal challenges such as underemployment. Navigating these challenges involves the dilemma of whether to disclose their illness or conceal it and risk presenting symptoms. Examinations of these challenges are often anchored in stigma, which has attributed negative employment outcomes for individuals with BD to adverse reactions from managers following disclosure. Across three experiments, including a managerial sample and a novel chatbot interaction, and eight supplemental studies (N = 8,112), the present research proposes and tests a trust-based attributional model. Mania, the hallmark symptom of BD, signals activation-based unpredictability, which serially erodes the perceived trustworthiness of an employee, ultimately compromising a manager's trust and willingness to retain the employee. The current findings demonstrate that disclosure is not uniformly harmful and that stigma operates as a distal moderator. An employee disclosing in the absence of mania can appear less predictable, and managers high in preexisting stigma toward BD generally view employees as less predictable. However, when manic symptoms are visible, disclosure buffers against their negative impact by providing an explanation for the erratic behavior. Together, this research reveals that moving beyond stigma-centric accounts clarifies managerial perceptions of employees with BD, with disclosure and stigma shaping this trust-based process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"155 10","pages":"2601-2630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing act: Investigating modulators and mechanisms of cognitive stability and flexibility.","authors":"Marie Therese Bartossek, Marcus Möschl, John-Dylan Haynes, Matthias Rudolf, Lara Sophie Knaup, Thomas Goschke","doi":"10.1037/xge0001936","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001936","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Every day, we face the opposing requirements to flexibly shift between goals and to shield them against distractions. Context-dependent adjustments of cognitive stability and flexibility are a prerequisite for adaptive behavior. A current debate centers on whether these two functions of cognitive control involve a trade-off, manifesting in reciprocal performance benefits and costs, or if cognitive stability and flexibility can be regulated independently. This study aimed to test the assumption of a stability-flexibility trade-off and investigate determinants of control regulations. We examined whether cognitive stability and flexibility can be regulated voluntarily and whether these adjustments are modulated by the task relevance of distracting information. In two task-switching paradigms with varying distractor relevance, we assessed task-switch costs and interference costs as inverse indicators of stability and flexibility. We instructed participants to either focus on the current task or switch flexibly between tasks in within-subjects designs, and monetary rewards were contingent on how well participants succeeded in implementing these instructions. Across both experiments, participants adjusted their task-switch costs but not their interference costs according to the instructions. The distractor relevance further did not moderate these adjustments. Multilevel analyses revealed no correlations between changes in task-switch costs and interference costs in both experiments. Taken together, our results provide evidence that adjustments in task-switch costs are partly under voluntary control. However, they did not provide evidence for the expected trade-off between indicators of cognitive stability and flexibility, at least in the task-switching paradigms we used. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2415-2434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148664084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Needing others to know you're good: Narcissists' pride in success is contingent on peer reactions.","authors":"Eric J Mercadante, Jessica L Tracy","doi":"10.1037/xge0001974","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior research shows that narcissists respond to failure by aggressing outward and defensively blaming others, but less is known about their responses to success. In four studies with American adults and Canadian undergraduates (total <i>N</i> = 3,463), participants recalled a real-life success or failure and reported their feelings of pride in response (Studies 1, 2, and 4) or experienced success in a controlled, laboratory experiment and reported pride in the success after receiving either positive or negative social feedback (Study 3). Across studies, two key findings emerged. First, narcissists reported greater pride following failure than those low in narcissism, and this difference was stronger than in a neutral control condition, consistent with prior research on narcissistic defensiveness. Second, in response to success, narcissists' feelings of pride were contingent on their peers' respect and admiration, such that they felt less pride than nonnarcissistic individuals following successes that did not make them feel prestigious in the eyes of their peers. This pattern of emotional responding was unique to narcissism and did not emerge for self-esteem. Results from this multimethod investigation suggest that narcissists show a distinctive pattern of pride in response to success and failure. They respond defensively to failure, reporting greater pride than nonnarcissists, and this pattern cannot be attributed to baseline, trait-level differences. In contrast, following success, narcissists' emotions are contingent upon perceiving respect and admiration from their peers, consistent with recent theoretical perspectives on narcissism that position status striving as narcissists' fundamental motive. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2552-2580"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148664071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}