Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献

{"title":"Speech categorization consistency is robustly associated with receptive oral language performance.","authors":"Hyoju Kim, J Bruce Tomblin, Bob McMurray","doi":"10.1037/xge0002013","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0002013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Speech perception research on individual differences and clinical populations has traditionally emphasized the gradient/categorical dimension of categorization. Recent work, however, highlights categorization consistency-trial-by-trial response variability-as a more informative index of individual differences. Whether this index is relevant for language functions remains unknown. Across three experiments, we tested whether speech categorization consistency, rather than gradiency, was associated with receptive oral language ability. In Experiment 1, English-speaking adults (<i>n</i> = 57) completed a speech visual analog scaling task, rating a speech continuum on a continuous scale, alongside two language assessments. Greater consistency in speech categorization was strongly associated with better receptive oral language performance, whereas gradiency showed no such relationship. Experiment 2 (<i>n</i> = 76) added a visual analog scaling task in which participants performed the same task with a visual continuum to determine whether the observed effects reflected domain-general categorization mechanisms. Speech consistency again showed a strong association with language ability, and commonality analyses indicated that this effect was largely unique to speech, not to visual consistency. Experiment 3 (<i>n</i> = 95) equated the number of speech and visual continua and added a nonverbal IQ measure. Despite shared variance across domains, speech categorization consistency retained a unique association with language performance beyond visual categorization consistency and nonverbal IQ. These findings suggest that categorization consistency reflects both domain-general and speech-specific components, with speech consistency showing the most robust relationship to receptive oral language performance. This reframes individual differences in speech categorization by highlighting categorization consistency as an important dimension linking perceptual processing and broader language function. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13729805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149321791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating how reward retroactively improves memory for associations and items: A registered report.","authors":"Hannah Tarder-Stoll, Margaret L Schlichting, Katherine D Duncan","doi":"10.1037/xge0002006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0002006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given we cannot remember all our experiences, it seems intuitive that we should prioritize events of consequence, like those that lead to a reward. However, rewards have had inconsistent effects on people's memory for preceding neutral experiences in experiments, raising questions as to whether our minds are equipped to remember adaptively. Here, we used online testing in a registered report to investigate whether rewards tend to retroactively enhance certain types of memories. Consistent with prior research and theories involving how dopamine modulates the hippocampus, we hypothesized that reward would retroactively enhance memory in a delay-dependent manner, emerging only after a period of consolidation. Crucially, we further predicted that this long-delay modulation of memory would be stronger for associative memory than for item recognition-a factor not previously considered despite its clear theoretical grounding. Our planned confirmatory analyses did not reveal any evidence for retroactive effects of reward on either associative or item memory. However, in exploratory analyses examining only individuals who were behaviorally sensitive to the reward manipulation, as measured by an independent task, we found evidence that reward retroactively enhanced associative-but not item-memory in a delay-dependent manner. This work sheds light on important open questions about the mechanisms by which reward retroactively enhances memory, elucidating the conditions under which this key aspect of adaptive memory emerges. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"155 11","pages":"2645-2663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149297958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children can suppress salient distractors.","authors":"Aniruddha Ramgir, Keerthana Kapiley, Dominique Lamy","doi":"10.1037/xge0002005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0002005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From a very young age, our perceptual system is particularly sensitive to salient events. When such events are irrelevant, adults can prevent them from capturing attention by suppressing the salient features and by prioritizing task-relevant information. Previous research suggests that both distractor-suppression and target-prioritization mechanisms are not yet fully developed at ages 5-6. However, this work has not clearly disentangled the two mechanisms. Here, we specifically investigated whether children can suppress the salient feature of an irrelevant distractor. Two groups of children (aged 5-6 and 8-9) searched for a shape-defined target among heterogeneously shaped nontargets. All items had the same color throughout the experiment, but on two thirds of the trials, one item (the singleton distractor) had a unique color that changed at the beginning of each block. We expected this distractor to interfere with search performance during the first half of each block (i.e., when its color was novel). The critical question was whether this interference would be reduced during the second block half (i.e., with enough experience with the distractor's color). This finding would indicate that the children suppressed the salient distractor color. We found clear evidence for feature-based suppression, and this effect was similar for the two age groups. These findings indicate that feature-based suppression develops early and may already be established by ages 5-6. More broadly, they are consistent with accounts in which suppression emerges through implicit learning or habituation-like mechanisms that are operational early in development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"155 11","pages":"2845-2853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149298005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enacted love: Capitalization responses signal love, including toward strangers.","authors":"Tatum A Jolink, Emily Le, Zoe Hansen, Kylie R Chandler, Alexis M Cameron, Issay Barry, Brett A Murphy, Sara B Algoe","doi":"10.1037/xge0001985","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>What behavior is seen as \"love\" and why does it matter? We theorize active-constructive responding to another's disclosure of good news is prototypical \"enacted love\" and test hypotheses about implications for a loving person's relationship development. We use three distinct methods-dyadic interactions between romantic couples (Study 1, N = 160), real spontaneous responses to a stranger's good news (Study 2, N = 204), and observation of others' real capitalization responses to a stranger's good news (Studies 3-5, N = 97, 105, and 402, respectively)-to assess convergent and discriminant evidence for the construct. Study 2 uses experience sampling to track the development of capitalization respondents' social lives over time. Studies 4 and 5 use within-subjects experiments to test hypotheses that loving behavior could influence others' interactions with loving people. Results have theoretical implications for close relationships and the concept of \"loving one's neighbor,\" plus practical implications for building bridges in a divided society. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"155 11","pages":"2806-2821"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149297985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging Bayesian and representational theories of memory to predict memory bias.","authors":"Anxin Miao, Timothy F Brady, Maria M Robinson","doi":"10.1037/xge0001945","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how people integrate gist and item-specific information is central to explaining how memory changes over time. We examined how these representations interact in visual memory by integrating a Bayesian framework with representational models of individual item and gist memory and tested the model on its capacity to predict people's gist-based memory distortions. To this end, participants completed separate tasks designed to measure gist and item-specific memory. We used data from both tasks and independent measures of people's stimulus representations to quantify memory fidelity for individual items and gist. We then substituted these parameters into our model to generate predictions of people's memory errors in a third task where people's memory for individual items was biased by category-level structure. Our model predicted entire distributions of people's memory errors, including the magnitude and direction of memory biases, as well as fine-grained individual differences in people's error distributions, such as their skew and variance, at different offsets. Our findings highlight the power of combining normative Bayesian with algorithmic representational modeling approaches to understand how people integrate noisy memory representations at different levels of abstraction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2631-2644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148199067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beliefs about the causal interdependence of virtues and vices.","authors":"Benjamin Hardin, Sydney E Scott, Jessie Sun","doi":"10.1037/xge0002008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0002008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How do people think different positive and negative moral traits (i.e., virtues and vices) affect one another? For example, do they think that improving one virtue (e.g., honesty) will facilitate improvements in another virtue (e.g., compassion)? Do people believe in \"master virtues\" that, when improved, have disproportionate positive impacts on other moral virtues? Here, we examine perceived causal interdependence among 15 moral virtues and 13 moral vices. Across four studies, participants indicated their beliefs about how increasing their virtues would impact their other virtues (Study 1; 275 Prolific participants), how increasing their vices would impact their other vices (Study 2; 423 undergraduate students), and how increases in virtues would affect vices (or vice versa; Studies 3 and 4; 337 undergraduate students and 298 Prolific participants). We find people generally believe in facilitation effects, where improving one trait improves other traits and worsening one trait worsens other traits. Specifically, people believe that increasing one virtue tends to increase other virtues (Study 1) and decrease other vices (Studies 3 and 4). Similarly, people believe that increasing one vice tends to increase other vices (Study 2) and decrease other virtues (Studies 3 and 4). Perceived trade-offs were rare and involved laziness and cowardice decreasing or being decreased by other vices. There was little evidence for beliefs in a \"master virtue.\" However, we find some evidence that people think cruelty and greed are disproportionately impactful \"master vices.\" These results enhance our understanding of lay moral concepts by painting a comprehensive picture of people's beliefs about the causal interdependence among moral virtues and vices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"155 11","pages":"2822-2844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149297991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equity rewards the true self: True-self attributions drive perceptions of equity-based justice.","authors":"Charles Chu","doi":"10.1037/xge0001999","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article proposes that true-self attributions drive equity judgments. I hypothesize that attributing an individual's input (e.g., their individual work performance) to their true self makes that input seem more informative about the person, which, in turn, leads to higher perceived equity-based justice and support for proportionally rewarding that input (e.g., a pay-for-performance policy). Four studies in the main article and three studies in the Supplemental Material (<i>N</i> = 5,972) tested this claim. Studies 1 and 2 found that true-self attributions for individuals' inputs had a causal effect on perceived equity-based justice of and support for a proportional distribution policy and that perceived informativeness of those inputs mediated this effect. Study 3 next manipulated the informativeness of individuals' inputs and found a direct causal effect on equity-based justice and support for proportional distribution policies, even while holding constant related attributional dimensions such as controllability. Study 4 then provided ecologically valid evidence for the hypothesis using a nationally representative correlational survey. Implications for research on the true self, essentialism, equity-based distributive justice, and merit are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2784-2805"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive regulation of confidence following metacognitive conflict: Evidence from behavior and computational modeling.","authors":"Jintao Xing, Stef Herregods, Luc Vermeylen, Kobe Desender","doi":"10.1037/xge0001997","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is well established that external feedback is effective not only for enhancing cognitive performance but also for regulating metacognitive monitoring. However, external feedback could be detrimental when it conflicts with one's internal feedback signal (i.e., the level of confidence we have in our decisions). Currently, however, it is unknown how discrepancies between internal and external feedback (\"metacognitive conflict\") influence cognitive and metacognitive performance. Here, we examined this question in a series of perceptual decision-making experiments in which participants reported both their level of confidence and received performance feedback. Metacognitive conflict occurs if participants have high confidence in their decision, but external feedback indicates that the decision was erroneous, or vice versa. Results revealed that metacognitive conflict triggers next-trial behavioral adjustments: Participants exhibit significantly lower confidence following metacognitive conflict. Furthermore, this behavioral adjustment was smaller in blocks with a high versus low proportion of metacognitive conflict trials, and confidence was generally reduced in blocks with a high proportion of metacognitive conflict. To better characterize the computational mechanisms underlying this effect, we deployed an evidence accumulation model with additional postdecision accumulation to quantify confidence. Model fits revealed that participants become more conservative in reporting confidence after experiencing metacognitive conflict, as evidenced by biased postdecision starting points. Jointly, our findings provide much-needed insight into the metacognitive consequences of metacognitive conflict. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2696-2711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148969135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognition-memory asymmetries predicted by individual item memorability.","authors":"Igor Utochkin, Nicholas Chiang, Wilma A Bainbridge","doi":"10.1037/xge0002003","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0002003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to current recognition-memory theories, a major source of confusion when people judge which stimuli they remember is the contextual similarity of those stimuli to those from the studied list. However, these theories overlook the potential for confusions to arise from item-specific memorability properties not explained by list properties-namely, the likelihood that a stimulus will be correctly recognized if studied (\"hittability\") or falsely recognized if not (\"false alarmability\")-independent of contextual similarity. Here, we introduce a memorability continuum model based on signal detection theory. The model predicts that differences in the individual \"hittability\" and \"false alarmability\" of arbitrary Items A and B grounded in their representational locations on an internal familiarity axis can often lead to asymmetric recognition performance in a forced-choice task such that recognition of Target A over Foil B is more accurate than recognition of Target B over Foil A. In a forced-choice experiment testing memory for real-world object images, the model successfully predicted specific item pair asymmetries. Using deep convolutional neural networks validated on human similarity judgments, we showed that memory-list context explains only a small fraction of variance in false alarmability but not hittability. We also show that, while interitem similarity explains a small percentage of variance in their forced-choice discriminability, ignoring their differential memorability properties as targets and foils fails to predict the asymmetries. Our results highlight the need to integrate item-level memorability into existing recognition-memory theories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2678-2695"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How we see relations: The case of containment and support.","authors":"Sofie Vettori, Farzad Rostami, Jean-Rémy Hochmann, Liuba Papeo","doi":"10.1037/xge0002012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0002012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To navigate and act in the environment, it is necessary to recognize objects and the relationships between them. Recognition of objects in visual scenes is rapid and automatic. Are relations between objects in a scene also extracted rapidly and automatically during perception? Here, we considered containment and support, two relations that are fundamental to our understanding of the physical world. Using frequency-tagging electroencephalography on human subjects, we measured stimulus-driven neural responses during rapid visual presentation of images (4 Hz), with a periodic oddball structure to isolate the selective response to object pairs presented side-by-side (e.g., a book and a table) versus two objects in support or containment relations (e.g., a book on a table). We found enhanced responses to objects in support/containment relations (vs. objects side-by-side) when a relation was instantiated by different exemplars of the same scene (e.g., a book on a table), but not by different scenes involving distinct object categories (e.g., a book on a table, a lamp on a stand, a laptop on a desk). These findings indicate that, during scene perception, relations are extracted in a format that generalizes within, but not across, types of visual scenes. We propose that, during perception, relations are not represented as discrete, abstract tokens (\"in\" or \"on\") but rather as objects' properties, such that changes in the objects entail changes in the relational representation. These results provide new insight into the perceptual foundations of relational processing underlying physical reasoning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"155 11","pages":"2888-2902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149297969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}