Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第2页

Asking open-ended questions promotes personal goal attainment in integrative negotiations. 在整合谈判中，提出开放式问题可以促进个人目标的实现。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-31 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001990

Matteo Di Stasi, Alison Wood Brooks, Jordi Quoidbach

{"title":"Asking open-ended questions promotes personal goal attainment in integrative negotiations.","authors":"Matteo Di Stasi, Alison Wood Brooks, Jordi Quoidbach","doi":"10.1037/xge0001990","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001990","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research suggests that asking more questions improves outcomes in cooperative conversations, and a vast wisdom literature espouses the power of asking questions during conflictual conversations, too: Negotiation experts suggest that questions invite counterparts to disclose information and, in doing so, put askers at an informational advantage. But is this advice necessary-and is it effective? We analyzed 61,057 speech turns from transcripts of 309 dyadic integrative negotiations and used natural language processing to estimate how often people ask questions, what types of questions they ask, and how well question-asking predicts personal goal attainment (Study 1; n = 618 MBA students). Open-ended questions were rare, occurring about once every 4 min (8% of turns). Yet, asking more open-ended questions was robustly associated with personal gains. Closed-ended questions and nonquestion statements were not reliably related to personal gains. We then tested causality in live chat negotiations: Participants who were instructed to ask open-ended questions achieved higher personal gains than those instructed to ask closed-ended questions or to only make statements (Study 2; n = 1,452 online participants), and those instructed to prepare open-ended questions before their interactions outperformed those instructed to prepare statements (Study 3; n = 372 online participants). In all studies, the benefits of open-ended questions were tied to increased information elicitation and greater value creation. Collectively, these findings offer empirical support for the widely accepted-but rarely tested-claim that negotiators (and conversationalists broadly) focus excessively on influencing (by making statements) at the expense of learning (by asking questions). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2435-2453"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148865223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Naturally disengaging control to reveal habits. 自然脱离控制，揭示习惯。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001981

Sarah Oh, Anne G E Collins

{"title":"Naturally disengaging control to reveal habits.","authors":"Sarah Oh, Anne G E Collins","doi":"10.1037/xge0001981","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001981","url":null,"abstract":"Habits are an essential part of everyday decision making, yet the mechanisms underlying human habit formation and expression are difficult to study in laboratory settings, where participants typically engage strong goal-directed (GD) control that can mask habitual tendencies. Recent approaches have successfully elicited habits in long experiments by limiting the amount of GD control participants can exert (e.g., through forced response times). We extend this approach by designing a short behavioral paradigm that aims to induce and reveal habits without extrinsically limiting GD control, instead incorporating task features that we hypothesized would encourage participants to spontaneously relax GD control: a hierarchical multistep trial structure, opportunities for self-correction, and frequent switches between extensively and minimally practiced behaviors. Across seven experiments, we demonstrate that this approach induces habitual control in a relatively brief paradigm. Specifically, overtraining increases slips of action toward the extensively practiced context and reduces slips toward the minimally practiced one, indicating behavioral inflexibility at early response times, while slower responses remain dominated by GD control. Systematic manipulation of task features across experiments revealed that allowing multiple response attempts was particularly important for reliably observing this overtraining effect; a hierarchical trial structure may further facilitate habit expression, though this remains inconclusive. More broadly, our paradigm provides a practical tool for investigating how habits form and interact with goal-directed control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"155 10","pages":"2350-2393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13665688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Children's understanding of COVID-19 and the flu in three demographically distinct U.S. communities. 美国三个不同社区儿童对COVID-19和流感的理解

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-24 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001987

David Menendez, Tania Dhaliwal, Valerie Umscheid, Danielle Labotka, Susan A Gelman

{"title":"Children's understanding of COVID-19 and the flu in three demographically distinct U.S. communities.","authors":"David Menendez, Tania Dhaliwal, Valerie Umscheid, Danielle Labotka, Susan A Gelman","doi":"10.1037/xge0001987","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001987","url":null,"abstract":"Children's understanding of illness reflects their developing views of the biological world and predicts the protective measures they engage in. However, most of the research to date has focused on children from the communities surrounding research universities and as such might not provide a generalizable view of how children across the United States think about illnesses and viruses. This is of particular concern with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic, as Black and Latinx communities experienced more hospitalizations and deaths, and rural conservative communities were the targets of misinformation. We examined beliefs about two illnesses (COVID-19 and the flu) in 5- to 12-year-old children (N = 313) and their parents (N = 194), from three different types of communities across the United States: university communities (Nchildren = 104; Nparents = 64), low-socioeconomic-status Black and Latinx communities (Nchildren = 101; Nparents = 64), and low-socioeconomic-status White rural conservative communities (Nchildren = 108; Nparents = 65). We found that children had a good understanding of the external processes involved in disease transmission but showed gaps and misconceptions about the internal biological processes; accuracy increased with age. The patterns of responding were largely similar across the three types of communities. Nonetheless, sociodemographic variables related to children's and parents' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward illness. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive view of how children in different communities across the United States think about illness and viruses.","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2527-2551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148812995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recognition-memory asymmetries predicted by individual item memorability. 单个项目记忆预测的识别-记忆不对称。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-09-28 DOI: 10.1037/xge0002003

Igor Utochkin, Nicholas Chiang, Wilma A Bainbridge

{"title":"Recognition-memory asymmetries predicted by individual item memorability.","authors":"Igor Utochkin, Nicholas Chiang, Wilma A Bainbridge","doi":"10.1037/xge0002003","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0002003","url":null,"abstract":"According to current recognition-memory theories, a major source of confusion when people judge which stimuli they remember is the contextual similarity of those stimuli to those from the studied list. However, these theories overlook the potential for confusions to arise from item-specific memorability properties not explained by list properties-namely, the likelihood that a stimulus will be correctly recognized if studied (\"hittability\") or falsely recognized if not (\"false alarmability\")-independent of contextual similarity. Here, we introduce a memorability continuum model based on signal detection theory. The model predicts that differences in the individual \"hittability\" and \"false alarmability\" of arbitrary Items A and B grounded in their representational locations on an internal familiarity axis can often lead to asymmetric recognition performance in a forced-choice task such that recognition of Target A over Foil B is more accurate than recognition of Target B over Foil A. In a forced-choice experiment testing memory for real-world object images, the model successfully predicted specific item pair asymmetries. Using deep convolutional neural networks validated on human similarity judgments, we showed that memory-list context explains only a small fraction of variance in false alarmability but not hittability. We also show that, while interitem similarity explains a small percentage of variance in their forced-choice discriminability, ignoring their differential memorability properties as targets and foils fails to predict the asymmetries. Our results highlight the need to integrate item-level memorability into existing recognition-memory theories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What predicts expertise in Baduk? Intelligence, practice, and a natural test of the range restriction hypothesis. 如何预测棋艺？智力，练习，和范围限制假设的自然测试。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-09-28 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001983

Daniel A Southwick, Chayce Baldwin, Kyle W Harwell, Ellie Agler, Jong Sung Yoon

{"title":"What predicts expertise in Baduk? Intelligence, practice, and a natural test of the range restriction hypothesis.","authors":"Daniel A Southwick, Chayce Baldwin, Kyle W Harwell, Ellie Agler, Jong Sung Yoon","doi":"10.1037/xge0001983","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001983","url":null,"abstract":"The range restriction hypothesis suggests that intelligence-performance correlations may be underestimated in domains like chess, where most players have above-average cognitive ability. We test this hypothesis using Baduk (Go), a game of even greater complexity but, apparently, without the range restrictions in intelligence typically observed in chess. In Study 1A, experts reported significantly more serious practice alone than amateurs (d = 1.42), but scored lower in fluid intelligence (d = -1.78). In Study 1B, we invited participants back to complete a revised matrix reasoning task. We preregistered that we would observe the same finding with the new measure and, again, experts scored worse in fluid intelligence than amateurs (d = -1.79). However, this effect was no longer significant when controlling for education-suggesting that the observed intelligence gap may reflect developmental trade-offs rather than a true cognitive disadvantage among experts. Rather than fluid intelligence driving expertise, time investments in schooling versus practice appear to shape both cognitive scores and Baduk skill. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From Gestalt boundary to psychological border: Perceptual structure constrains strategic planning and intention inference. 从格式塔边界到心理边界：知觉结构制约策略规划和意图推理。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-09-28 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001977

Zhen Li, Ning Tang, Siyi Gong, Jifan Zhou, Mowei Shen, Tao Gao

{"title":"From Gestalt boundary to psychological border: Perceptual structure constrains strategic planning and intention inference.","authors":"Zhen Li, Ning Tang, Siyi Gong, Jifan Zhou, Mowei Shen, Tao Gao","doi":"10.1037/xge0001977","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001977","url":null,"abstract":"Why do humans so often become trapped in protracted conflicts even when peaceful settlement would be mutually beneficial? Across a series of experiments using a temporally extended territorial conflict game, we show that failures of intention inference play a central role in sustaining conflict and that payoff-irrelevant perceptual structure can substantially facilitate settlement. When conflict unfolds in a perceptually unstructured environment, participants' ability to distinguish defensive from offensive actions remains near chance, accompanied by a systematic bias toward inferring hostile intent from defensive behavior. This distortion in intention inference drives self-reinforcing escalation, capturing at a psychological level the security dilemma long emphasized in political theories of conflict. By contrast, introducing a payoff-irrelevant territorial Gestalt that segments the environment into perceptually salient regions dramatically improves intention inference. These Gestalt boundaries function as psychological focal points, constraining strategic reasoning, aligning expectations, and enabling reciprocal settlement despite the absence of explicit communication. We propose that perceptual organization shapes the goal space over which theory of mind operates, thereby stabilizing intention inference in high-stakes interactions. More broadly, these findings suggest that social cognition and strategic reasoning are grounded in perceptual organization of action affordances, challenging accounts that treat intention uncertainty as an inevitable feature of severe conflict. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual mechanisms of temporal recalibration and Bayesian calibration in tactile simultaneity perception. 触觉同时性知觉中时间再校准和贝叶斯校准的双重机制。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-09-28 DOI: 10.1037/xge0002004

Kyuto Uno, Kaoru Amano

{"title":"Dual mechanisms of temporal recalibration and Bayesian calibration in tactile simultaneity perception.","authors":"Kyuto Uno, Kaoru Amano","doi":"10.1037/xge0002004","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0002004","url":null,"abstract":"To reconstruct the temporal structure of the external world, the brain is thought to adapt to sensory and sensorimotor delays. Repeated exposure to asynchronous stimulus pairs typically induces a compensatory shift in perceived timing, known as temporal recalibration. Although temporal recalibration has been reported across many modality pairings, tactile timing has been treated as an exception because prior studies have predominantly reported an opposite-direction shift toward the experienced lag (Bayesian calibration). Here we tested whether this apparent exception reflects modality-specific constraints or differences in experimental procedure. By systematically manipulating the experimental protocol, we show that a canonical paradigm dissociating adaptation and test reliably induces compensatory temporal recalibration in touch. By contrast, when observers make trial-by-trial judgments under biased distributions of stimulus onset asynchrony without a dissociated adaptation phase, perceived simultaneity shifts in the Bayesian-calibration direction. Across experiments, the two opposite-direction shifts were observed in temporal order judgments as well as simultaneity judgments. Together, these findings indicate that the direction of perceptual shifts in timing is not determined solely by sensory modality but is dynamically shaped by procedural factors. Whether timing adjustments manifest as temporal recalibration or Bayesian calibration depends primarily on how timing judgments are structured, rather than on the sensory modality per se. These findings suggest a modality-general framework for adaptive timing perception, comprising two distinct mechanisms: temporal recalibration and Bayesian calibration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scaling vision to the body: Height predicts visual experience and perceptual performance. 将视觉缩放到身体：高度预测视觉体验和感知表现。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-09-24 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001965

Michelle R Greene, Benjamin J Balas

引用次数: 0

Bridging real-world summarization and laboratory-based memory recall. 弥合现实世界的总结和实验室为基础的记忆回忆。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-09-24 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001994

Hemali Angne, Snigdha S Mishra, Guo Lin, Qiong Zhang

{"title":"Bridging real-world summarization and laboratory-based memory recall.","authors":"Hemali Angne, Snigdha S Mishra, Guo Lin, Qiong Zhang","doi":"10.1037/xge0001994","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001994","url":null,"abstract":"A fundamental question in psychology is how humans digest, retain, and reconstruct information. While this process has been extensively studied in laboratory-based memory recall tasks, we have missed opportunities to examine it under more naturalistic, real-world conditions. Summarization is a task that people routinely engage in every day, and it is also a long-standing challenge in the machine learning community. Rich data sets of human summaries from machine learning provide a valuable, untapped resource for cognitive science researchers. In this work, we analyze 45,220 human summaries drawn from three large data sets, including news articles, autobiographical stories, and Reddit posts, and compare them with a data set of narrative memory recall. We demonstrate a close relationship between human summarization and laboratory-based memory recall. While summarization operates at a higher level of abstraction than memory recall, the two tasks share deep similarities. The process of summarizing is fundamentally constrained by memory mechanisms, displaying well-known memory regularities, including primacy, recency, and temporal contiguity effects. Conversely, memory recall takes the form of summarization, prioritizing central and important information. Together, these findings bridge the real-world task of summarization and the rich literature on memory recall and lay the foundation for developing integrated theories of how humans digest and reconstruct information. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The moralized coalitions model: How coalitional thinking and moralization shape social perception. 道德化的联盟模式：联盟思维和道德化如何塑造社会感知。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2026-09-24 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001998

Trystan Loustau, Liane Young

{"title":"The moralized coalitions model: How coalitional thinking and moralization shape social perception.","authors":"Trystan Loustau, Liane Young","doi":"10.1037/xge0001998","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001998","url":null,"abstract":"Social identities increasingly align along partisan lines in the United States, creating the potential for \"moralized coalitions\" that structure how people perceive and evaluate others. We propose the moralized coalitions model: When people mentally represent social groups as overlapping coalitions, these representations prompt category-based inferences and shape social evaluation, especially when group boundaries are moralized. Rather than representing groups primarily in terms of traits or beliefs, individuals may also construe social groups (e.g., political parties) as coalitions of overlapping social categories. Across five studies (total N = 2,226), we provide initial evidence consistent with this framework. Study 1 shows that individuals treat political party as highly informative about others despite its limited predictive value, suggesting reliance on coalitional inference. Study 2 demonstrates that coalitional descriptors can be distinguished from traits and that partisan groups agree more on coalition-based stereotypes than on trait-based stereotypes. Study 3 shows that participants spontaneously described partisans in largely coalitional terms. In an evaluative judgment study (Study 4) and an experimental manipulation of coalitional strength (Study 5), perceived associations between parties and groups shaped evaluations of those groups. Moralization of partisanship amplified these effects, especially for outparty-associated groups. Study 5 further suggests that these effects operate primarily through perceived alignment (e.g., support and affiliation), rather than perceived trait similarity. Together, these findings suggest that perceived coalitional alignment plays a role in social evaluation alongside traits and beliefs. More broadly, the moralized coalitions model highlights how perceived group structure and moralization jointly contribute to moralized intergroup conflict. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0