Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第3页

Cognitive mechanisms of aversive prediction error-induced memory enhancements.

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001712

Kaja Loock, Felix Kalbe, Lars Schwabe

{"title":"Cognitive mechanisms of aversive prediction error-induced memory enhancements.","authors":"Kaja Loock, Felix Kalbe, Lars Schwabe","doi":"10.1037/xge0001712","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001712","url":null,"abstract":"While prediction errors (PEs) have long been recognized as critical in associative learning, emerging evidence indicates their significant role in episodic memory formation. This series of four experiments sought to elucidate the cognitive mechanisms underlying the enhancing effects of PEs related to aversive events on memory for surrounding neutral events. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether these PE effects are specific to predictive stimuli preceding the PE or if PEs create a transient window of enhanced, unselective memory formation. In a combined incidental encoding-fear learning task, participants (n = 355) estimated aversive shock probabilities after trial-unique stimuli. Physiological arousal and explicit PEs were measured during encoding to predict recognition memory tested either immediately after encoding (Experiment 3) or 24 hr later (Experiments 1-4). Our results show that the retroactive memory enhancement induced by PEs may extend back longer than previously assumed, impacting stimuli presented 10 s before the PE. Furthermore, PE-driven memory enhancement extends beyond predictive stimuli preceding the PE event to those encountered afterward. Importantly, our findings reveal that PE-related memory enhancement for stimuli preceding the PE event is specific to predictive stimuli, with uninformative stimuli not benefiting from PEs and even interfering with the PE-driven memory enhancement. This pattern demonstrates that PE effects are not unspecific but that PEs enhance memory for predictive stimuli encountered around a PE event. Notably, memory-enhancing effects of PEs persisted even when controlling for changes in arousal. These findings provide insights into the cognitive mechanisms of PE-induced enhancements of memory, with potential implications for understanding aberrant emotional memory in fear-related disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1102-1121"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temporal metacognition: Direct readout or mental construct? The case of introspective reaction time.

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001708

Nathalie Pavailler, Wim Gevers, Boris Burle

{"title":"Temporal metacognition: Direct readout or mental construct? The case of introspective reaction time.","authors":"Nathalie Pavailler, Wim Gevers, Boris Burle","doi":"10.1037/xge0001708","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001708","url":null,"abstract":"Deciphering whether and which mental processes are accessible for metacognitive judgments is a key question to understand higher cognitive functions. Paralleling the crucial role of reaction times (RT) for unraveling the temporal sequence of mental processes, a comparable chronometric approach can be employed at the second-order level through introspective reaction times (iRT) measures. Although mean iRT correlate with mean RT, suggesting good metacognitive abilities, this would not necessarily imply a direct readout of the duration of the underlying processes as participants may instead rely on inferences based on other salient, nontemporal, cues. In the present study, two experiments investigated information at the basis of iRT. In visual choice reaction time tasks, participants were asked to report their RT on a visual analog scale after each trial. Thanks to linear regression analyses, we could evidence that trial-by-trial RT and iRT were strongly correlated, indicating a good readout of RT duration, but also that subjective evaluation was systematically biased by some experimental conditions. In addition, with electromyographic recordings, each single trial RT could be fractionated into premotor and motor times, allowing to investigate the relative contribution of each subprocess to iRT. This revealed that participants access both decision and motor execution durations. Results show that participants can access the duration of their mental processes but that this readout can be biased by nontemporal cues. The proposed methodology allows to dissociate the two. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1122-1148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A watched pot seems slow to boil: Why frequent monitoring decreases perceptions of progress.

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001733

André Vaz, André Mata, Clayton R Critcher

{"title":"A watched pot seems slow to boil: Why frequent monitoring decreases perceptions of progress.","authors":"André Vaz, André Mata, Clayton R Critcher","doi":"10.1037/xge0001733","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001733","url":null,"abstract":"In evaluating changing attributes (e.g., work output, pollution levels), perceivers care not only about an attribute's level but its rate of change. Two employees likely have different value in the eyes of a supervisor if they take different amounts of time to complete the same work. Ten studies in the main article (and five in the Supplemental Materials) document and explore a monitoring frequency effect (MFE): Progress is seen to slow to the extent it is monitored more frequently. This effect was observed across various domains (workplace, public health, environmental, investment, physical growth) and was robust to financial incentives that encouraged accuracy. Several factors are identified that affect preferences for monitoring targets more or less frequently. Participants also displayed preferences for how frequently they themselves would be monitored; this investigation directly revealed the counterintuitive nature of the MFE. Although the MFE was robust to all tested variants, the size of the MFE did depend on how information about attribute changes was presented. Two mechanistic accounts-one rooted in memory biases for tracked information and the other in a failure to synthesize the tracked information in a normative way-were tested. Only the latter was supported. Discussion focuses on how the MFE complements or only superficially contradicts previous work on myopic loss aversion, the ratio bias, partition dependence, and tracking goal progress. The MFE identifies a qualitatively distinct way by which prior evaluations and beliefs can color evaluations of targets, thereby reinforcing even misguided priors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"895-918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Large scale event segmentation affects the microlevel action control processes. 大规模事件分割影响着微观层面的动作控制过程。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001681

Birte Moeller, Christian Beste, Alexander Münchau, Christian Frings

{"title":"Large scale event segmentation affects the microlevel action control processes.","authors":"Birte Moeller, Christian Beste, Alexander Münchau, Christian Frings","doi":"10.1037/xge0001681","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001681","url":null,"abstract":"How do we make sense of our surroundings? A widely recognized field in cognitive psychology suggests that many important functions like memory of incidents, reasoning, and attention depend on the way we segment the ongoing stream of perception (Zacks & Swallow, 2007). An open question still is, how the structure generated from a perceptual stream translates into behavior. To address this question, we combined the findings in event segmentation literature with another influential body of literature that analyzes mechanisms behind the control of individual actions (Frings et al., 2020). Specifically, we analyzed how two very basic mechanisms in action control (binding and retrieval) are affected by boundaries between events. Two comic scenarios with different characters were used to implement events and boundaries between events. In two experiments, we measured binding and retrieval between individually executed responses that could be part of the same or separate events. In Experiment 1, we found larger binding effects for responses that were integrated within an event than for responses that had to be integrated across an event boundary. In Experiment 2, we found that the effect of retrieval of a past response on further actions was hampered by an event boundary. Together, the experiments indicate that the structure we pick up from our environment can translate into ongoing action via modulation of the two basic mechanisms binding and retrieval. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"969-979"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Avoiding positivity at a cost: Evidence of reward devaluation in the novel valence selection task. 以代价避免积极：新效价选择任务中奖励贬值的证据。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001702

Mya Urena, E Samuel Winer, Caitlin Mills

{"title":"Avoiding positivity at a cost: Evidence of reward devaluation in the novel valence selection task.","authors":"Mya Urena, E Samuel Winer, Caitlin Mills","doi":"10.1037/xge0001702","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001702","url":null,"abstract":"Reward devaluation theory (RDT) posits that some depressed individuals may not only be biased toward negative material but also actively avoid positive material (i.e., devaluing reward). Although there are intuitive, everyday life consequences for individuals who \"devalue reward\" or positivity, prior work has not established if (and how) reward devaluation manifests in tasks that encompass aspects of our daily lives, such as reading. The current research thus assessed if devaluation presents in a novel Valence Selection Task, akin to a reading assignment. In three studies, participants read incomplete reading prompts and were instructed to choose between a positively valenced, negatively valenced, or neutral sentence ending-all of which were viable sentence endings. Study 1 demonstrated that participants exhibiting depressive symptoms (assessed via fear of happiness) were less likely to select the positive endings, in line with RDT predictions. Study 2 replicated these findings, regardless of who the \"subject\" of the reading prompt was (self vs. other). Finally, results from Study 3 suggest that participants who displayed depressive symptoms were less likely to choose the positively valenced response, even when it was manipulated to be the objectively correct answer. These findings underscore the relevance of RDT in novel contexts and highlight potential clinical and educational applications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"958-968"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From artifacts to human lives: Investigating the domain-generality of judgments about purposes. 从人工制品到人类生活：调查关于目的判断的领域普遍性。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001709

Michael Prinzing, David Rose, Siying Zhang, Eric Tu, Abigail Concha, Michael Rea, Jonathan Schaffer, Tobias Gerstenberg, Joshua Knobe

{"title":"From artifacts to human lives: Investigating the domain-generality of judgments about purposes.","authors":"Michael Prinzing, David Rose, Siying Zhang, Eric Tu, Abigail Concha, Michael Rea, Jonathan Schaffer, Tobias Gerstenberg, Joshua Knobe","doi":"10.1037/xge0001709","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001709","url":null,"abstract":"People attribute purposes in both mundane and profound ways-such as when thinking about the purpose of a knife and the purpose of a life. In three studies (total N = 13,720 observations from N = 3,430 participants), we tested whether these seemingly very different forms of purpose attributions might actually involve the same cognitive processes. We examined the impacts of four factors on purpose attributions in six domains (artifacts, social institutions, animals, body parts, sacred objects, and human lives). Study 1 manipulated what items in each domain were originally created for (original design) and how people currently use them (present practice). Study 2 manipulated whether items are good at achieving a goal (effectiveness) and whether the goal itself is good (morality). We found effects of each factor in every domain. However, whereas morality and effectiveness had remarkably similar effects across domains, the effects of original design and present practice differed substantially. Finally, Study 3 revealed that, within domains, the effects of original design and present practice depend on which entities design and use items. These results reveal striking similarities in purpose attributions across domains and suggest that certain entities are treated as authorities over the purposes of particular items. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"980-1003"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emerging adaptivity in probability learning: How young minds and the environment interact.

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001747

Anna I Thoma, Ben R Newell, Christin Schulze

{"title":"Emerging adaptivity in probability learning: How young minds and the environment interact.","authors":"Anna I Thoma, Ben R Newell, Christin Schulze","doi":"10.1037/xge0001747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001747","url":null,"abstract":"Children often have to choose between two or more probabilistically rewarded options. How early in life do they learn to choose adaptively? Connecting research on ecologically rational probability matching in adulthood with research on the benefits of cognitive immaturity in childhood, we compared children's (3-11 years; N = 362) and adults' (N = 121) repeated choice behavior in a child-friendly probability learning task. We implemented two static and one ecologically plausible statistical environment as between-subjects conditions. Behavioral and computational modeling analyses provided converging evidence for perseveration tendencies in 3- to 4-year-olds and adaptive choice diversification from age 6 years onward. On average, school-aged children showed a stronger tendency for exploration, whereas adults were better able to overcome this tendency in favor of exploitation. Our findings emphasize the importance of implementing ecologically plausible task environments in research on cognitive development and contribute a novel repeated choice perspective to the discussion on the adaptive functions of wide exploration in childhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effort can have positive, negative, and nonmonotonic impacts on outcome value in economic choice.

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001738

Przemysław Marcowski, Wojciech Białaszek, Piotr Winkielman

{"title":"Effort can have positive, negative, and nonmonotonic impacts on outcome value in economic choice.","authors":"Przemysław Marcowski, Wojciech Białaszek, Piotr Winkielman","doi":"10.1037/xge0001738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001738","url":null,"abstract":"Every action demands some effort, and its level influences decision making. Existing data suggest that in some decision contexts, effort devalues outcomes, but in other contexts, effort enhances outcome valuation. Here, we describe an empirical study and propose a model that incorporates negative, positive, and mixed impacts of effort on outcomes in different decision contexts and different participants. Participants chose between money and an item associated with varying levels of stair-climbing effort. Some participants had previous direct experience with a real physical effort and made decisions about a physically present reward. For other participants, the effort and the associated reward were always purely hypothetical. Furthermore, the decisions were framed as prospective or retrospective-before or after effort exertion. The key behavioral finding was that in the \"real\" condition, greater effort decreased outcome value when considered prospectively, but increased outcome value when considered retrospectively. Interestingly, even within the same decision context, individuals showed diverse relationships between effort and outcome value. These relationships ranged from those where greater effort increased value and decreased value to nonlinear patterns, where small effort initially increased outcome value but higher effort decreased it, or the other way around (initial decrease followed by a decrease). When our model was applied to participants' individual choices, it was able to capture the monotonic and nonmonotonic relationships and outperformed previous solutions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

International stability and change in explicit and implicit attitudes: An investigation spanning 33 countries, five social groups, and 11 years (2009-2019).

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001746

Benedek Kurdi, Tessa E S Charlesworth, Patrick Mair

{"title":"International stability and change in explicit and implicit attitudes: An investigation spanning 33 countries, five social groups, and 11 years (2009-2019).","authors":"Benedek Kurdi, Tessa E S Charlesworth, Patrick Mair","doi":"10.1037/xge0001746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001746","url":null,"abstract":"Whether and when explicit (self-reported) and implicit (automatically revealed) social group attitudes can change has been a central topic of psychological inquiry over the past decades. Here, we take a novel approach to answering these longstanding questions by leveraging data collected via the Project Implicit International websites from 1.4 million participants across 33 countries, five social group targets (age, body weight, sexuality, skin tone, and race), and 11 years (2009-2019). Bayesian time-series modeling using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation revealed changes toward less bias in all five explicit attitudes, ranging from a decrease of 18% for body weight to 43% for sexuality. By contrast, implicit attitudes showed more variation in trends: Implicit sexuality attitudes decreased by 36%; implicit race, age, and body weight attitudes remained stable; and implicit skin tone attitudes showed a curvilinear effect, first decreasing and then increasing in bias, with a 20% increase overall. These results suggest that cultural-level explicit attitude change is best explained by domain-general mechanisms (e.g., the adoption of egalitarian norms), whereas implicit attitude change is best explained by mechanisms specific to each social group target. Finally, exploratory analyses involving ecological correlates of change (e.g., population density and temperature) identified consistent patterns for all explicit attitudes, thus underscoring the domain-general nature of underlying mechanisms. Implicit attitudes again showed more variation, with body-related (age and body weight) and sociodemographic (sexuality, race, and skin tone) targets exhibiting opposite patterns. These insights facilitate novel theorizing about processes and mechanisms of cultural-level change in social group attitudes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intrinsically memorable words have unique associations with their meanings. 具有内在记忆力的词语与其含义有着独特的联系。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001742

Greta Tuckute, Kyle Mahowald, Phillip Isola, Aude Oliva, Edward Gibson, Evelina Fedorenko

引用次数: 0