Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第10页

Proximity to rewards modulates parameters of effortful control exertion. 接近奖励会调节努力控制用力的参数。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001561

Sean Devine, Mathieu Roy, Ulrik Beierholm, A Ross Otto

{"title":"Proximity to rewards modulates parameters of effortful control exertion.","authors":"Sean Devine, Mathieu Roy, Ulrik Beierholm, A Ross Otto","doi":"10.1037/xge0001561","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001561","url":null,"abstract":"The now-classic goal-gradient hypothesis posits that organisms increase effort expenditure as a function of their proximity to a goal. Despite nearly a century having passed since its original formulation, goal-gradient-like behavior in human cognitive performance remains poorly understood: Are we more willing to engage in costly cognitive processing when we are near, versus far, from a goal state? Moreover, the computational mechanisms underpinning these potential goal-gradient effects-for example, whether goal proximity affects fidelity of stimulus encoding, response caution, or other identifiable mechanisms governing speed and accuracy-are unclear. Here, in two experiments, we examine the effect of goal proximity, operationalized as progress toward the completion of a rewarded task block, upon task performance in an attentionally demanding oddball task. Supporting the goal-gradient hypothesis, we found that participants responded more quickly, but not less accurately, when rewards were proximal than when they were distal. Critically, this effect was only observed when participants were given information about goal proximity. Using hierarchical drift diffusion modeling, we found that these apparent goal-gradient performance effects were best explained by a collapsing bound model, in which proximity to a goal reduced response caution and increased information processing. Taken together, these results suggest that goal gradients could help explain the oft-observed fluctuations in engagement of cognitively effortful processing, extending the scope of the goal-gradient hypothesis to the domain of cognitive tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A lifespan study of the confidence-accuracy relation in working memory and episodic long-term memory. 关于工作记忆和外显长期记忆中信心与准确性关系的终生研究。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001551

Nathaniel R Greene, Alicia Forsberg, Dominic Guitard, Moshe Naveh-Benjamin, Nelson Cowan

{"title":"A lifespan study of the confidence-accuracy relation in working memory and episodic long-term memory.","authors":"Nathaniel R Greene, Alicia Forsberg, Dominic Guitard, Moshe Naveh-Benjamin, Nelson Cowan","doi":"10.1037/xge0001551","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001551","url":null,"abstract":"The relation between an individual's memory accuracy and reported confidence in their memories can indicate self-awareness of memory strengths and weaknesses. We provide a lifespan perspective on this confidence-accuracy relation, based on two previously published experiments with 320 participants, including children aged 6-13, young adults aged 18-27, and older adults aged 65-77, across tests of working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM). Participants studied visual items in arrays of varying set sizes and completed item recognition tests featuring 6-point confidence ratings either immediately after studying each array (WM tests) or following a long period of study events (LTM tests). Confidence-accuracy characteristic analyses showed that accuracy improved with increasing confidence for all age groups and in both WM and LTM tests. These findings reflect a universal ability across the lifespan to use awareness of the strengths and limitations of one's memories to adjust reported confidence. Despite this age invariance in the confidence-accuracy relation, however, young children were more prone to high-confidence memory errors than other groups in tests of WM, whereas older adults were more susceptible to high-confidence false alarms in tests of LTM. Thus, although participants of all ages can assess when their memories are weaker or stronger, individuals with generally weaker memories are less adept at this confidence-accuracy calibration. Findings also speak to potential different sources of high-confidence memory errors for young children and older adults, relative to young adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Judging robot ability: How people form implicit and explicit impressions of robot competence. 判断机器人的能力：人们如何形成对机器人能力的隐性和显性印象。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001548

Nicholas Surdel, Yochanan E Bigman, Xi Shen, Wen-Ying Lee, Malte F Jung, Melissa J Ferguson

{"title":"Judging robot ability: How people form implicit and explicit impressions of robot competence.","authors":"Nicholas Surdel, Yochanan E Bigman, Xi Shen, Wen-Ying Lee, Malte F Jung, Melissa J Ferguson","doi":"10.1037/xge0001548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001548","url":null,"abstract":"Robots' proliferation throughout society offers many opportunities and conveniences. However, our ability to effectively employ these machines relies heavily on our perceptions of their competence. In six studies (N = 2,660), participants played a competitive game with a robot to learn about its capabilities. After the learning experience, we measured explicit and implicit competence impressions to investigate how they reflected the learning experience. We observed two distinct dissociations between people's implicit and explicit competence impressions. Firstly, explicit impressions were uniquely sensitive to oddball behaviors. Implicit impressions only incorporated unexpected behaviors when they were moderately prevalent. Secondly, after forming a strong initial impression, explicit, but not implicit, impression updating demonstrated a positivity bias (i.e., an overvaluation of competence information). These findings suggest that the same learning experience with a robot is expressed differently at the implicit versus explicit level. We discuss implications from a social cognitive perspective, and how this work may inform emerging work on psychology toward robots. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140855079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Processing of fearful faces exhibits characteristics of subcortical functions. 对恐惧面孔的处理表现出皮层下功能的特征。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001568

Kairui Yu, Junzhen Guo, Zhenjie Xu, Feiyang Shi, Xiaoqian Yu, Fang Fang, Yingying Wang

{"title":"Processing of fearful faces exhibits characteristics of subcortical functions.","authors":"Kairui Yu, Junzhen Guo, Zhenjie Xu, Feiyang Shi, Xiaoqian Yu, Fang Fang, Yingying Wang","doi":"10.1037/xge0001568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001568","url":null,"abstract":"A subcortical pathway is thought to have evolved to facilitate fear information transmission, but direct evidence for its existence in humans is lacking. In recent years, rapid, preattentive, and preconscious fear processing has been demonstrated, providing indirect support for the existence of the subcortical pathway by challenging the necessity of canonical cortical pathways in fear processing. However, direct support also requires evidence for the involvement of subcortical regions in fear processing. To address this issue, here we investigate whether fear processing reflects the characteristics of the subcortical structures in the hypothesized subcortical pathway. Using a monocular/dichoptic paradigm, Experiment 1 demonstrated a same-eye advantage for fearful but not neutral face processing, suggesting that fear processing relied on monocular neurons existing mainly in the subcortex. Experiments 2 and 3 further showed insensitivity to short-wavelength stimuli and a nasal-temporal hemifield asymmetry in fear processing, both of which were functional characteristics of the superior colliculus, a key hub of the subcortical pathway. Furthermore, all three experiments revealed a low spatial frequency selectivity of fear processing, consistent with magnocellular input via subcortical neurons. These results suggest a selective involvement of subcortical structures in fear processing, which, together with the indirect evidence for automatic fear processing, provides a more complete picture of the existence of a subcortical pathway for fear processing in humans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140855196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

People constrain their semantic associations when talking to both friends and strangers. 人们在与朋友和陌生人交谈时都会限制自己的语义联想。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001549

Shelly Tsang, Jennie Lipson, Anna Snyder, Adrienne Wood

引用次数: 0

So much for plain language: An analysis of the accessibility of U.S. federal laws over time. 通俗语言也不过如此：对美国联邦法律可读性的长期分析。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001572

Eric Martínez, Francis Mollica, Edward Gibson

{"title":"So much for plain language: An analysis of the accessibility of U.S. federal laws over time.","authors":"Eric Martínez, Francis Mollica, Edward Gibson","doi":"10.1037/xge0001572","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001572","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last 50 years, there have been efforts on behalf of the U.S. government to simplify legal documents for society at large. However, there has been no systematic evaluation of how effective these efforts-collectively referred to as the \"plain-language movement\"-have been. Here we report the results of a large-scale longitudinal corpus analysis (n ≈ 225 million words), in which we compared every law passed by congress with a comparably sized sample of English texts from four different baseline genres published during approximately the same time period. We also compared the entirety of the U.S. Code (the official compilation of all federal legislation currently in force) with a large sample of recently published texts from six baseline genres of English. We found that laws remain laden with features associated with psycholinguistic complexity-including center-embedding, passive voice, low-frequency jargon, capitalization, and sentence length-relative to the baseline genres of English, and that the prevalence of most of these features has not meaningfully declined since the initial onset of the plain-language efforts. These findings suggest top-down efforts to simplify legal texts have thus far remained largely ineffectual, despite the apparent tractability of these changes, and call into question the coherence and legitimacy of legal doctrines whose validity rests on the notion of laws being easily interpretable by laypeople. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140856010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using "balanced pragmatism" in political discussions increases cross-partisan respect. 在政治讨论中使用 "平衡的务实主义 "会增加跨党派的尊重。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001554

Curtis Puryear, Kurt Gray

{"title":"Using \"balanced pragmatism\" in political discussions increases cross-partisan respect.","authors":"Curtis Puryear, Kurt Gray","doi":"10.1037/xge0001554","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001554","url":null,"abstract":"Synthesizing research on wisdom and a real-world practitioner intervention, we develop and test a strategy for presenting political views that fosters cross-partisan respect. This strategy of balanced pragmatism combines two aspects of \"wise reasoning\": balancing multiple interests and seeking pragmatic solutions. Studies 1-5 (N = 2,846) demonstrate that participants respected outgroup political elites more when they used balanced pragmatism versus other forms of messaging. Studies 6-8 (N = 671) extend the usefulness of balanced pragmatism to everyday political disagreements: cross-partisan comments about divisive issues (i.e., guns and immigration) generated more respect when they used balanced pragmatism versus logical analysis. Strikingly, people were as willing to discuss politics with opponents who used balanced pragmatism as they were with ingroup members. Balanced pragmatism appears to improve cross-partisan respect by making opponents seem more moral and rational. Results highlight connections between political psychology and wisdom research and illustrate the fruitfulness of scientist-practitioner collaborations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Limitations to optimal search in naturalistic active learning. 自然主动学习中最优搜索的局限性

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001558

Lisheng He, Russell Richie, Sudeep Bhatia

{"title":"Limitations to optimal search in naturalistic active learning.","authors":"Lisheng He, Russell Richie, Sudeep Bhatia","doi":"10.1037/xge0001558","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001558","url":null,"abstract":"Optimality in active learning is under intense debate in numerous disciplines. We introduce a new empirical paradigm for studying naturalistic active learning, as well as new computational tools for jointly modeling algorithmic and rational theories of information search. Participants in our task can ask questions and learn about hundreds of everyday items but must retrieve queried items from memory. To maximize information gain, participants need to retrieve sequences of dissimilar items. In eight experiments (N = 795), we find that participants are unable to do this. Instead, associative memory mechanisms lead to the successive retrieval of similar items, an established memory effect known as semantic congruence. The extent of semantic congruence (and thus suboptimality in question asking) is unaffected by task instructions and incentives, though participants can identify efficient query sequences when given a choice between query sequences. Overall, our results indicate that participants can distinguish between optimal and suboptimal search if explicitly asked to do so, but have difficulty implementing optimal search from memory. We conclude that associative memory processes may place critical restrictions on people's ability to ask good questions in naturalistic active learning tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140305817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can I see myself there? How Black potential applicants use diversity cues to learn about graduate program climate. 我能在那里看到自己吗？黑人潜在申请人如何利用多样性线索来了解研究生项目的氛围。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001571

Keturah P Ragland, Samuel R Sommers

{"title":"Can I see myself there? How Black potential applicants use diversity cues to learn about graduate program climate.","authors":"Keturah P Ragland, Samuel R Sommers","doi":"10.1037/xge0001571","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001571","url":null,"abstract":"In academia, showcasing diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) values has become increasingly prominent in efforts to recruit students and faculty with marginalized identities, yet little work has examined the empirical effects that such DEI practices and identity safety cues have on the perceptions of these institutions. In the present study, we examine the contextual factors that shape how Black science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students learn and draw inferences about diversity and cultural climate in the graduate programs to which they consider applying. A sample of 217 Black participants with background in a STEM discipline viewed a mock academic department website which presented varied combinations of expressed diversity cues (diversity vs. neutral mission statement) and/or evidence-based diversity cues (racially diverse vs. all-White faculty). Participants reported perceptions of the department's DEI culture, their own perceived fit within the program, and belief of future personal success within that institution. Results indicated a significant main effect of evidence-based cue, in the form of faculty diversity, on all examined outcomes, with Black participants more positively assessing a program exhibiting this cue. An expressed cue, in the form of diversity statement, did not have significant effects. These results indicate that in higher education, as in other settings, evidence-based cues may be more effective means to cue identity safety. This study provides a foundation for future research to help guide efforts of academic programs seeking to create a welcoming and supportive climate for all potential applicants. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140858999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Supplemental Material for Is It Personal or Is It Social? The Interaction of Knowledge Domain and Statistical Evidence in U.S. and Chinese Preschoolers’ Social Generalizations 是个人行为还是社会行为？中美学龄前儿童社会概括中知识领域与统计证据的相互作用

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001605.supp

引用次数: 0