Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第10页

A cautionary note against selective applications of the Bayes factor. 警惕选择性应用贝叶斯系数。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001666

Marcel R Schreiner,Wilfried Kunde

引用次数: 0

Connector hubs in semantic network contribute to creative thinking. 语义网络中的连接枢纽有助于创造性思维。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001675

Li He,Yoed N Kenett,Kaixiang Zhuang,Jiangzhou Sun,Qunlin Chen,Jiang Qiu

{"title":"Connector hubs in semantic network contribute to creative thinking.","authors":"Li He,Yoed N Kenett,Kaixiang Zhuang,Jiangzhou Sun,Qunlin Chen,Jiang Qiu","doi":"10.1037/xge0001675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001675","url":null,"abstract":"Semantic memory offers a rich repository of raw materials (e.g., various concepts and connections between concepts) for creative thinking, represented as a semantic network. Similar to other networks, the semantic network exhibits a modular structure characterized by modules with dense internal connections and sparse connections between them. This organizational principle facilitates the routine storage and retrieval of information but may impede creativity. The present study investigated the effect of hub concepts with varying connection patterns on creative thinking from the perspective of a modular structured semantic network. By analyzing a large-scale semantic network, connector hubs (C-hubs) and provincial hubs (P-hubs) were identified based on their intra- and intermodule connections. These hubs were used as cue words in the alternative uses task, a widely used measure of creative thinking. Across four experiments, behavioral and neural evidence indicated that C-hubs facilitate the generation of more novel and remote ideas compared to P-hubs. However, this effect is predominantly observed in the early stage of the creative thinking process, involving changes in brain activation and functional connectivity in core regions of the default mode network and the frontoparietal network, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, angular gyrus, and precuneus. Neural findings suggest that the superior performance of C-hubs relies on stronger interactions between automatic spreading activation, controlled semantic retrieval, and attentional regulation of salient information. These results provide insight into how concepts with varying semantic connection patterns facilitate and constrain different stages of the creative thinking process through the modular structure of semantic network. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142386312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analytic racecraft: Race-based averages create illusory group differences in perceptions of racism. 种族分析技术：基于种族的平均值会在对种族主义的认知上造成虚幻的群体差异。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001673

Joel E Martinez

{"title":"Analytic racecraft: Race-based averages create illusory group differences in perceptions of racism.","authors":"Joel E Martinez","doi":"10.1037/xge0001673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001673","url":null,"abstract":"Research practices used by social scientists to understand and dismantle the psychological foundations that uphold racist hierarchies can backfire when they rely on racecraft. Racecraft ideology assumes the reality of race(s), an assumption that shapes study designs and inferences to the detriment of theoretical and practical goals. I showcase how racecraft manifests in studies seeking to quantify how perceptions of sociopolitical stimuli differ across racialized perceivers (e.g., black, white, latinx). The typical analysis for quantifying perceptions focuses on comparing group averages, which assumes the existence of discrete \"races\" whose perceptions can be sufficiently summarized by averages. Across three studies, I used variance component analyses on racism ratings of anti-immigrant tweets from differently racialized perceivers (N = 1,211) to show there was much larger disagreement than agreement within race categories, even when there were average differences in perceptions across race categories. This analysis shows how analytic practices can bolster different assumptions about the nature of race, some of which reify the illusion that race categories are stable cohesive groups. Researchers can improve their analytic inferences and avoid producing race-reifying caricatures of peoples' perceptions by adding variance mapping to their toolkits and attending to racialization as a dynamic process-needed improvements within the psychological study of race and racism, group-based beliefs, and antiracist research endeavors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142386315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Individual differences diminish the pretest effect under productive memory conditions. 在富有成效的记忆条件下，个体差异会削弱考前效应。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001659

Lucy M Cronin-Golomb, Julia T Wilson, Alissa G Miller, Patricia J Bauer

{"title":"Individual differences diminish the pretest effect under productive memory conditions.","authors":"Lucy M Cronin-Golomb, Julia T Wilson, Alissa G Miller, Patricia J Bauer","doi":"10.1037/xge0001659","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001659","url":null,"abstract":"Pretesting, or asking a test question prior to the onset of learning, is a well-established means of enhancing learning. Research on pretesting has focused primarily on direct factual learning outcomes. Yet building a coherent knowledge base also depends on productive memory processes that permit going beyond the information directly given. In the specific productive process of self-derivation through memory integration, individual differences are prominent; verbal comprehension is a consistent predictor. In the current work, we integrated these research trends by testing the extent to which pretesting enhances learning through productive memory processes and the role played by individual differences in verbal comprehension. Across four within-subjects experiments, we assessed the pretest effect after accounting for variability associated with verbal comprehension. In Experiments 1-3, we assessed the productive memory process of self-derivation through memory integration. Adults were more successful on pretest trials compared to control (i.e., no pretest) trials, but this effect was no longer significant after controlling for verbal comprehension. This pattern emerged when we used stem-fact pretests (Experiment 1) and integration-fact pretests (Experiment 2) to probe self-derivation across single-sentence stimuli and replicated when we used stimuli more akin to everyday learning materials (i.e., text passages and photographs; Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, we shifted the test target from productive processes to fact recall and found the pretest effect held even after controlling for verbal comprehension. This research bridges the pretest and productive process literature to provide novel insight into ways of maximizing learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The temporal dynamics of visual attention. 视觉注意力的时间动态

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001661

Han Zhang, Jacob Sellers, Taraz G Lee, John Jonides

{"title":"The temporal dynamics of visual attention.","authors":"Han Zhang, Jacob Sellers, Taraz G Lee, John Jonides","doi":"10.1037/xge0001661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001661","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have long debated how humans select relevant objects amid physically salient distractions. An increasingly popular view holds that the key to avoiding distractions lies in suppressing the attentional priority of a salient distractor. However, the precise mechanisms of distractor suppression remain elusive. Because the computation of attentional priority is a time-dependent process, distractor suppression must be understood within these temporal dynamics. In four experiments, we tracked the temporal dynamics of visual attention using a novel forced-response method, by which participants were required to express their latent attentional priority at varying processing times via saccades. We show that attention could be biased either toward or away from a salient distractor depending on the timing of observation, with these temporal dynamics varying substantially across experiments. These dynamics were explained by a computational model assuming the distractor and target priority signals arrive asynchronously in time and with different influences on saccadic behavior. The model suggests that distractor signal suppression can be achieved via a \"slow\" mechanism in which the distractor priority signal dictates saccadic behavior until a late-arriving priority signal overrides it, or a \"fast\" mechanism which directly suppresses the distractor priority signal's behavioral expression. The two mechanisms are temporally dissociable and can work collaboratively, resulting in time-dependent patterns of attentional allocation. The current work underscores the importance of considering the temporal dynamics of visual attention and provides a computational architecture for understanding the mechanisms of distractor suppression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical comparison is spatial-Except when it is not. 数值比较是空间性的--除非它不是。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001644

Fraulein Retanal, Véronic Delage, Evan F Risko, Erin A Maloney

引用次数: 0

The role of perceptual and word identification spans in reading efficiency: Evidence from hearing and deaf readers. 感知跨度和单词识别跨度在阅读效率中的作用：来自听力和聋人读者的证据。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001633

Elizabeth R Schotter,Casey Stringer,Emily Saunders,Frances G Cooley,Grace Sinclair,Karen Emmorey

{"title":"The role of perceptual and word identification spans in reading efficiency: Evidence from hearing and deaf readers.","authors":"Elizabeth R Schotter,Casey Stringer,Emily Saunders,Frances G Cooley,Grace Sinclair,Karen Emmorey","doi":"10.1037/xge0001633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001633","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of reading posit that decisions about \"where\" and \"when\" to move the eyes are driven by visual and linguistic factors, extracted from the perceptual span and word identification span, respectively. We tested this hypothesized dissociation by masking, outside of a visible window, either the spaces between the words (to assess the perceptual span, Experiment 1) or the letters within the words (to assess the word identification span, Experiment 2). We also investigated whether deaf readers' previously reported larger reading span was specifically linked to one of these spans. We analyzed reading rate to test overall reading efficiency, as well as average saccade length to test \"where\" decisions and average fixation duration to test \"when\" decisions. Both hearing and deaf readers' perceptual spans extended between 10 and 14 characters, and their word identification spans extended to eight characters to the right of fixation. Despite similar sized rightward spans, deaf readers read more efficiently overall and showed a larger increase in reading rate when leftward text was available, suggesting they attend more to leftward information. Neither rightward span was specifically related to where or when decisions for either group. Our results challenge the assumed dissociation between type of reading span and type of saccade decision and indicate that reading efficiency requires access to both perceptual and linguistic information in the parafovea. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"56 1","pages":"2359-2377"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142436383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Girls persist more but divest less from ineffective teaching than boys. 与男生相比，女生坚持的时间更长，但从无效教学中撤出的资金更少。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001646

Mia Radovanovic, Ece Yucer, Jessica A Sommerville

{"title":"Girls persist more but divest less from ineffective teaching than boys.","authors":"Mia Radovanovic, Ece Yucer, Jessica A Sommerville","doi":"10.1037/xge0001646","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001646","url":null,"abstract":"Teaching is the primary way children learn about the world. However, successful learning involves recognizing when teaching is ineffective, even in the absence of overt cues, and divesting from ineffective teaching to explore novel solutions. Across three experiments, we investigated 7- to 10-year-old children's ability to recognize ineffective teaching; we tested the hypothesis that girls may be less likely than boys to divest by exploring new solutions, given documented gender differences in socialization toward conformity and obedience. Overall, we demonstrate that children independently tested taught solutions and, upon learning that the solutions were ineffective, rationally traded off between instruction and exploration. Simultaneously, gender differences in divestment emerged. On average, girls demonstrated greater persistence in applying the taught solution, while boys tended to explore their own ideas, leading to differences in solving and learning. Importantly, these differences were observable across both masculine- and feminine-stereotyped tasks. These results have important implications for children's learning and the development of leadership. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2487-2509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Older yet sharp: No general age-related decline in focusing attention. 年长却敏锐：集中注意力的能力不会因年龄增长而普遍下降。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001649

Alessandra S Souza, Gidon T Frischkorn, Klaus Oberauer

{"title":"Older yet sharp: No general age-related decline in focusing attention.","authors":"Alessandra S Souza, Gidon T Frischkorn, Klaus Oberauer","doi":"10.1037/xge0001649","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001649","url":null,"abstract":"Attention is a multifaceted mechanism operating on space, features, and memory. Previous studies reported both decline and preservation of attention in aging. Yet, it is unclear if healthy aging differentially affects attentional selection in these domains. To address these inconsistencies, we evaluated the ability to focus attention using a battery of 11 tasks in a large sample of younger and older adults (n = 172/174). We addressed whether (a) individual differences and aging effects are consistent across different attention tasks and (b) there is a domain-specific or domain-general age-related decline in focused attention. Both younger and older adults benefited from focusing attention on space, features, and memory representations. Confirmatory factor analysis showed substantial commonalities in baseline performance across all tasks, indicating shared variance in decision-making and memory processes. Focused-attention effects, however, formed separate factors reflecting spatial-, feature-, and memory-based attentional efficiency. Correlations between these factors were generally low and inconsistent for both age groups. This supports the view that focused attention is not a single ability. Within the same domain, some tasks showed a decline, whereas others showed improvement with aging, and, on average, attentional benefits were similar across age groups. Accordingly, our results are inconsistent with the claim that aging is associated with either domain-specific or domain-general decline in focused attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2552-2572"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social contagion of challenge-seeking behavior. 寻求挑战行为的社会传染。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001620

Cansu Ogulmus, Ying Lee, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, Kou Murayama

引用次数: 0