Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献

{"title":"Characterizing age-related change in learning the value of cognitive effort.","authors":"Camille V Phaneuf-Hadd, Isabelle M Jacques, Catherine Insel, A Ross Otto, Leah H Somerville","doi":"10.1037/xge0001745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adults often titrate the degree of their cognitive effort in an economical manner: they \"think hard\" when the reward benefits of a task exceed its difficulty costs. Nonetheless, it remains to be seen whether and how children and adolescents adjust their cognitive effort according to multiple cues about its worthwhileness, including in novel environments where these cues must be learned through experience. Given that the processing of incentive and demand information changes with age, the present study examines participants' (primary experiment <i>N</i>_usable = 150, secondary experiment <i>N</i>_usable = 150, ages 10-20 years) performance across two task-switching paradigms that manipulated the rewards offered for, and the difficulty of, engaging cognitive effort. In the primary experiment, reward cues were instructed but difficulty cues were learnable. In the secondary experiment, the reward and difficulty cues were both instructed, eliminating learning demands and effectively making the task easier. The primary experiment revealed that although less difficult contexts promoted greater accuracy at the group level, the regulation of cognitive effort according to higher and lower incentives emerged with age. Especially early in the task, older participants achieved greater accuracy for higher incentives. Younger participants, unexpectedly, achieved greater accuracy for lower incentives and adolescents performed similarly for each reward level. Nonetheless, participants of all ages self-reported trying their hardest for higher incentives, but only adults translated this aim into action. The secondary experiment revealed that in an overall easier task environment, cognitive effort did not become increasingly economical with age. Taken together, this pattern of findings suggests that different sources and amounts of information, and the conditions they are presented in, shape learning the value of cognitive effort from late childhood to early adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distance perception in natural scene images generalize across individuals, tasks, and viewing time.","authors":"Prachi Mahableshwarkar, Lindsay Houck, John Philbeck, Dwight Kravitz","doi":"10.1037/xge0001741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural scenes contain a multitude of cues that can support spatial perception, making it difficult to study. Here, in a series of preregistered behavioral studies, we quantify scene-specific spatial representations that generalize over tasks, stimulus durations, and participants. We presented 156 scene images at varying durations (125, 250, 1,000 ms) to independent groups of participants who either estimated or discriminated the egocentric distance to target objects. Not only were participants able to estimate distance in images seen once, they also showed scene-specific deviations that strongly predicted behavior in the other task being performed by different observers. Given the only commonality was the scenes, pictorial features must be driving the observed responses. In fact, we found one such feature, the size of the ground plane, explained the magnitude of the observed scene-specific deviations. Our results implicate a finely tuned, rapid mechanism for integrating pictorial information into percepts of distance in natural images. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How prevalent is \"other ethnicity blindness\"? Exploring the extremes of recognition performance across categories of faces.","authors":"Jeremy J Tree, Alex L Jones","doi":"10.1037/xge0001730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The other ethnicity effect (OEE) refers to the common finding that individuals generally perform better in recognizing faces from their own ethnicity than from others. Wan et al. (2017) identified a subset of individuals with a marked difficulty in recognizing other ethnicity faces, termed other ethnicity blindness (OEB). This study further examines the prevalence of OEB in two large samples of Asian and Caucasian participants, using three analytical approaches to assess face recognition across different ethnic face categories. The first method, based on Wan's percentile-rank approach, additionally adjusted for regression to the mean (RTM), found a 1.9% OEB prevalence, lower than their earlier estimates (8.1% [7.5, 10.6]). Moreover, those identified often displayed generally poor face recognition skills. The second approach, akin to a single-case \"dissociation\" method (Crawford et al., 2003), classified just one individual (0.25%) as OEB. The third method defined OEB purely as an exaggeratedly large OEE, without using traditional \"cutoff\" scores, but adjusted for RTM, observed 1.33% of participants exhibited this profile. Bayesian simulations supported these OEB prevalence rates. Overall, the findings highlight the critical importance of accounting for factors like own-ethnicity performance, measurement error and RTM. We also advocate for more conservative classification methods in future OEB research and emphasize that while OEB is rare, it can be observed in some individuals. Specifically, adopting the classification of OEB as a \"hyper\" OEE profile may provide a valuable avenue for future research exploration both with respect to those interested in individual variability in OEE and more generally variability in within-class recognition performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can children and adults balance majority size with information quality in learning from preferences?","authors":"Rebekah A Gelpí, Amy Whalen, Thomas L Griffiths, Fei Xu, Daphna Buchsbaum","doi":"10.1037/xge0001724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigate how 3- to 5-year-old U.S. and Canadian children (<i>N</i> = 189) and U.S. adults (<i>N</i> = 241) balance the number of endorsements for a given option with the quality of the informants' source of information when deciding which of two boxes contains the better option. When choosing between two different boxes endorsed by groups of equal sizes, both children (Experiments 1-3) and adults (Experiment 6) tend to choose boxes endorsed by informants with visual access to the boxes over informants with hearsay. However, children's choices were biased toward the larger group when the size of the group conflicted with the quality of the source of the groups' information (Experiments 4 and 5), while adults more often chose the option endorsed by the group with the higher quality information (Experiment 6). Children were more likely to conform to a majority opinion when compared with both adults and to a normative computational model that endorses a group proportional to the number of independent, direct observations made by that group's informants. These findings suggest that, while adults balance the size of a majority with the quality of the informants' information source, preschoolers can evaluate when groups differ in the source of their information but may assume that the presence of a majority endorsing an option is inherently informative over and above the information source group members' testimony relied on. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative recall changes the global organization of memory: A representational similarity analysis of social influences on individual and collective memory organization.","authors":"Jingwen Jin, Hae-Yoon Choi, Garrett D Greeley, Nicholas W Pepe, Elizabeth A Kensinger, Aprajita Mohanty, Suparna Rajaram","doi":"10.1037/xge0001698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The last 25 years of research have revealed that recalling the past with others changes memory. A key finding is that former group members show increased memory overlap or collective memory. Beyond memory content, we ask whether collaborative recall changes the organization of memory. How we organize information has far-reaching consequences on learning and remembering, and research has produced sophisticated theories and measures of memory organization when people recall alone. However, research remains sparse on how social influences shape memory organization. Furthermore, studies document local changes only (small segments in recall), raising the question whether collaboration produces global changes (positional relations among all items) in memory organization that can inform how people construct memory narratives. It is also unclear whether collaboration affects memory organization differently for different emotional contents despite the well-established influence of emotion on memory. We address these questions by focusing on two important advances. Using representational similarity analysis, we seek a deeper understanding of collaborative recall on memory organization at the global level and how emotional valence influences memory organization. Comparing two collaborative recall sequences, collaborative-collaborative-individual and individual-collaborative-individual, with individual-individual-individual (baseline sequence), we replicated better memory for emotional than neutral content and collective memory for content. Novel to our aims, collaborative recall changed global memory organization, both at individual and collective levels and for neutral and emotional contents. These quantitative indices for holistic changes in memory organization reveal the depth of social influences in reshaping memory, with implications for remembering, beliefs, education, and national narratives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cueing authenticity via curls, kinks, and coils: Natural hair as an identity-safety cue among Black women.","authors":"India R Johnson, Evava S Pietri, Veronica S Derricks","doi":"10.1037/xge0001731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Black women professionals face pressure to alter their <i>natural hair</i> (i.e., naturally textured hair and/or styles associated with Black individuals), undermining their identity-safety in the workplace. An identity-safety cue can signal <i>social fit</i>, or an environment that values attributes associated with one's identity, and foster identity-safety among Black women. Integrating social identity threat theory and the state authenticity as fit to environment model, we exclusively recruited Black women (<i>N</i> = 1,693) and investigated whether identity-safety cues conveying that natural hair was valued in the workplace promoted general identity-safety beliefs, as well as aspects of identity-safety specific to natural hair. Exploring Black women's workplace experiences (i.e., Study 1) revealed that perceptions of their organization that favored natural hair (i.e., hair-based social fit) significantly predicted their authenticity and hair discrimination, even when controlling for the presence of Black employees and/or employees with natural hair. Our experimental studies found that exposure to a Black or white employee with a natural (vs. traditional) hairstyle promoted authenticity, while only viewing a Black employee with natural hair mitigated hair discrimination (i.e., Studies 2-4). At the same time, only a Black (vs. white) employee-regardless of hairstyle-encouraged belonging and trust (i.e., Studies 2 and 3). In Study 4, our direct manipulation of hair-based social fit promoted Black women's authenticity and alleviated hair discrimination, even in the absence of viewing a Black employee and/or employee with natural hair. Collectively, we demonstrated that conveying natural hair is valued cues social fit and cultivates identity-safe professional spaces for Black women. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of saccade target status on the reference frame of object-location binding.","authors":"Tzu-Yao Chiu, Julie D Golomb","doi":"10.1037/xge0001718","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to maintain stability across saccades, the visual system must keep track of nonspatial information bound to each location (object-location binding). Here, we investigated whether saccade target status affects the reference frame of trans-saccadic object-location binding. Previous studies examining the reference frame of object-location binding showed that peripheral, nonsaccade target objects are naturally bound to retinotopic, not spatiotopic, coordinates. But real-world saccades are generally directed toward objects of interest: Might trans-saccadic object-location binding occur in more ecologically relevant spatiotopic coordinates for saccade target objects? We adopted a modified spatial congruency bias paradigm, in which participants were asked to judge if two objects have the same or different identity. A saccade between object presentations was directed either toward the first object's location (saccade target condition) or to another location (saccade-elsewhere and saccade-away conditions). Across three preregistered experiments, we found primarily retinotopic object-location binding in the saccade-elsewhere and saccade-away conditions, but coexisting spatiotopic and retinotopic binding in the saccade target condition. The results indicate that saccade target objects can be additionally bound to spatiotopic coordinates across saccades and that it is the saccade target status specifically that allows an object to be additionally bound to spatiotopic coordinates. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of saccade target objects in maintaining stability across saccades, allowing for object-location binding to be encoded and/or remapped in stable spatiotopic coordinates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The racial shared reality scale: Capturing Black Americans' perceived consensus with White Americans about race and racism.","authors":"Caitlyn Yantis, Dorainne J Green, Christopher K Marshburn, India R Johnson, Valerie Jones Taylor","doi":"10.1037/xge0001736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Black individuals often feel unheard and misunderstood by White people during conversations about race. These experiences could be due in part to a perceived disconnect between their own and White people's views on race. In the current research (<i>N</i> = 1,470 Black Americans), we developed and tested a new scale to capture this potential mechanism-<i>racial shared reality</i> (RSR)-which we conceptualize as Black Americans' perceived consensus with White Americans about race and racism. First, we demonstrated the RSR scale's validity and reliability (Studies 1 and 2a), including its consistency across time (Study 2b). We also showed the scale's predictive validity. Specifically, RSR uniquely predicted Black Americans' general interaction experiences with White people (e.g., identity-safety; Study 2b) as well as their expectations for feeling understood when disclosing a personal experience of racial bias (Study 3). These patterns held even when controlling for established predictors of interaction quality, including perceptions of White individuals' prejudice, similarity, and general shared reality. Finally, in the context of an anticipated live interaction with a White person about racial profiling, we found that a cue intended to promote identity-safety-a White person's racially diverse (vs. all White) friendship network-was effective in part because it boosted Black individuals' felt RSR with their White partner (Study 4). Together, this work demonstrates that RSR is critical for understanding Black individuals' experiences discussing race with White people and provides a new tool for assessing RSR in future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the origins of subjective confidence in source memory decisions in young and older adults: A sequential sampling account.","authors":"Kevin P Darby, Jessica N Gettleman, Chad S Dodson, Per B Sederberg","doi":"10.1037/xge0001680","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subjective confidence is an important factor in our decision making, but how confidence arises is a matter of debate. A number of computational models have been proposed that integrate confidence into sequential sampling models of decision making, in which evidence accumulates across time to a threshold. An influential example of this approach is the relative balance of evidence hypothesis, in which confidence is determined by the amount of evidence for the choice that was made compared to the evidence for all possible choices. Here, we modify this approach by mapping distance from a decision threshold to confidence via a sigmoid function. This allows for individual differences in bias toward lower or higher levels of confidence, as well as sensitivity to differences in evidence between choices. We apply several variants of the model to assess potential age differences between young and older adults in source memory decision making in an existing data set (Dodson, Bawa, & Slotnick, 2007). We compare our model to the relative balance of evidence approach, and the results indicate that the sigmoidal method substantially improves model fit. We also consider models in which memory errors can arise from a misrecollection process that involves associating items with the incorrect source, a process that has been proposed to account for age differences in source memory confidence and accuracy, but find no evidence that misrecollection is necessary to account for the results. This work provides a viable model of subjective confidence that is integrated with well-established models of decision making and provides insights into effects of aging on source memory decisions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"799-828"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11802305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does communicating measurable diversity goals attract or repel historically marginalized job applicants? Evidence from the lab and field.","authors":"Erika L Kirgios, Ike Silver, Edward H Chang","doi":"10.1037/xge0001699","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many organizations struggle to attract a demographically diverse workforce. How does adding a measurable goal to a public diversity commitment-for example, \"We care about diversity\" versus \"We care about diversity and plan to hire at least one woman or racial minority for every White man we hire\"-impact application rates from women and racial minorities? Extant psychological theory offers competing predictions about how historically marginalized applicants might respond to such goals. On one hand, measurable diversity goals may raise belongingness concerns among marginalized group members who are uncomfortable with being recruited and hired based on their demographics. On the other, measurable goals might increase organizational attraction by signaling that marginalized group members are more likely to be hired. In a preregistered field experiment (<i>n</i> = 5,557), including measurable diversity goals in job advertisements increased application likelihood among marginalized group members-women and racial minorities-by 6.5%, without sacrifices to candidate quality. These field effects were primarily driven by White women, who were 10.5% more likely to apply after seeing a measurable diversity goal. Follow-up studies with women (total <i>n</i> = 893, preregistered) and racial minorities (total <i>n</i> = 865, preregistered) suggest that although measurable diversity goals signal a more instrumental approach to diversity, they also increase perceived strategic benefits and beliefs that the organization's commitment is genuine among both groups, which in turn are tied to increased willingness to apply. We discuss the tensions marginalized group members face when evaluating organizational diversity initiatives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"624-643"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}