Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第5页

Using hearing and vision for motion prediction, motion perception, and localization.

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001725

Yichen Yuan, Nathan Van der Stoep, Surya Gayet

{"title":"Using hearing and vision for motion prediction, motion perception, and localization.","authors":"Yichen Yuan, Nathan Van der Stoep, Surya Gayet","doi":"10.1037/xge0001725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001725","url":null,"abstract":"Predicting the location of moving objects in noisy environments is essential to everyday behavior, like when participating in traffic. Although many objects provide multisensory information, it remains unknown how humans use multisensory information to localize moving objects, and how this depends on expected sensory interference (e.g., occlusion). In four experiments, we systematically investigated localization for auditory, visual, and audiovisual targets (AV). Performance for audiovisual targets was compared to performance predicted by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). In Experiment 1A, moving targets were occluded by an audiovisual occluder, and their final locations had to be inferred from target speed and occlusion duration. Participants relied exclusively on the visual component of the audiovisual target, even though the auditory component demonstrably provided useful location information when presented in isolation. In contrast, when a visual-only occluder was used in Experiment 1B, participants relied exclusively on the auditory component of the audiovisual target, even though the visual component demonstrably provided useful location information when presented in isolation. In Experiment 2, although localization estimates were in line with MLE predictions, no multisensory precision benefits were found when participants localized moving audiovisual target. In Experiment 3, a substantial multisensory benefit was found when participants localized static audiovisual target, showing near-MLE integration. In sum, observers use both hearing and vision when localizing static objects, but use only unisensory input when localizing moving objects and predicting motion under occlusion. Moreover, observers can flexibly prioritize one sense over the other, in anticipation of modality-specific interference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Metacognitive Optimization of Offloading Task (MOOT): Both higher costs to offload and the accuracy of memory predict goodness of offloading performance.

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001726

Dillon H Murphy, Janet Metcalfe

{"title":"The Metacognitive Optimization of Offloading Task (MOOT): Both higher costs to offload and the accuracy of memory predict goodness of offloading performance.","authors":"Dillon H Murphy, Janet Metcalfe","doi":"10.1037/xge0001726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001726","url":null,"abstract":"We developed a Metacognitive Offloading Optimization Task (MOOT) whereby participants were instructed to score as many points as possible by accessing words from a presented list either by remembering them (worth 10 points each) or by offloading them (worth less than 10 points each). Results indicated that participants were sensitive to the value of the offloaded items such that when offloaded items carried a high value (e.g., 8 points each), participants' scores were lower than if they had chosen to offload all items. Conversely, when offloaded items had a low value (e.g., 2 points each), participants' scores exceeded what they would have achieved had they offloaded all items. In Experiments 2 and 3, we investigated offloading optimality. Specifically, because each individual's maximum possible score depended on how much they could remember, each participant's memory ability was assessed in a pretest. The maximum score obtainable resulted from a strategy in which the participant opts to recall every item that they will be able to remember (obtaining 10 points for each) and offloads all other items (obtaining a value greater than 0 points for each), leaving no items unrecalled and not offloaded. To implement this strategy, the participant needs to have and use metaknowledge of exactly which items they will be able to recall. In each experiment, the MOOT scores-the ratio of participants' observed score to their maximum possible score-were closer to optimal for participants with better memory ability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive mechanisms of aversive prediction error-induced memory enhancements.

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001712

Kaja Loock, Felix Kalbe, Lars Schwabe

{"title":"Cognitive mechanisms of aversive prediction error-induced memory enhancements.","authors":"Kaja Loock, Felix Kalbe, Lars Schwabe","doi":"10.1037/xge0001712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001712","url":null,"abstract":"While prediction errors (PEs) have long been recognized as critical in associative learning, emerging evidence indicates their significant role in episodic memory formation. This series of four experiments sought to elucidate the cognitive mechanisms underlying the enhancing effects of PEs related to aversive events on memory for surrounding neutral events. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether these PE effects are specific to predictive stimuli preceding the PE or if PEs create a transient window of enhanced, unselective memory formation. In a combined incidental encoding-fear learning task, participants (n = 355) estimated aversive shock probabilities after trial-unique stimuli. Physiological arousal and explicit PEs were measured during encoding to predict recognition memory tested either immediately after encoding (Experiment 3) or 24 hr later (Experiments 1-4). Our results show that the retroactive memory enhancement induced by PEs may extend back longer than previously assumed, impacting stimuli presented 10 s before the PE. Furthermore, PE-driven memory enhancement extends beyond predictive stimuli preceding the PE event to those encountered afterward. Importantly, our findings reveal that PE-related memory enhancement for stimuli preceding the PE event is specific to predictive stimuli, with uninformative stimuli not benefiting from PEs and even interfering with the PE-driven memory enhancement. This pattern demonstrates that PE effects are not unspecific but that PEs enhance memory for predictive stimuli encountered around a PE event. Notably, memory-enhancing effects of PEs persisted even when controlling for changes in arousal. These findings provide insights into the cognitive mechanisms of PE-induced enhancements of memory, with potential implications for understanding aberrant emotional memory in fear-related disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temporal metacognition: Direct readout or mental construct? The case of introspective reaction time.

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001708

Nathalie Pavailler, Wim Gevers, Boris Burle

{"title":"Temporal metacognition: Direct readout or mental construct? The case of introspective reaction time.","authors":"Nathalie Pavailler, Wim Gevers, Boris Burle","doi":"10.1037/xge0001708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001708","url":null,"abstract":"Deciphering whether and which mental processes are accessible for metacognitive judgments is a key question to understand higher cognitive functions. Paralleling the crucial role of reaction times (RT) for unraveling the temporal sequence of mental processes, a comparable chronometric approach can be employed at the second-order level through introspective reaction times (iRT) measures. Although mean iRT correlate with mean RT, suggesting good metacognitive abilities, this would not necessarily imply a direct readout of the duration of the underlying processes as participants may instead rely on inferences based on other salient, nontemporal, cues. In the present study, two experiments investigated information at the basis of iRT. In visual choice reaction time tasks, participants were asked to report their RT on a visual analog scale after each trial. Thanks to linear regression analyses, we could evidence that trial-by-trial RT and iRT were strongly correlated, indicating a good readout of RT duration, but also that subjective evaluation was systematically biased by some experimental conditions. In addition, with electromyographic recordings, each single trial RT could be fractionated into premotor and motor times, allowing to investigate the relative contribution of each subprocess to iRT. This revealed that participants access both decision and motor execution durations. Results show that participants can access the duration of their mental processes but that this readout can be biased by nontemporal cues. The proposed methodology allows to dissociate the two. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can cognitive discovery be incentivized with money? 认知发现可以用金钱来激励吗？

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001682

Pamela J Osborn Popp,Ben R Newell,Daniel M Bartels,Todd M Gureckis

引用次数: 0

Rewards transiently and automatically enhance sustained attention. 奖励会短暂而自动地增强持续的注意力。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001727

Juliana E Trach,Megan T deBettencourt,Angela Radulescu,Samuel D McDougle

{"title":"Rewards transiently and automatically enhance sustained attention.","authors":"Juliana E Trach,Megan T deBettencourt,Angela Radulescu,Samuel D McDougle","doi":"10.1037/xge0001727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001727","url":null,"abstract":"Our ability to maintain a consistent attentional state is essential to many aspects of daily life. Still, despite our best efforts, attention naturally fluctuates between more and less vigilant states. Previous work has shown that offering performance-based rewards or incentives can help to buffer against attentional lapses. However, such work is generally focused on long timescales and, critically, does not dissociate between task-based motivation (i.e., where reward is contingent on attention performance) versus more generic motivation or arousal accounts of reward effects. Here, we investigated the influence of reward feedback on attentional vigilance during a simultaneous sustained attention and reinforcement learning (RL) task. Crucially, rewards were tied only to the RL task rather than to attentional performance. We assessed the impact of two core components of RL-reward and surprise-on short-term fluctuations in attentional vigilance. In two experiments (N = 161), we demonstrated that intermittent, attention-independent rewards transiently boosted vigilance on a timescale of seconds. We did not find consistent evidence that surprises modulated vigilance. In a third experiment (N = 135), we observed that even passively received rewards elicit transient boosts in sustained attention. Together, these findings suggest that rewards transiently buffer against attentional lapses to improve vigilance, likely through generic increases in arousal or motivation. These results point to a fundamental relationship between reward and sustained attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The preference for attitude neutrality. 对中立态度的偏好。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001703

Thomas I Vaughan-Johnston, Devin I Fowlie, Laura E Wallace, Mark W Susmann, Leandre R Fabrigar

{"title":"The preference for attitude neutrality.","authors":"Thomas I Vaughan-Johnston, Devin I Fowlie, Laura E Wallace, Mark W Susmann, Leandre R Fabrigar","doi":"10.1037/xge0001703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001703","url":null,"abstract":"Much research has noted people's tendency toward extremity. This work has made it clear that some people prefer to hold extreme views and might leave the impression that when biases and preferences occur, they primarily favor extremity. In contrast, in the present work, we examine the possibility that some people prefer attitudinal neutrality across two pretesting samples, three main studies, and two supplementary studies (Ntotal = 1,873). The preference for neutrality is distinguished from low preference for extremity, as well as from an interest in collecting balanced information. We also show that the preference for neutrality is related to a sometimes uncritical and biased pursuit of attitudinal neutrality, paralleling effects found in the attitude extremity literature. The preference for neutrality is related to dispositional attitudinal neutrality and ambivalence, political centrism, a preference for other people with neutral versus extreme views, and biased responding to messages arbitrarily framed as \"moderate\" versus extreme. Implications for politically polarized attitudes, persuasion, and intellectual humility are discussed. The preference for neutrality may pose a substantial challenge for creating a shared understanding of the world and addressing pressing social issues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What does a verbal working memory task measure? The process-specific and age-dependent nature of attentional demands in verbal working memory tasks. 言语工作记忆任务测量的是什么？言语工作记忆任务中注意需求的过程特异性和年龄依赖性。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001716

Steve Majerus

{"title":"What does a verbal working memory task measure? The process-specific and age-dependent nature of attentional demands in verbal working memory tasks.","authors":"Steve Majerus","doi":"10.1037/xge0001716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001716","url":null,"abstract":"Most models of verbal working memory (WM) consider attention as an important determinant of WM. The detailed nature of attentional processes and the different dimensions of verbal WM they support remains, however, poorly investigated. The present study distinguished between attentional capacity (scope of attention) and attentional control (control of attention) and examined their respective role for two fundamental dimensions of verbal WM: the retention of item versus serial order information and the simple versus complex nature of WM tasks. Three hundred four young and older adult participants performed simple or complex recall or reconstruction tasks involving the retention of item and/or serial order information, as well as attention tasks estimating scope and control of attention abilities. In young participants, scope of attention measures was most robustly associated with all WM tasks; control of attention measures were additionally involved when item and order information had to be maintained in more complex WM tasks. Older adult participants presented a similar pattern of results with, however, a tendency for increased reliance on control of attention already for the simple storage of information, and this most robustly for serial order information. These results reveal the task-dependent and partly age-dependent intervention of scope and control of attention in verbal WM measures, calling for dynamic models of verbal WM and attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emotion regulation strategy use and forecasting in response to dynamic, multimodal stimuli. 动态、多模态刺激下情绪调节策略的使用和预测。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001715

William J Mitchell,Joanne Stasiak,Steven Martinez,Katelyn Cliver,David Gregory,Samantha Reisman,Helen Schmidt,Vishnu P Murty,Chelsea Helion

{"title":"Emotion regulation strategy use and forecasting in response to dynamic, multimodal stimuli.","authors":"William J Mitchell,Joanne Stasiak,Steven Martinez,Katelyn Cliver,David Gregory,Samantha Reisman,Helen Schmidt,Vishnu P Murty,Chelsea Helion","doi":"10.1037/xge0001715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001715","url":null,"abstract":"Successful emotion regulation (ER) requires effective strategy selection. Research suggests that disengagement strategies (e.g., distraction) are more often selected than engagement strategies (e.g., reappraisal) as emotional experiences intensify. However, the extent to which ER strategy choice in controlled circumstances reflects strategy usage during complex, multimodal events is not well understood. The present research uses dynamic, multimodal stimuli (i.e., a haunted house, horror movies) to examine the association between affective intensity and regulatory strategy usage among untrained participants-individuals given no prior regulation instructions or direction. Both a preliminary study (n = 54) and Study 1 (n = 118) failed to find relationships between emotional intensity and strategy usage to downregulate emotions as participants navigated a haunted house. Distraction was self-reported to be less successful than reappraisal at high intensities, contrary to expectations. Participants in Study 2 (n = 152) forecasted regulation strategy usage based upon descriptions of emotionally regulated experiences from the preliminary haunted house study. Affective intensity predicted which strategies forecasters predicted they would use; though, forecasters overpredicted how often distraction was used in practice. Study 3 (n = 242) incorporated strategy usage and forecasting within the same design by showing untrained participants video stimuli of varying intensity and capturing their regulatory responses. Forecasters again predicted using distraction more often than strategy users did in practice. Forecasters also overpredicted how effectively distraction reduced negative affective intensity relative to what strategy users reported. These results may highlight a disconnect between strategy fittedness when self-regulation occurs in uncontrolled, highly intense, or complex circumstances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prediction that conflicts with judgment: The low absolute likelihood effect. 与判断相冲突的预测：低绝对可能性效应。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001721

Chengyao Sun, Robyn A LeBoeuf

{"title":"Prediction that conflicts with judgment: The low absolute likelihood effect.","authors":"Chengyao Sun, Robyn A LeBoeuf","doi":"10.1037/xge0001721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001721","url":null,"abstract":"How do people predict the outcome of an event from a set of possible outcomes? One might expect people to predict whichever outcome they believe to be most likely to arise. However, we document a robust disconnect between what people predict and what they believe to be most likely. This disconnect arises because people consider not only relative likelihood but also absolute likelihood when predicting. If people think that an outcome is both the most likely to arise and has a high absolute likelihood of arising, they regularly predict it to arise. However, if people believe that an outcome is the most likely to arise but has a low absolute likelihood (e.g., it has a 20% chance, and other outcomes have smaller chances), they less often choose it as their prediction, even though they know it is most likely. We find that, when the most likely outcome has a low absolute likelihood, the final outcome feels hard to foresee, which leads people to use arbitrary prediction strategies, such as following a gut feeling or choosing randomly, instead of predicting more logically. We further find that predictions are less likely to depart from the most likely outcome when manipulations encourage people to focus more on relative likelihood and less on the low absolute likelihood. People also exhibit a smaller disconnect when advising others than when predicting for themselves. Thus, contrary to common assumptions, predictions may often systematically depart from likelihood judgments. We discuss implications for research on judgments, predictions, and uncertainty. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0