Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第6页

Normative and informational confidence matching. 规范和信息信心匹配。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001706

Maja Friedemann, Dan Bang, Nick Yeung

{"title":"Normative and informational confidence matching.","authors":"Maja Friedemann, Dan Bang, Nick Yeung","doi":"10.1037/xge0001706","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001706","url":null,"abstract":"When performing tasks in a social context, individuals tend to report confidence judgments that increasingly align with those of others over time. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, termed confidence matching, are not fully understood. This study explores two potential drivers of confidence matching behavior: informational factors that cause individuals to genuinely recalibrate their private sense of confidence based on their partner's confidence; and normative factors that lead individuals to adapt the way in which they publicly express their confidence, without changing their private assessment of their own performance. To examine these influences, we conducted two experiments examining the effects of both informational and normative factors on private and public confidence. The results demonstrate that both factors can lead to confidence matching. In a setting devoid of feedback, participants matched their confidence reports with their partner's and modified their information-seeking behavior-a proxy for private confidence-accordingly, pointing toward the role of informational factors. Conversely, in a scenario in which feedback was readily available and a joint decision-making rule was enforced, participants aligned their confidence reports with their partner's but did not adjust their information-seeking behavior, hinting at normative factors influencing the public display of confidence matching. These findings highlight the flexibility and context-sensitivity of confidence, thereby underscoring the importance of factoring in social contexts and the adaptive nature of confidence when studying metacognitive processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"759-774"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142828718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Adaptive curiosity about metacognitive ability. 对元认知能力的适应性好奇。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001690

Samuel Recht, Canqi Li, Yifan Yang, Kaiki Chiu

{"title":"Adaptive curiosity about metacognitive ability.","authors":"Samuel Recht, Canqi Li, Yifan Yang, Kaiki Chiu","doi":"10.1037/xge0001690","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001690","url":null,"abstract":"Metacognition provides control and oversight to the process of acquiring and using knowledge. Efficient metacognition is essential to many aspects of daily life, from health care to finance and education. Across three experiments, we found a specific form of curiosity in humans about the quality of their own metacognition, using a novel approach that dissociates perceptual from metacognitive information searches. Observers displayed a strategic balance in their curiosity, alternating between a focus on perceptual accuracy and metacognitive performance. Depending on the context, this metacognitive curiosity was modulated by an internal evaluation of metacognition, leading to increased feedback requests when metacognition was likely to be inaccurate. Using an ideal observer model, we describe how this curiosity trade-off can arise naturally from a recursive evaluation and transformation of decisions' evidence. These results show that individuals are inherently curious about their metacognitive abilities and can compare perceptual and metacognitive precision to fine-tune performance monitoring. We propose that this form of curiosity may reflect humans' drive to refine their self-model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"852-863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Boomerasking: Answering your own questions. 自讨苦吃：回答自己的问题。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001693

Alison Wood Brooks, Michael Yeomans

{"title":"Boomerasking: Answering your own questions.","authors":"Alison Wood Brooks, Michael Yeomans","doi":"10.1037/xge0001693","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001693","url":null,"abstract":"Humans spend much of their lives in conversation, where they tend to hold many simultaneous motives. We examine two fundamental desires: to be responsive to a partner and to disclose about oneself. We introduce one pervasive way people attempt to reconcile these competing goals-boomerasking-a sequence in which individuals first pose a question to their conversation partner (\"How was your weekend?\"), let their partner answer, and then answer the question themselves (\"Mine was amazing!\"). The boomerask starts with someone asking a question, but-like a boomerang-the question returns quickly to its source. We document three types of boomerasks: ask-bragging (asking a question followed by disclosing something positive, e.g., an amazing vacation); ask-complaining (asking a question followed by disclosing something negative, e.g., a family funeral); and ask-sharing (asking a question followed by disclosing something neutral, e.g., a weird dream). Though boomeraskers believe they leave positive impressions, in practice, their decision to share their own answer-rather than follow up on their partner's-appears egocentric and disinterested in their partner's perspective. As a result, people perceive boomeraskers as insincere and prefer conversation partners who straightforwardly self-disclose. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"864-893"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Examining the role of social comparison perceptions on identity-safety for Black Americans in organizations. 考察社会比较观念对组织中美国黑人身份安全的作用。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001722

Veronica Derricks, Eva S Pietri, India R Johnson, Daniela Gonzalez

{"title":"Examining the role of social comparison perceptions on identity-safety for Black Americans in organizations.","authors":"Veronica Derricks, Eva S Pietri, India R Johnson, Daniela Gonzalez","doi":"10.1037/xge0001722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001722","url":null,"abstract":"Black Americans remain underrepresented in organizations. Although extensive research demonstrates that inadequate representation undermines inclusion, few studies have assessed the psychological processes through which this relationship emerges. Across three online experiments, we investigate the role of social comparison perceptions-concerns about being assimilated, or likened, to another ingroup member by external observers-as a mechanism underlying reduced inclusion for Black Americans in organizations. Moreover, we examine the dynamics of social comparison perceptions for individuals who have multiple marginalized identities (Black women). Across studies, Black adults (Study 1) and Black women (Studies 2 and 3) imagined that they were one of two (duo status) or many (nonduo status) Black employees at a company and read about a Black male or White female colleague who performed poorly on a work task. Findings showed that Black individuals with duo (vs. nonduo) status reported stronger social comparison perceptions and worse organizational outcomes (e.g., decreased identity-safety, or beliefs that one's identity is valued in a setting). Moreover, social comparison perceptions served as a mechanism underlying worse organizational outcomes. In Studies 2 and 3, Black women who had duo (vs. nonduo) status reported increased social comparison perceptions in response to a target who shared either of their marginalized identities (a Black man or White woman). Study 3 showed that organizational cues which condemned stereotypes significantly reduced concerns about social comparison perceptions and improved organizational outcomes. Collectively, this work elucidates a psychological process through which underrepresentation can undermine inclusion for Black adults, the dynamics of this process for persons with multiple marginalized identities, and an intervention that can disrupt this process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learn more from your data with asymptotic regression. 用渐近回归从你的数据中学习更多。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001710

Alasdair D F Clarke, Amelia R Hunt

{"title":"Learn more from your data with asymptotic regression.","authors":"Alasdair D F Clarke, Amelia R Hunt","doi":"10.1037/xge0001710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001710","url":null,"abstract":"All measures of behavior have a temporal context. Changes in behavior over time often take a similar form: monotonically decreasing or increasing toward an asymptote. Whether these behavioral dynamics are the object of study or a nuisance variable, their inclusion in models of data makes conclusions more complete, robust, and well-specified, and can contribute to theory development. Here, we demonstrate that asymptotic regression is a relatively simple tool that can be applied to repeated-measures data to estimate three parameters: starting point, rate of change, and asymptote. Each of these parameters has a meaningful interpretation in terms of ecological validity, behavioral dynamics, and performance limits, respectively. They can also be used to help decide how many trials to include in an experiment and as a principled approach to reducing noise in data. We demonstrate the broad utility of asymptotic regression for modeling the effect of the passage of time within a single trial and for changes over trials of an experiment, using two existing data sets and a set of new visual search data. An important limit of asymptotic regression is that it cannot be applied to data that are stationary or change nonmonotonically. But for data that have performance changes that progress steadily toward an asymptote, as many behavioral measures do, it is a simple and powerful tool for describing those changes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Softening the blow or sharpening the blade: Examining the reputational effects of satire. 软化打击还是磨尖刀刃：审视讽刺对名誉的影响。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001729

Hooria Jazaieri, Derek D Rucker

{"title":"Softening the blow or sharpening the blade: Examining the reputational effects of satire.","authors":"Hooria Jazaieri, Derek D Rucker","doi":"10.1037/xge0001729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001729","url":null,"abstract":"Criticism is foundational to the fabric of society and can directly impact people's reputations. Although criticism takes many forms, one prevalent form of criticism is satire-the coupling of criticism with humor. While the lighthearted and playful nature of satire has been argued to render it innocuous, the present research suggests that satire can in some cases be more incendiary than direct criticism. First, a naturalistic study examines nonpolitical satirical versus critical YouTube videos. Participants (N = 1,311) evaluated a criticized individual more negatively following satire compared to direct criticism. Moreover, when conducting automated text analysis of the actual comments left by viewers on YouTube (N = 104,555), people used more dehumanizing language in response to satirical versus critical videos. In six subsequent lab experiments (N = 2,040) using memes and videos, causal evidence is provided that nonpolitical satire can cause greater damage to a target's reputation than direct criticism. Evidence that satire renders targets as less human, and thus more prone to more reputational damage is explored via both mediation and moderation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143414127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High overall values mitigate gaze-related effects in perceptual and preferential choices. 高总体值减轻了知觉和偏好选择中与凝视相关的影响。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001723

Chih-Chung Ting, Sebastian Gluth

{"title":"High overall values mitigate gaze-related effects in perceptual and preferential choices.","authors":"Chih-Chung Ting, Sebastian Gluth","doi":"10.1037/xge0001723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001723","url":null,"abstract":"A growing literature has shown that people tend to make faster decisions when choosing between two high-intensity or high-utility options than when choosing between two less-intensity or low-utility options. However, the underlying cognitive mechanisms of this effect of overall value (OV) on response times (RT) remains controversial, partially due to inconsistent findings of OV effects on accuracy but also due to the lack of process-tracing studies testing this effect. Here, we set out to fill this gap by testing and modeling the influence of OV on choices, RT, and eye movements in both perceptual and preferential decisions in a preregistered eye-tracking experiment (N = 61). Across perceptual and preferential tasks, we observed significant and consistently negative correlations between OV and RT, replicating previous work. Accuracy tended to increase with OV, reaching significance in preferential choices only. Eye-tracking analyses revealed a reduction of different gaze-related effects under high OV: a reduced tendency to choose the longer fixated option in perceptual choice and a reduced tendency to choose the last fixated option in preferential choice. Modeling these data with the attentional drift-diffusion model showed that the nonfixated option value was discounted least in the high-OV condition, confirming that higher OV might mitigate the impact of gaze on choices. Our results suggest that OV jointly affects behavior and gaze influences and offer a mechanistic account for the puzzling phenomenon that decisions between options of higher OV tend to be faster, but not less accurate. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A comparative investigation of interventions to reduce anti-fat prejudice across five implicit measures. 通过五种隐性措施减少反肥胖偏见的干预措施的比较调查。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001719

Calvin K Lai, Joel M Le Forestier

{"title":"A comparative investigation of interventions to reduce anti-fat prejudice across five implicit measures.","authors":"Calvin K Lai, Joel M Le Forestier","doi":"10.1037/xge0001719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001719","url":null,"abstract":"The severity and pervasiveness of anti-fat prejudice and discrimination have led to calls for interventions to address them. However, intervention studies to combat anti-fat prejudice have often been stymied by ineffective approaches, small sample sizes, and the lack of standardization in measurement. To that end, we conducted two mega-experiments totaling 27,726 participants and 50 conditions where we tested five intervention approaches to reduce implicit anti-fat prejudice across five implicit measures. We found that interventions were most effective at reducing implicit weight biases when they instructed people to practice an explicit rule linking fat people with good things and thin people with bad things. Interventions that were more indirect or relied on associative learning tended to be ineffective. We also found that change in implicit bias on one implicit measure often generalized to other implicit measures. However, the Evaluative Priming Task and single-target measures of implicit bias like the Single-Target Implicit Association Test were much less sensitive to change. These findings illuminate promising approaches to combating implicit anti-fat prejudice and advance understanding of how implicit bias change generalizes across measures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Risk, time, and psychological distance: Does construal level theory capture the impact of delay on risk preference? 风险、时间和心理距离：解释水平理论是否捕捉到延迟对风险偏好的影响？

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001647

Emmanouil Konstantinidis, Junyi Dai, Ben R Newell

{"title":"Risk, time, and psychological distance: Does construal level theory capture the impact of delay on risk preference?","authors":"Emmanouil Konstantinidis, Junyi Dai, Ben R Newell","doi":"10.1037/xge0001647","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001647","url":null,"abstract":"Do people change their preferences when they are offered the same risky lotteries at different times (now vs. the future)? Construal level theory (CLT) suggests that people do because our mental representation of events is moderated by how near or distant such events are in time. According to CLT, in the domain of risk preferences, psychological distance causes payoffs and probabilities to be differentially weighted or attended between present and future timepoints: Temporal distance increases the influence of payoffs and decreases the influence of probabilities. Specifically, CLT predicts that high probability/low amount lotteries (i.e., %-lotteries) are preferred in the present, whereas low probability/high amount lotteries (i.e., $-lotteries) are preferred in the future, even when the expected value of these lotteries is identical. We present a functional characterization and systematic investigation of this putative pattern of risk preferences and develop a formal model that incorporates CLT's predictions. In five experiments, we examined several factors that could moderate the effect (e.g., outcome and probability magnitude, lottery presentation format, incentivization procedures). Both our behavioral observations and modeling results suggest the effect is labile, and if it does occur, it is not fully consistent with our formal model of CLT. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"552-573"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Early perceptual locus of suppression during the attentional blink. 注意眨眼时抑制的早期知觉位置。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001660

Song Zhao, Jimei Xie, Mengdie Zhai, Yuxin Zhou, Fangfang Ma, Chengzhi Feng, Wenfeng Feng

{"title":"Early perceptual locus of suppression during the attentional blink.","authors":"Song Zhao, Jimei Xie, Mengdie Zhai, Yuxin Zhou, Fangfang Ma, Chengzhi Feng, Wenfeng Feng","doi":"10.1037/xge0001660","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001660","url":null,"abstract":"The attentional blink (AB) demonstrates that recognizing the second of two targets (T1 and T2) is difficult when they appear in close succession in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream. The AB has been widely accepted as a suppression of T2 processing at the postperceptual stage. The current event-related potential study updates this view by demonstrating the existence of an early perceptual locus of suppression during the AB. Using line drawings of real-life objects as RSVP items, we required participants in Experiment 1 to either discriminate the exact identities or simply classify the object categories of T1 and T2, and in Experiment 2, we instructed participants to discriminate either T1 and T2 identities (dual-target task) or only T2 identity (single-target task) to invalidate the temporal expectation as an alternative account. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the T2-elicited first positive peak (P1) component was consistently decreased at Lag 3 whenever a dual-target, but not single-target, task was required, and the magnitude of this P1 suppression was significantly predictive of the behavioral AB magnitude in each dual-target task. When the RSVP items were substituted by classic but size-matched alphanumeric characters in Experiment 3, no P1 suppression was evident as expected, ruling out the large stimulus size as an alternative interpretation. These findings provide the strongest evidence to date that the AB can begin to suppress T2 processing at a very early perceptual stage, at least when observers encounter RSVP items of real-life objects, which calls for more flexible cognitive models for the AB. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"457-475"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142347938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0