Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献

{"title":"Visual and auditory object recognition in relation to spatial ability.","authors":"Conor J R Smithson, Jason K Chow, Andrew J Tomarken, Isabel Gauthier","doi":"10.1037/xge0001931","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The domain-general ability to recognize objects at the subordinate level (o) is most often tested in the visual modality. However, previous work has evidenced a strong relationship between visual and auditory o abilities, suggesting that o may be multimodal. We measured this relationship using a structural equation modeling approach. We found a strong relationship (<i>r</i> = .79) between visual and auditory o. There were similarly strong relationships between spatial ability and both visual (<i>r</i> = .73) and auditory (<i>r</i> = .63) o. When the shared influence of general ability was controlled for, the relationship between visual and auditory o remained substantial (<i>r</i> = .61), while relationships between spatial ability and visual (<i>r</i> = .31) and auditory o (<i>r</i> = .05) were nonsignificant. These results suggest that individual differences in object recognition are largely multimodal and that the relationship between o and spatial ability is not clearly independent of general ability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1809-1822"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147963754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When a helpful bias is unhelpful: Limitations in reasoning about random and deliberately misleading evidence.","authors":"Manikya Alister, Keith J Ransom, Andrew Perfors","doi":"10.1037/xge0001939","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social information aids learning: By making assumptions about other people's knowledge and intentions, people can draw strong and accurate inferences from limited data. In this study, we systematically tested people's ability to reason from information providers with different intentions. The task was an adaptation of Shafto et al.'s (2014) rectangle game, where learners guessed a rectangle's size and location based on provided clues. We examined reasoning based on information from four types of providers: a helpful provider, a provider who sampled randomly, and two misleading providers (who could mislead but not lie). We also varied whether people were given a cover story describing the provider in advance or whether they could infer how helpful a provider was based on what the provider shared. Participants learned efficiently from helpful providers, aligning closely with the predictions of a normative Bayesian model, even without a cover story. However, while people usually recognized unhelpful providers, they struggled to identify and respond appropriately to misleading strategies. Overall, our results suggest a helpful bias: In our task, participants assumed helpful intent unless given explicit feedback, and even then, they did not fully adjust in line with Bayesian predictions. People also struggled to overcome this bias when learning from randomly sampled information, especially when they had experience being an information provider themselves (Experiment 3). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1784-1808"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148163436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing a sensory preactivation account of attention guidance from visual working memory.","authors":"Zexuan Niu, Andrew Hollingworth","doi":"10.1037/xge0001947","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual working memory (VWM) maintains visual information in support of ongoing cognitive functions, such as attentional guidance. Here, we tested the standard account of attention guidance by VWM, in which sensory-level preactivation during VWM maintenance interacts with new sensory processing to enhance the relative priority of matching items. To do this, we tested, broadly, whether sensory preactivation can support a guidance function. Participants viewed a preview color for 50 ms that they either did or did not have to remember. This was followed by a search array after a variable interstimulus interval of 0-500 ms, in 50 ms steps. A search-array item matching the preview color was either the target or a distractor, allowing us to assess attention guidance. We compared guidance by VWM (memory demand: Experiment 1) with guidance from sensory preactivation alone (no memory demand: Experiments 2-4), focusing on the interstimulus interval range of iconic memory. In that range, sensory persistence from the preview color should have overlapped, temporally, with the appearance of the search array. If sensory preactivation is the source of attention guidance from VWM, we predicted that sensory persistence from a physical stimulus should generate guidance qualitatively similar to that from VWM. The results disconfirmed this hypothesis, as sensory persistence alone generated no or only weak attention guidance, differing qualitatively from the robust guidance generated by VWM. The results indicate that sensory recruitment during VWM maintenance is unlikely to be central to attention guidance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1668-1680"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential information preferences in uncertain decision making.","authors":"Uma R Karmarkar, John A Clithero, Carolina Raffaelli","doi":"10.1037/xge0001941","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although decisions often appear instantaneous, they can unfold dynamically with sequential processing of different types of information. Prior research finds that the order of considering risks versus rewards in uncertain decisions can influence the perceived value of a financial prospect. However, it remains unclear which information people might choose to learn first for themselves. Across 11 preregistered experiments (<i>N</i> = 6,709 adult participants from in-person and online pools), we demonstrate that a majority of people prefer to consider risks before rewards. This preference is associated with individual sensitivity to economic ambiguity, but not a general need for structure. We further show that self-selected sequences are useful not only for predicting information-seeking behavior in financial and marketplace contexts but also for predicting downstream behavior in terms of choice process and choice outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1768-1783"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147941374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separating cognitive development from language development in the acquisition of negation using international adoption.","authors":"Annika McDermott-Hinman, Samuel Zimmerman, Jesse Snedeker, Roman Feiman","doi":"10.1037/xge0001938","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children learning words face at least one challenge, maybe two. First, children must gather enough information to identify which concept maps to which word (a <i>linguistic bottleneck</i>). Second, for this mapping to be possible, children may need to acquire the concept itself if it is not already available (a <i>conceptual bottleneck</i>). We investigate whether children face both challenges or only the first when learning the English words for negation, a concept that is abstract and nonreferential, yet universal across human thought and languages. We tested whether a linguistic bottleneck is sufficient to explain how children learn to express negation by comparing negation production in typical English learners and older internationally adopted preschoolers, who are more conceptually mature but face a similar language-learning task. If infants normally face a conceptual bottleneck, older adoptees, who do not, should learn negation faster. If the only bottleneck is linguistic, the two groups should learn negation at the same rate relative to their acquisition of English. In Study 1, parent reports on the Communicative Development Inventory showed that older international adoptees and language-matched infant first-language learners begin producing <i>no</i> and <i>not</i> at the same point in vocabulary growth. Study 2 examined children's production of logical denial uses of negation words in longitudinal corpora of parent-child interactions. Adopted preschoolers' and language-matched infants' production of denials increased at the same rate relative to the mean length of children's utterances. Matching patterns of negation acquisition in internationally adopted preschoolers and first-language-learning infants support a solely linguistic, not conceptual, bottleneck on learning negation words. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1629-1647"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148163354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signatures of adaptive memory search: How early linguistic input shapes strategic use of lexical information.","authors":"Channing E Hambric, C Sophia Rammell, William G Kronenberger, David B Pisoni, Michael N Jones, Abhilasha A Kumar","doi":"10.1037/xge0001917","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Producing words during the semantic fluency task (e.g., \"name all the animals you can in a minute\") involves not only activating the relevant semantic representations but also being able to flexibly utilize phonological information to facilitate retrieval. However, the mechanisms by which individuals effectively use phonology as a latent cue during memory search remain understudied. In this study, we used a computational approach to examine the use of different lexical sources during memory search in two categorical domains (<i>Animals</i> and <i>Foods</i>) within the semantic fluency task. We captured the relative saliency of semantic and acoustic information by creating blended lexical representations obtained from two language models trained on text (<i>word2vec</i>) and speech (<i>speech2vec</i>). To examine process-level mechanisms, we implemented computational models based on optimal foraging principles to characterize transitions within and across clusters of related items. These models were evaluated within a sample of normal hearing children and a naturally occurring control group with limited early auditory and language experience-prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants. Overall, in domains where semantics and phonology were more highly correlated (i.e., <i>Foods</i>), greater use of phonology in within-cluster transitions was associated with better fluency performance for children with normal hearing. In contrast, though children with cochlear implants amplified acoustic structural information in these domains, they were less able to flexibly leverage phonological information to retrieve more items within clusters. Together, this work highlights how early linguistic experience shapes the ability to use semantic and phonological cues to navigate lexical space in a controlled, adaptive manner. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1589-1605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147963810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Costs and benefits of acting extraverted: A randomized controlled trial\" by Jacques-Hamilton et al. (2019).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001339","url":null,"abstract":"Reports an error in \"Costs and benefits of acting extraverted: A randomized controlled trial\" by Rowan Jacques-Hamilton, Jessie Sun and Luke D. Smillie (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2019[Sep], Vol 148[9], 1538-1556; see record 2018-58861-001). In the article (https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000516), it was originally reported that momentary authenticity was measured with three items (found in the ESM questionnaire section). However, one of these items was omitted, and only the remaining two were used for the statistical analyses. The omitted item was \"In the past hour, how much were you putting on an act?\" Furthermore, the within-person omega reliability value for momentary authenticity reported in Table 1 is incorrect. The correct value is 0.62. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2018-58861-001.) Evidence suggests that extraverted (i.e., bold, agentic) behavior increases positive affect (PA), and could be targeted in wellbeing interventions. However, this evidence is either causally ambiguous or has questionable ecological validity, and the potential costs of sustained extraverted behavior have received minimal attention. To address these limitations, we conducted a randomized controlled trial examining the wellbeing benefits and costs of an extraverted behavior intervention conducted in everyday life. Participants (n = 147) were randomly assigned to an \"act-extraverted\" intervention or a \"sham\" (active control) intervention for 1 week in everyday life. Additional data for a contact control condition were obtained from a previous study (n = 76). Wellbeing outcomes included PA and negative affect (NA), feelings of authenticity, and tiredness-assessed both in the moment and retrospectively. There was a positive overall effect of the acting extraverted intervention on PA and authenticity. However, wellbeing outcomes also depended on dispositional extraversion: more introverted participants had weaker PA increases, experienced increased NA and tiredness, and decreased feelings of authenticity. Implications for wellbeing interventions and personality theory are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"19 1","pages":"1725"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148313868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salient features of task-irrelevant continuous speech distort subjective time.","authors":"Ashley E Symons, Fred Dick, Lori Holt, Adam Tierney","doi":"10.1037/xge0001946","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Computational models of auditory salience predict that acoustic change and divergence from prediction increase the salience of sound streams. Confirming these predictions, prior research has shown that acoustic change and unpredictable sound features are linked to increases in physiological arousal and disruption of concurrent task performance. However, it remains unclear whether linguistic features, such as phonemic and lexical/semantic surprisal, help drive attentional orienting or whether instead attentional capture takes place prior to linguistic analysis. To address this question, we introduce a new technique for assessing attentional capture by naturalistic task-irrelevant speech. In this paradigm, participants tap to a metronome while ignoring a spoken passage from an audiobook. Salient features of the task-irrelevant speech capture attention, increase arousal, and expand subjective time, leading to shifts in tap timing. We show that distortions of subjective time are driven not only by acoustic change but also by phonemic surprisal. Thus, attentional orienting to sound takes place after the initial stages of linguistic analysis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1681-1701"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13186111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147963845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Your research is public engagement: A case for more intentional science communication in research with human subjects\" by Vaughn (2026).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001970","url":null,"abstract":"Reports an error in \"Your research is public engagement: A case for more intentional science communication in research with human subjects\" by Charlotte Vaughn (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2026[Feb], Vol 155[2], 261-275; see record 2027-22534-001). The article (https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001897) is being made available open access under the CC BY license. The correct copyright is \"© 2026 The Author(s),\" and the CC-BY license disclaimer is below. The online version of this article has been corrected. \"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0). This license permits copying and redistributing the work in any medium or format for noncommercial use provided the original authors and source are credited and a link to the license is included in attribution. No derivative works are permitted under this license.\" (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2027-22534-001.) This article argues that experimental psychologists who conduct research with human subjects are in fact doing public engagement about the field with their participants whether they are aware of it or not. Researchers are missing opportunities to connect with public audiences by not being aware of and intentional about what their experiments communicate. Borrowing from science communication, the article discusses objectives that can serve as a guide in designing both experiments and debriefings with participant engagement in mind. Articulated as the research as engagement model, the article suggests that our research and broader impact goals can be well-served if we view each study participant not only as a data point but as an opportunity for public engagement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"29 1","pages":"1833"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148313848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calibrating growth mindset about intelligence: Increased blame, effort misperception, and a genes-and-growth solution for blame.","authors":"Woo-Kyoung Ahn, Cheng-Kai Sheu","doi":"10.1037/xge0001944","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on growth mindsets about intelligence-beliefs that cognitive ability can be developed through effort and learning-often highlights benefits such as narrowing achievement gaps. Nonetheless, by emphasizing controllability in the domain of intelligence, growth-mindset messages can also increase blame for intellectual difficulties relative to fixed-mindset frames that portray intelligence as largely innate. Across eight intelligence-focused studies (<i>N</i> = 1,820), we document this cost for judgments of both others and the self: Growth-mindset inductions, compared to fixed-mindset inductions, increased blame and led participants to infer that targets had exerted less effort. The blaming effect diminished when it was clear that the task exceeded what an average person typically achieves. Finally, a coherent \"genes-and-growth\" message that acknowledged genetic influence while emphasizing epigenetics and neuroplasticity preserved motivation to persist while tempering self-blame. Taken together, these findings argue for more nuanced implementation of growth-mindset messaging about intelligence and motivate field research on the longer term consequences of chronic self-blame and on interventions that pair malleability cues with clear information about task difficulty and genetic constraints. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"1606-1628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147941248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}