Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第7页

Costly exploration produces stereotypes with dimensions of warmth and competence. 代价高昂的探索产生了具有温情和能力维度的刻板印象。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001694

Xuechunzi Bai, Thomas L Griffiths, Susan T Fiske

{"title":"Costly exploration produces stereotypes with dimensions of warmth and competence.","authors":"Xuechunzi Bai, Thomas L Griffiths, Susan T Fiske","doi":"10.1037/xge0001694","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001694","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional explanations for stereotypes assume that they result from deficits in humans (ingroup-favoring motives, cognitive biases) or their environments (majority advantages, real group differences). An alternative explanation recently proposed that stereotypes can emerge when exploration is costly. Even optimal decision makers in an ideal environment can inadvertently form incorrect impressions from arbitrary encounters. However, all these existing theories essentially describe shortcuts that fail to explain the multidimensionality of stereotypes. Stereotypes of social groups have a canonical multidimensional structure, organized along dimensions of warmth and competence. We show that these dimensions and the associated stereotypes can result from feature-based exploration: When individuals make self-interested decisions based on past experiences in an environment where exploring new options carries an implicit cost and when these options share similar attributes, they are more likely to separate groups along multiple dimensions. We formalize this theory via the contextual multiarmed bandit problem, use the resulting model to generate testable predictions, and evaluate those predictions against human behavior. We evaluate this process in incentivized decisions involving as many as 20 real jobs and successfully recover the classic dimensions of warmth and competence. Further experiments show that intervening on the cost of exploration effectively mitigates bias, further demonstrating that exploration cost per se is the operating variable. Future diversity interventions may consider how to reduce exploration cost, in ways that parallel our manipulations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"347-357"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142687035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating the geography of thought across 11 countries: Cross-cultural differences in analytic and holistic cognitive styles using simple perceptual tasks and reaction time modeling. 调查11个国家的思维地理：使用简单感知任务和反应时间模型的分析和整体认知风格的跨文化差异。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001685

David Lacko, Jiří Čeněk, Alaattin Arıkan, Thomas Dresler, Adrianne John Galang, Zdeněk Stachoň, Alžběta Šašinková, Jie-Li Tsai, Tomáš Prošek, Pavel Ugwitz, Čeněk Šašinka

{"title":"Investigating the geography of thought across 11 countries: Cross-cultural differences in analytic and holistic cognitive styles using simple perceptual tasks and reaction time modeling.","authors":"David Lacko, Jiří Čeněk, Alaattin Arıkan, Thomas Dresler, Adrianne John Galang, Zdeněk Stachoň, Alžběta Šašinková, Jie-Li Tsai, Tomáš Prošek, Pavel Ugwitz, Čeněk Šašinka","doi":"10.1037/xge0001685","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001685","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates cross-cultural differences in analytic/holistic cognitive styles among participants from 11 countries: Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechia, Germany, Ghana, Philippines, Slovakia, Taiwan, and Türkiye. Using a preregistered design, 993 university students were assessed with three perceptual tasks based on Navon's hierarchical figures and Gottschaldt's embedded figures. Analytic and holistic cognitive styles were estimated using reaction time modeling, specifically a Bayesian four-parameter shifted Wald distribution and a hierarchical linear ballistic accumulator model. The results revealed notable cross-cultural variations in cognitive styles, though these differences did not align with predictions from analytic/holistic cognitive style theory. Countries traditionally characterized as more holistic or analytic did not consistently show the expected cognitive style patterns. Multilevel modeling examined the influence of country-level variables, such as Hofstede's and Schwartz's cultural dimensions. While some dimensions, like individualism and long-term orientation, were associated with both analytic and holistic thinking, many cultural predictors had no significant impact on cognitive styles. Additionally, exploratory latent profile analysis assessed cognitive metastyles, such as flexibility and rigidity, but the findings do not support the presence of a rigidity metastyle. No profiles exhibited a strong preference for one cognitive dimension while showing a low preference for the other. These findings challenge the straightforward application of analytic/holistic theory across diverse cultural contexts and suggest a need for reevaluation of its generalizability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"325-346"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An associative-learning account of how infants learn about causal action in animates and inanimates: A critical reexamination of four classic studies. 关于婴儿如何学习动物和非动物因果行动的联想学习理论：对四项经典研究的重新审视。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001656

Deon T Benton

{"title":"An associative-learning account of how infants learn about causal action in animates and inanimates: A critical reexamination of four classic studies.","authors":"Deon T Benton","doi":"10.1037/xge0001656","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001656","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable research shows that causal perception emerges between 6 and 10 months of age. Yet, because this research tends to use artificial stimuli, it is unanswered how or through what mechanisms of change human infants learn about the causal properties of real-world categories such as animate entities and inanimate objects. One answer to this question is that this knowledge is innate (i.e., unlearned, evolutionarily ancient, and possibly present at birth) and underpinned by core knowledge and core cognition. An alternative perspective that is tested here through computer simulations is that infants acquire this knowledge via domain-general associative learning. This article demonstrates that associative learning alone-as instantiated in an artificial neural network-is sufficient to explain the data presented in four classic infancy studies: Spelke et al. (1995), Saxe et al. (2005), Saxe et al. (2007), and Markson and Spelke (2006). This work not only advances theoretical perspectives within developmental psychology but also has implications for the design of artificial intelligence systems inspired by human cognitive development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"497-521"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11790383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142288950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Individual differences diminish the pretest effect under productive memory conditions. 在富有成效的记忆条件下，个体差异会削弱考前效应。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001659

Lucy M Cronin-Golomb, Julia T Wilson, Alissa G Miller, Patricia J Bauer

{"title":"Individual differences diminish the pretest effect under productive memory conditions.","authors":"Lucy M Cronin-Golomb, Julia T Wilson, Alissa G Miller, Patricia J Bauer","doi":"10.1037/xge0001659","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001659","url":null,"abstract":"Pretesting, or asking a test question prior to the onset of learning, is a well-established means of enhancing learning. Research on pretesting has focused primarily on direct factual learning outcomes. Yet building a coherent knowledge base also depends on productive memory processes that permit going beyond the information directly given. In the specific productive process of self-derivation through memory integration, individual differences are prominent; verbal comprehension is a consistent predictor. In the current work, we integrated these research trends by testing the extent to which pretesting enhances learning through productive memory processes and the role played by individual differences in verbal comprehension. Across four within-subjects experiments, we assessed the pretest effect after accounting for variability associated with verbal comprehension. In Experiments 1-3, we assessed the productive memory process of self-derivation through memory integration. Adults were more successful on pretest trials compared to control (i.e., no pretest) trials, but this effect was no longer significant after controlling for verbal comprehension. This pattern emerged when we used stem-fact pretests (Experiment 1) and integration-fact pretests (Experiment 2) to probe self-derivation across single-sentence stimuli and replicated when we used stimuli more akin to everyday learning materials (i.e., text passages and photographs; Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, we shifted the test target from productive processes to fact recall and found the pretest effect held even after controlling for verbal comprehension. This research bridges the pretest and productive process literature to provide novel insight into ways of maximizing learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"420-434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11790389/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanistic complexity is fundamental: Evidence from judgments, attention, and memory. 机制复杂性是根本：来自判断、注意力和记忆的证据。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001691

Tal Boger, Frank C Keil

引用次数: 0

Framing affects postdecision preferences through self-preference inferences (and probably not dissonance). 框架通过自我偏好推断（可能不是不和谐）影响决策后偏好。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001651

Adelle X Yang, Jasper Teow

{"title":"Framing affects postdecision preferences through self-preference inferences (and probably not dissonance).","authors":"Adelle X Yang, Jasper Teow","doi":"10.1037/xge0001651","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001651","url":null,"abstract":"Psychologists have long been intrigued by decision-induced changes in preferences where making a decision strengthens one's relative preference between more and less preferred options. This phenomenon has been explained through two prominent theories: a dissonance account, which suggests that it results from the decision maker's attempt to minimize an unpleasant emotional-motivational state of \"dissonance,\" and an inference account, which posits that it reflects a process of inferring and updating one's \"true\" preferences. In the current research, we investigate whether, how, and why framing a decision as a choice or a rejection influences decision-induced preference modulation. Across 13 preregistered experiments, including seven (N = 6,248 participants from North America and Asia) reported in the main text, we find that reject-framed decisions between attractive options induce greater postdecision preference modulation (i.e., a larger preference gap between options) than choose-framed decisions, all else equal. Supporting the inference account, the effect is moderated by attribute similarity and choice set valence while being mediated consistently by perceived action diagnosticity. In contrast, purported moderators and process measures of the dissonance account received no support when tested. Additionally, we systematically address potential confounds associated with varying levels of \"noise\" in preference expression through decisions, an issue that had encumbered previous paradigms on preference modulation. Our findings suggest that changes in preference induced by ordinary day-to-day decisions primarily stem from an ongoing process of information inference and updating rather than dissonance reduction. This research also provides insights into the previously unforeseen consequences of framing interventions in policy and business. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"574-595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

No evidence that sound-shape associations influence temporal resolution in humans: Five nonreplications of Parise and Spence (2009) and meta-analyses. 没有证据表明声形关联会影响人类的时间分辨率：Parise和Spence（2009年）的五项非重复性研究和荟萃分析。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001641

Suddha Sourav, Brigitte Röder, Franka Ambsdorf, Andromachi Melissari, Miketa Arvaniti, Argiro Vatakis

{"title":"No evidence that sound-shape associations influence temporal resolution in humans: Five nonreplications of Parise and Spence (2009) and meta-analyses.","authors":"Suddha Sourav, Brigitte Röder, Franka Ambsdorf, Andromachi Melissari, Miketa Arvaniti, Argiro Vatakis","doi":"10.1037/xge0001641","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001641","url":null,"abstract":"Sound-shape associations (e.g., preferentially matching angular shapes with high-pitched sounds and smooth shapes with low-pitched ones) have been almost universally observed in humans. If cross-modally congruent sounds and shapes are more robustly integrated in humans, distinguishing them in time might be hypothetically more challenging compared to incongruent sound-shape pairings. Supporting this premise, a highly cited work by Parise and Spence (2009; n = 12) reported worse temporal order judgement performance for audiovisual stimuli with congruent compared to incongruent sound-shape associations. Here, we report the results of five experiments across two laboratories, including a preregistered replication attempt, all (∑n = 102) failing to replicate the original results. Additionally, frequentist and Bayesian meta-analyses found no evidence against the null hypothesis, revealing a negligible effect size. The combined results indicate that multisensory temporal resolution in humans is unaffected by sound-shape associations, which might arise at a later (or parallel) processing stage compared to cross-modal temporal order judgements. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"522-532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142288952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

When the bot walks the talk: Investigating the foundations of trust in an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot. 当机器人说话时：调查人工智能（AI）聊天机器人的信任基础。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001696

Fanny Lalot, Anna-Marie Bertram

{"title":"When the bot walks the talk: Investigating the foundations of trust in an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot.","authors":"Fanny Lalot, Anna-Marie Bertram","doi":"10.1037/xge0001696","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001696","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of trust in artificial intelligence (AI) has been gaining increasing relevance for understanding and shaping human interaction with AI systems. Despite a growing literature, there are disputes as to whether the processes of trust in AI are similar to that of interpersonal trust (i.e., in fellow humans). The aim of the present article is twofold. First, we provide a systematic test of an integrative model of trust inspired by interpersonal trust research encompassing trust, its antecedents (trustworthiness and trust propensity), and its consequences (intentions to use the AI and willingness to disclose personal information). Second, we investigate the role of AI personalization on trust and trustworthiness, considering both their mean levels and their dynamic relationships. In two pilot studies (N = 313) and one main study (N = 1,001) focusing on AI chatbots, we find that the integrative model of trust is suitable for the study of trust in virtual AI. Perceived trustworthiness of the AI, and more specifically its ability and integrity dimensions, is a significant antecedent of trust and so are anthropomorphism and propensity to trust smart technology. Trust, in turn, leads to greater intentions to use and willingness to disclose information to the AI. The personalized AI chatbot was perceived as more able and benevolent than the impersonal chatbot. It was also more anthropomorphized and led to greater usage intentions, but not to greater trust. Anthropomorphism, not trust, explained the greater intentions to use personalized AI. We discuss implications for research on trust in humans and in automation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"533-551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The temporal dynamics of visual attention. 视觉注意力的时间动态

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001661

Han Zhang, Jacob Sellers, Taraz G Lee, John Jonides

{"title":"The temporal dynamics of visual attention.","authors":"Han Zhang, Jacob Sellers, Taraz G Lee, John Jonides","doi":"10.1037/xge0001661","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001661","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have long debated how humans select relevant objects amid physically salient distractions. An increasingly popular view holds that the key to avoiding distractions lies in suppressing the attentional priority of a salient distractor. However, the precise mechanisms of distractor suppression remain elusive. Because the computation of attentional priority is a time-dependent process, distractor suppression must be understood within these temporal dynamics. In four experiments, we tracked the temporal dynamics of visual attention using a novel forced-response method, by which participants were required to express their latent attentional priority at varying processing times via saccades. We show that attention could be biased either toward or away from a salient distractor depending on the timing of observation, with these temporal dynamics varying substantially across experiments. These dynamics were explained by a computational model assuming the distractor and target priority signals arrive asynchronously in time and with different influences on saccadic behavior. The model suggests that distractor signal suppression can be achieved via a \"slow\" mechanism in which the distractor priority signal dictates saccadic behavior until a late-arriving priority signal overrides it, or a \"fast\" mechanism which directly suppresses the distractor priority signal's behavioral expression. The two mechanisms are temporally dissociable and can work collaboratively, resulting in time-dependent patterns of attentional allocation. The current work underscores the importance of considering the temporal dynamics of visual attention and provides a computational architecture for understanding the mechanisms of distractor suppression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"435-456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11790386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How does language modulate the association between number and space? A registered report of a cross-cultural study of the spatial-numerical association of response codes effect. 语言是如何调节数字和空间之间的联系的？反应码效应的空间-数值关联的跨文化研究。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001653

Shachar Hochman, Reyhane Havedanloo, Soomaayeh Heysieattalab, Mojtaba Soltanlou

{"title":"How does language modulate the association between number and space? A registered report of a cross-cultural study of the spatial-numerical association of response codes effect.","authors":"Shachar Hochman, Reyhane Havedanloo, Soomaayeh Heysieattalab, Mojtaba Soltanlou","doi":"10.1037/xge0001653","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001653","url":null,"abstract":"Past investigations into the connection between space and numbers have revealed its potential vulnerability to external influences such as cultural factors, including language. This study aims to examine whether language moderates the association between space and number in the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, which is demonstrated in an interaction between number magnitude and response side. The SNARC effect has been observed across various stimuli. However, research on the influence of linguistic factors, such as reading direction, on the SNARC effect has yielded contradictory findings. We systematically examined the moderating effect of language on the SNARC effect in a cross-cultural design. A group of British English speakers and a group of Iranian Farsi speakers performed four SNARC tasks including both explicit (magnitude classification) and implicit (parity judgment) processing of number magnitude in two modalities of visual and auditory presentations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic investigation of language, magnitude processing, and sensory modalities altogether. While our registered analyses found no group differences in SNARC tasks, nonregistered analyses using a Bayesian ex-Gaussian framework revealed novel findings: a stronger SNARC effect in slower responses and auditory tasks. These findings challenge the idea of a substantial language role in shaping the SNARC effect but also indicate large uncertainty regarding the exact nature of language-induced effects, highlighting the need for further investigations of spatial-numerical interactions that may be differently influenced by linguistic and cultural factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"305-324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0