Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第8页

Individual differences diminish the pretest effect under productive memory conditions. 在富有成效的记忆条件下，个体差异会削弱考前效应。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001659

Lucy M Cronin-Golomb, Julia T Wilson, Alissa G Miller, Patricia J Bauer

{"title":"Individual differences diminish the pretest effect under productive memory conditions.","authors":"Lucy M Cronin-Golomb, Julia T Wilson, Alissa G Miller, Patricia J Bauer","doi":"10.1037/xge0001659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001659","url":null,"abstract":"Pretesting, or asking a test question prior to the onset of learning, is a well-established means of enhancing learning. Research on pretesting has focused primarily on direct factual learning outcomes. Yet building a coherent knowledge base also depends on productive memory processes that permit going beyond the information directly given. In the specific productive process of self-derivation through memory integration, individual differences are prominent; verbal comprehension is a consistent predictor. In the current work, we integrated these research trends by testing the extent to which pretesting enhances learning through productive memory processes and the role played by individual differences in verbal comprehension. Across four within-subjects experiments, we assessed the pretest effect after accounting for variability associated with verbal comprehension. In Experiments 1-3, we assessed the productive memory process of self-derivation through memory integration. Adults were more successful on pretest trials compared to control (i.e., no pretest) trials, but this effect was no longer significant after controlling for verbal comprehension. This pattern emerged when we used stem-fact pretests (Experiment 1) and integration-fact pretests (Experiment 2) to probe self-derivation across single-sentence stimuli and replicated when we used stimuli more akin to everyday learning materials (i.e., text passages and photographs; Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, we shifted the test target from productive processes to fact recall and found the pretest effect held even after controlling for verbal comprehension. This research bridges the pretest and productive process literature to provide novel insight into ways of maximizing learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The temporal dynamics of visual attention. 视觉注意力的时间动态

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001661

Han Zhang, Jacob Sellers, Taraz G Lee, John Jonides

{"title":"The temporal dynamics of visual attention.","authors":"Han Zhang, Jacob Sellers, Taraz G Lee, John Jonides","doi":"10.1037/xge0001661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001661","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have long debated how humans select relevant objects amid physically salient distractions. An increasingly popular view holds that the key to avoiding distractions lies in suppressing the attentional priority of a salient distractor. However, the precise mechanisms of distractor suppression remain elusive. Because the computation of attentional priority is a time-dependent process, distractor suppression must be understood within these temporal dynamics. In four experiments, we tracked the temporal dynamics of visual attention using a novel forced-response method, by which participants were required to express their latent attentional priority at varying processing times via saccades. We show that attention could be biased either toward or away from a salient distractor depending on the timing of observation, with these temporal dynamics varying substantially across experiments. These dynamics were explained by a computational model assuming the distractor and target priority signals arrive asynchronously in time and with different influences on saccadic behavior. The model suggests that distractor signal suppression can be achieved via a \"slow\" mechanism in which the distractor priority signal dictates saccadic behavior until a late-arriving priority signal overrides it, or a \"fast\" mechanism which directly suppresses the distractor priority signal's behavioral expression. The two mechanisms are temporally dissociable and can work collaboratively, resulting in time-dependent patterns of attentional allocation. The current work underscores the importance of considering the temporal dynamics of visual attention and provides a computational architecture for understanding the mechanisms of distractor suppression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical comparison is spatial-Except when it is not. 数值比较是空间性的--除非它不是。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001644

Fraulein Retanal, Véronic Delage, Evan F Risko, Erin A Maloney

引用次数: 0

The role of perceptual and word identification spans in reading efficiency: Evidence from hearing and deaf readers. 感知跨度和单词识别跨度在阅读效率中的作用：来自听力和聋人读者的证据。

IF 4.1 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001633

Elizabeth R Schotter,Casey Stringer,Emily Saunders,Frances G Cooley,Grace Sinclair,Karen Emmorey

{"title":"The role of perceptual and word identification spans in reading efficiency: Evidence from hearing and deaf readers.","authors":"Elizabeth R Schotter,Casey Stringer,Emily Saunders,Frances G Cooley,Grace Sinclair,Karen Emmorey","doi":"10.1037/xge0001633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001633","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of reading posit that decisions about \"where\" and \"when\" to move the eyes are driven by visual and linguistic factors, extracted from the perceptual span and word identification span, respectively. We tested this hypothesized dissociation by masking, outside of a visible window, either the spaces between the words (to assess the perceptual span, Experiment 1) or the letters within the words (to assess the word identification span, Experiment 2). We also investigated whether deaf readers' previously reported larger reading span was specifically linked to one of these spans. We analyzed reading rate to test overall reading efficiency, as well as average saccade length to test \"where\" decisions and average fixation duration to test \"when\" decisions. Both hearing and deaf readers' perceptual spans extended between 10 and 14 characters, and their word identification spans extended to eight characters to the right of fixation. Despite similar sized rightward spans, deaf readers read more efficiently overall and showed a larger increase in reading rate when leftward text was available, suggesting they attend more to leftward information. Neither rightward span was specifically related to where or when decisions for either group. Our results challenge the assumed dissociation between type of reading span and type of saccade decision and indicate that reading efficiency requires access to both perceptual and linguistic information in the parafovea. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"56 1","pages":"2359-2377"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142436383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Girls persist more but divest less from ineffective teaching than boys. 与男生相比，女生坚持的时间更长，但从无效教学中撤出的资金更少。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001646

Mia Radovanovic, Ece Yucer, Jessica A Sommerville

{"title":"Girls persist more but divest less from ineffective teaching than boys.","authors":"Mia Radovanovic, Ece Yucer, Jessica A Sommerville","doi":"10.1037/xge0001646","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001646","url":null,"abstract":"Teaching is the primary way children learn about the world. However, successful learning involves recognizing when teaching is ineffective, even in the absence of overt cues, and divesting from ineffective teaching to explore novel solutions. Across three experiments, we investigated 7- to 10-year-old children's ability to recognize ineffective teaching; we tested the hypothesis that girls may be less likely than boys to divest by exploring new solutions, given documented gender differences in socialization toward conformity and obedience. Overall, we demonstrate that children independently tested taught solutions and, upon learning that the solutions were ineffective, rationally traded off between instruction and exploration. Simultaneously, gender differences in divestment emerged. On average, girls demonstrated greater persistence in applying the taught solution, while boys tended to explore their own ideas, leading to differences in solving and learning. Importantly, these differences were observable across both masculine- and feminine-stereotyped tasks. These results have important implications for children's learning and the development of leadership. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2487-2509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Older yet sharp: No general age-related decline in focusing attention. 年长却敏锐：集中注意力的能力不会因年龄增长而普遍下降。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001649

Alessandra S Souza, Gidon T Frischkorn, Klaus Oberauer

{"title":"Older yet sharp: No general age-related decline in focusing attention.","authors":"Alessandra S Souza, Gidon T Frischkorn, Klaus Oberauer","doi":"10.1037/xge0001649","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001649","url":null,"abstract":"Attention is a multifaceted mechanism operating on space, features, and memory. Previous studies reported both decline and preservation of attention in aging. Yet, it is unclear if healthy aging differentially affects attentional selection in these domains. To address these inconsistencies, we evaluated the ability to focus attention using a battery of 11 tasks in a large sample of younger and older adults (n = 172/174). We addressed whether (a) individual differences and aging effects are consistent across different attention tasks and (b) there is a domain-specific or domain-general age-related decline in focused attention. Both younger and older adults benefited from focusing attention on space, features, and memory representations. Confirmatory factor analysis showed substantial commonalities in baseline performance across all tasks, indicating shared variance in decision-making and memory processes. Focused-attention effects, however, formed separate factors reflecting spatial-, feature-, and memory-based attentional efficiency. Correlations between these factors were generally low and inconsistent for both age groups. This supports the view that focused attention is not a single ability. Within the same domain, some tasks showed a decline, whereas others showed improvement with aging, and, on average, attentional benefits were similar across age groups. Accordingly, our results are inconsistent with the claim that aging is associated with either domain-specific or domain-general decline in focused attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2552-2572"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social contagion of challenge-seeking behavior. 寻求挑战行为的社会传染。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001620

Cansu Ogulmus, Ying Lee, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, Kou Murayama

引用次数: 0

Fast-forward to boredom: How switching behavior on digital media makes people more bored. 快进到无聊：在数字媒体上切换行为如何让人更无聊。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001639

Katy Y Y Tam, Michael Inzlicht

{"title":"Fast-forward to boredom: How switching behavior on digital media makes people more bored.","authors":"Katy Y Y Tam, Michael Inzlicht","doi":"10.1037/xge0001639","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001639","url":null,"abstract":"Boredom is unpleasant, with people going to great lengths to avoid it. One way to escape boredom and increase stimulation is to consume digital media, for example watching short videos on YouTube or TikTok. One common way that people watch these videos is to switch between videos and fast-forward through them, a form of viewing we call digital switching. Here, we hypothesize that people consume media this way to avoid boredom, but this behavior paradoxically intensifies boredom. Across seven experiments (total N = 1,223; six preregistered), we found a bidirectional, causal relationship between boredom and digital switching. When participants were bored, they switched (Study 1), and they believed that switching would help them avoid boredom (Study 2). Switching between videos (Study 3) and within video (Study 4), however, led not to less boredom but more boredom; it also reduced satisfaction, reduced attention, and lowered meaning. Even when participants had the freedom to watch videos of personal choice and interest on YouTube, digital switching still intensified boredom (Study 5). However, when examining digital switching with online articles and with nonuniversity samples, the findings were less conclusive (Study 6), potentially due to factors such as opportunity cost (Study 7). Overall, our findings suggest that attempts to avoid boredom through digital switching may sometimes inadvertently exacerbate it. When watching videos, enjoyment likely comes from immersing oneself in the videos rather than swiping through them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2409-2426"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"Visual verbs": Dynamic event types are extracted spontaneously during visual perception. "视觉动词"：动态事件类型是在视觉感知过程中自发提取的。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001636

Huichao Ji, Brian J Scholl

{"title":"\"Visual verbs\": Dynamic event types are extracted spontaneously during visual perception.","authors":"Huichao Ji, Brian J Scholl","doi":"10.1037/xge0001636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001636","url":null,"abstract":"During visual processing, input that is continuous in space and time is segmented, resulting in the representation of discrete tokens-objects or events. And there has been a great deal of research about how object representations are generalized into types-as when we see an object as an instance of a broader category (e.g., an animal or plant). There has been much less attention, however, to the possibility that vision represents dynamic information in terms of a small number of primitive event types (such as twisting or bouncing). (In models that posit a \"language of vision,\" these would be the foundational visual verbs.) Here we ask whether such event types are extracted spontaneously during visual perception, even when entirely task irrelevant during passive viewing. We exploited the phenomenon of categorical perception-wherein differences are more readily noticed when they are represented in terms of different underlying categories. Observers were better at detecting changes to images or short videos when the changes involved switches in the underlying event type-even when the changes that maintained the same event type were objectively larger (in terms of both brute image metrics and higher level feature change). We observed this categorical \"cross-event-type\" advantage for visual working memory for twisting versus rotating, scooping versus pouring, and rolling versus bouncing. Moreover, additional control experiments confirmed that such effects could not be explained by appeal to lower-level non-categorical stimulus differences. This spontaneous perception of \"visual verbs\" might promote both generalization and prediction about how events are likely to unfold. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"153 10","pages":"2441-2453"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142400461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contributions of tactile information to the sense of agency and its metacognitive representations. 触觉信息对代入感及其元认知表征的贡献。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001634

Angeliki Charalampaki, Anthony Buck Ciston, Elisa Filevich

{"title":"Contributions of tactile information to the sense of agency and its metacognitive representations.","authors":"Angeliki Charalampaki, Anthony Buck Ciston, Elisa Filevich","doi":"10.1037/xge0001634","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001634","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the ubiquitous presence of tactile information in our daily activities, studies of how we experience agency of our actions have rarely relied on manipulated visuo-tactile feedback. Instead, what is often manipulated are the distal (and arbitrarily associated) consequences of our actions. The few studies that did investigate whether tactile information contributes to the experience of agency have been limited to the binary assessment of tactile feedback about the outcome of an action being present or absent. Here, we went beyond the coarse comparison of agency with versus without tactile feedback and introduced instead an experimental manipulation where we could control the amount of mismatch between predictions and observations. Participants (N = 40) reached with their right hand toward a ridged plate with a specific orientation and saw online feedback that could match or differ from their action in one of three ways: the physical plate's orientation, the action's timing, or the hand's position in space. Absolute subjective ratings revealed that an increased mismatch in tactile information led to a diminished sense of agency, similar to what has been reported for spatial and temporal mismatches. Further, estimations of metacognitive efficiency revealed similar Mratios in identifying visuo-tactile violation predictions as compared to visuo-temporal violations (but lower than visuospatial). These findings emphasize the importance of tactile information in shaping our experience of acting voluntarily and show how this important component can be experimentally probed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2427-2440"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0