Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第8页

What makes working memory work? A multifaceted account of the predictive power of working memory capacity. 是什么让工作记忆发挥作用？对工作记忆能力预测能力的多方面阐述。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001629

Matthew K Robison, Ashley L Miller, Elizabeth A Wiemers, Derek M Ellis, Nash Unsworth, Thomas S Redick, Gene A Brewer

{"title":"What makes working memory work? A multifaceted account of the predictive power of working memory capacity.","authors":"Matthew K Robison, Ashley L Miller, Elizabeth A Wiemers, Derek M Ellis, Nash Unsworth, Thomas S Redick, Gene A Brewer","doi":"10.1037/xge0001629","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001629","url":null,"abstract":"Working memory capacity (WMC) has received a great deal of attention in cognitive psychology partly because WMC correlates broadly with other abilities (e.g., reading comprehension, second-language proficiency, fluid intelligence) and thus seems to be a critical aspect of cognitive ability. However, it is still rigorously debated why such correlations occur. Some theories posit a single ability (e.g., attention control, short-term memory capacity, controlled memory search) as the primary reason behind WMC's predictiveness, whereas others argue that WMC is predictive because it taps into multiple abilities. Here, we tested these single- and multifaceted accounts of WMC with a large-scale (N = 974) individual-differences investigation of WMC and three hypothesized mediators: attention control, primary memory, and secondary memory. We found evidence for a multifaceted account, such that no single ability could fully mediate the relation between WMC and higher order cognition (i.e., reading comprehension and fluid intelligence). Further, such an effect held regardless of whether WMC was measured via complex span or n-back. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

When the personal and the collective intersects: Memory, future thinking, and perceived agency during the COVID-19 pandemic. 当个人与集体交汇时：COVID-19 大流行期间的记忆、未来思维和感知机构。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001624

Meymune Nur Topçu, William Hirst

{"title":"When the personal and the collective intersects: Memory, future thinking, and perceived agency during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Meymune Nur Topçu, William Hirst","doi":"10.1037/xge0001624","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001624","url":null,"abstract":"Do collective crises have an impact on the characteristics of mental time travel for individuals and collectives? The COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique context to address this question due to the intersection it created between the personal and the collective domains. In two studies (N = 273), we examined the valence and perceived agency involved in memory and future thinking for personal and collective domains. The second study also included a longitudinal component with 43 participants completing both studies. In research done prior to the pandemic, a valence-based dissociation between personal and collective events was consistently observed in Western samples. We wanted to see if these patterns changed during different stages of the pandemic. In the first study, participants no longer exhibited the usual positivity bias for the personal future, while in the second study, they did not exhibit the usual negativity bias for the collective future. The second aim of the current article was to assess the agency people attribute to themselves and their nation over events and how that relates to valence. People always attributed more agency to themselves over positive events than negative events in both personal and collective domains. Perceived nation agency, however, was associated with positivity in the collective domain but with negativity in the personal domain. Longitudinal analyses confirmed these patterns. Taken together, these results indicate that a collective crisis that has immediate and profound effects on personal lives can alter the patterns observed for mental time travel, especially for the future. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141759076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Discrediting health disinformation sources: Advantages of highlighting low expertise. 驳斥健康虚假信息来源：突出专业知识不足的优势。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001627

Briony Swire-Thompson, Kristen Kilgallen, Mitch Dobbs, Jacob Bodenger, John Wihbey, Skyler Johnson

{"title":"Discrediting health disinformation sources: Advantages of highlighting low expertise.","authors":"Briony Swire-Thompson, Kristen Kilgallen, Mitch Dobbs, Jacob Bodenger, John Wihbey, Skyler Johnson","doi":"10.1037/xge0001627","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001627","url":null,"abstract":"Disinformation is false information spread intentionally, and it is particularly harmful for public health. We conducted three preregistered experiments (N = 1,568) investigating how to discredit dubious health sources and disinformation attributed to them. Experiments 1 and 2 used cancer information and recruited representative U.S. samples. Participants read a vignette about a seemingly reputable source and rated their credibility. Participants were randomly assigned to a control condition or interventions that (a) corrected the source's disinformation, (b) highlighted the source's low expertise, or (c) corrected disinformation and highlighted low expertise (Experiment 2). Next, participants rated their belief in the source's disinformation claims and rerated their credibility. We found that highlighting low expertise was equivalent to (or more effective than) other interventions for reducing belief in disinformation. Highlighting low expertise was also more effective than correcting disinformation for reducing source credibility, although combining it with correcting disinformation outperformed low expertise alone (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 extended this paradigm to vaccine information in vaccinated and unvaccinated subgroups. A conflict-of-interest intervention and 1 week retention interval were also added. Highlighting low expertise was the most effective intervention in both vaccinated and unvaccinated participants for reducing belief in disinformation and source credibility. It was also the only condition where belief change was sustained over 1 week, but only in the vaccinated subgroup. In sum, highlighting a source's lack of expertise is a promising option for fact-checkers and health practitioners to reduce belief in disinformation and perceived credibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11378866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Culture shapes moral reasoning about close others. 文化塑造了关于亲近他人的道德推理。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001626

Chayce R Baldwin, Martha K Berg, Jiayin Yuan, Walter J Sowden, Shinobu Kitayama, Ethan Kross

引用次数: 0

Intentional learning establishes multiple attentional sets that simultaneously guide attention. 有意学习会建立多个注意集，同时引导注意力。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001628

Sisi Wang, Geoffrey F Woodman

{"title":"Intentional learning establishes multiple attentional sets that simultaneously guide attention.","authors":"Sisi Wang, Geoffrey F Woodman","doi":"10.1037/xge0001628","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001628","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key human cognitive capabilities is to extract regularities from the environment to guide behavior. An attentional set for a target feature can be established through statistical learning of probabilistic target associations; however, whether an array of attentional sets of predictive target features can be established during intentional learning, and how they might guide attention, is not known yet. To address these questions, we had human observers perform a visual search task where we instructed them to try to use color to find their target shape. We structured the task with a fine-grained statistical regularity such that the target shapes appeared in different colors with five unique probabilities (i.e., 33%, 26%, 19%, 12%, and 5%) while we recorded their electroencephalogram. Observers rapidly learned these regularities, evidenced by being faster to report targets that appeared in higher probability colors. These effects were not due to unequal sample sizes or simple feature priming. More importantly, equivalent speeding across a set of high-probability colors suggests that the brain was driving attention to multiple targets simultaneously. Our electrophysiological results showed larger amplitude N2 posterior contralateral component, indexing perceptual attention, and late positive complex (LPC) component, indexing postperceptual processes, for targets paired with high-probability colors. These electrophysiological data suggest that the learned attentional sets change both perceptual selection and how postperceptual decisions are made. In sum, we show that multiple attentional sets can be established during intentional learning that accompanies general task acquisition and that these attentional sets can simultaneously guide attention by enhancing both perceptual attention and postperceptual processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11377161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141859980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling confidence in causal judgments. 因果判断中的信心建模。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001615

Kevin O'Neill, Paul Henne, John Pearson, Felipe De Brigard

{"title":"Modeling confidence in causal judgments.","authors":"Kevin O'Neill, Paul Henne, John Pearson, Felipe De Brigard","doi":"10.1037/xge0001615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001615","url":null,"abstract":"Counterfactual theories propose that people's capacity for causal judgment depends on their ability to consider alternative possibilities: The lightning strike caused the forest fire because had it not struck, the forest fire would not have ensued. To accommodate a variety of psychological effects on causal judgment, a range of recent accounts have proposed that people probabilistically sample counterfactual alternatives from which they compute a graded measure of causal strength. While such models successfully describe the influence of the statistical normality (i.e., the base rate) of the candidate and alternate causes on causal judgments, we show that they make further untested predictions about how normality influences people's confidence in their causal judgments. In a large (N = 3,020) sample of participants in a causal judgment task, we found that normality indeed influences people's confidence in their causal judgments and that these influences were predicted by a counterfactual sampling model in which people are more confident in a causal relationship when the effect of the cause is less variable among imagined counterfactual possibilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Signatures of individuation across objects and events. 跨越对象和事件的个性化特征。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001581

Sarah Hye-Yeon Lee, Yue Ji, Anna Papafragou

引用次数: 0

The political (a)symmetry of metacognitive insight into detecting misinformation. 元认知洞察发现错误信息的政治（a）对称性。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001600

Michael Geers, Helen Fischer, Stephan Lewandowsky, Stefan M Herzog

{"title":"The political (a)symmetry of metacognitive insight into detecting misinformation.","authors":"Michael Geers, Helen Fischer, Stephan Lewandowsky, Stefan M Herzog","doi":"10.1037/xge0001600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001600","url":null,"abstract":"Political misinformation poses a major threat to democracies worldwide, often inciting intense disputes between opposing political groups. Despite its central role for informed electorates and political decision making, little is known about how aware people are of whether they are right or wrong when distinguishing accurate political information from falsehood. Here, we investigate people's metacognitive insight into their own ability to detect political misinformation. We use data from a unique longitudinal study spanning 12 waves over 6 months that surveyed a representative U.S. sample (N = 1,191) on the most widely circulating political (mis)information online. Harnessing signal detection theory methods to model metacognition, we found that people from both the political left and the political right were aware of how well they distinguished accurate political information from falsehood across all news. However, this metacognitive insight was considerably lower for Republicans and conservatives-than for Democrats and liberals-when the information in question challenged their ideological commitments. That is, given their level of knowledge, Republicans' and conservatives' confidence was less likely to reflect the correctness of their truth judgments for true and false political statements that were at odds with their political views. These results reveal the intricate and systematic ways in which political preferences are linked to the accuracy with which people assess their own truth discernment. More broadly, by identifying a specific political asymmetry-for discordant relative to concordant news-our findings highlight the role of metacognition in perpetuating and exacerbating ideological divides. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Feedback exercises boost discernment of misinformation for gamified inoculation interventions. 反馈练习提高了游戏化接种干预对错误信息的辨别能力。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001603

Johannes Leder, Lukas Valentin Schellinger, Rakoen Maertens, Sander van der Linden, Breanne Chryst, Jon Roozenbeek

{"title":"Feedback exercises boost discernment of misinformation for gamified inoculation interventions.","authors":"Johannes Leder, Lukas Valentin Schellinger, Rakoen Maertens, Sander van der Linden, Breanne Chryst, Jon Roozenbeek","doi":"10.1037/xge0001603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001603","url":null,"abstract":"Gamification is a promising approach to reducing misinformation susceptibility. Previous research has found that \"inoculation\" games such as Bad News and Harmony Square help build cognitive resistance against misinformation. However, recent research has offered two important nuances: a potentially inadvertent impact of such games on people's evaluation of non-misinformation (\"real news\") and exponential decay over time if no memory-strengthening exercise is provided. We address these issues in two preregistered lab experiments (N1 = 191, N2 = 321) and four quasi-experimental in-game surveys implemented in Harmony Square (N3 = 559) and Bad News (N4 = 2,558, N5 = 419, N6 = 882). In Experiments 1 and 2, we test if providing different types of feedback after playing Bad News enhances discriminative ability of misinformation and real news 1 week postgameplay and find that doing so resulted in homogeneously better accuracy at identifying both misinformation and non-misinformation compared with a control condition, which played Bad News without feedback. In Experiments 3-6, we implemented two different types of feedback exercises in the Harmony Square and Bad News games and find that this significantly boosts discernment compared with playing the game without a feedback exercise, primarily by improving accuracy at detecting real news. We confirm these results using signal detection theory. We conclude that feedback exercises boost the effectiveness of gamified misinformation interventions, likely due to an improved learning environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intuitive network topology. 直观的网络拓扑结构

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001606

Sami R Yousif, Elizabeth M Brannon

引用次数: 0