Journal of Experimental Psychology: General最新文献_第8页

Impact of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles on perceived trustworthiness of Black and White faces: A Black perspective. 杜氏微笑和非杜氏微笑对黑人和白人面孔可信度的影响：黑人视角。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001597

Kerry Kawakami, Chanel Meyers, Justin P Friesen

{"title":"Impact of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles on perceived trustworthiness of Black and White faces: A Black perspective.","authors":"Kerry Kawakami, Chanel Meyers, Justin P Friesen","doi":"10.1037/xge0001597","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001597","url":null,"abstract":"In five experiments, we investigated how Black participants perceive Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles on Black and White targets. Results consistently demonstrated that when assessing happiness, faces with Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles were rated as happier on both Black and White targets. However, when assessing a more socially evaluative dimension, trustworthiness, perceptions of Black and White targets diverged. Whereas White targets with Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles were rated as more trustworthy, ratings of Black targets with Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles did not differ, with both appraised as highly trustworthy. Although the degree to which Black participants identified with their race did not moderate these effects, the perceived genuineness of targets did mediate the relationship. One reason why Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles on White but not Black targets were perceived as more trustworthy is because Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles on White but not Black targets were perceived as more genuine. A final study extended these findings by exploring the impact of target race and smile type on partner choice. In accordance with the results related to trustworthiness ratings, Black participants selected White partners with Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles more often but did not differentiate in their choice of Black partners with Duchenne versus non-Duchenne smiles. These findings underscore the importance of investigating not only diverse targets but also diverse perceivers. Our results suggest that Black perceivers use facial cues differently when rating the trustworthiness of Black and White targets and that these perceptions have important downstream consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2789-2809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140859000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

You can't dismantle what you don't recognize: The effect of learning critical Black history in healthcare on perspective-taking. 你无法摧毁你不认识的东西：在医疗保健中学习批判性黑人历史对观点的影响。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001482

Kimberly J Martin, Kerri L Johnson

{"title":"You can't dismantle what you don't recognize: The effect of learning critical Black history in healthcare on perspective-taking.","authors":"Kimberly J Martin, Kerri L Johnson","doi":"10.1037/xge0001482","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001482","url":null,"abstract":"Black (compared to White) Americans endure worse healthcare and health outcomes, and discrimination perpetuates these disparities. However, many White Americans deny that racial injustice exists. Two studies (N = 1,853 White Americans) tested whether learning Critical Black History (history of injustice) in healthcare increased perspective-taking and its subsequent impact on racism recognition. When participants learned Critical Black History, perspective-taking was positively associated with isolated and systemic racism recognition (Study 1). In Study 2, participants were randomly assigned to learn Critical Black History, Celebratory Black History (history of achievement), or a Control lesson. Participants who learned Critical Black History (vs. Celebratory or Control) engaged in higher levels of perspective-taking which, in turn, increased racism recognition/acknowledgment, support for anti-racist healthcare policies, and recognition of systemic contributors to Black-White health disparities; no change in negative stereotype endorsement was observed. These findings suggest learning about racial injustice, coupled with perspective-taking, engenders support for racial equity in healthcare. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2631-2641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10972773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41147662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Too old to be a diversity hire: Choice bundling shown to increase gender-diverse hiring decisions fails to increase age diversity. 年龄太大，无法实现多元化招聘：事实证明，选择捆绑能增加性别多元化的招聘决定，但却不能增加年龄的多元化。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001529

Daniel Jolles, Marie Juanchich, Beatrice Piccoli

{"title":"Too old to be a diversity hire: Choice bundling shown to increase gender-diverse hiring decisions fails to increase age diversity.","authors":"Daniel Jolles, Marie Juanchich, Beatrice Piccoli","doi":"10.1037/xge0001529","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001529","url":null,"abstract":"Past research has shown that people are more likely to make the decision to hire candidates whose gender would increase group diversity when making multiple hiring choices in a bundle (i.e., when selecting multiple team members simultaneously) compared to making choices in isolation (i.e., when selecting a single team member). However, it is unclear if this bundling effect extends to age diversity and the selection of older candidates, as older workers are often the target of socially acceptable negative stereotypes and bias in recruitment, leaving them unemployed for longer than their younger counterparts. Across five preregistered experiments (total N = 4,096), we tested if the positive effect of bundling on diversity of selections extends to older candidates in hiring decisions. We found evidence of bias against older job candidates in hiring decisions but found inconsistent effects of choice bundling on the selection of older candidates across experiments. An effect of bundling was found in two of five experiments, with no meta-analytic effect found across the five studies. Making older candidates more competitive and introducing a diversity statement aimed at increasing their selection both significantly increased older candidate selections, but failed to activate the bundling effect. We discuss the theoretical implications for choice bundling interventions and for age as a diversity characteristic to support the design of interventions that meet the challenges of an aging workforce. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2771-2788"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138804684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning linguistic diversity: Listeners have race-based linguistic expectations, but only for phonological variation. 学习语言多样性：听者有基于种族的语言期望，但仅限于语音变化。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001560

Alexandra M Ryken, Emma Tupper, Drew Weatherhead

{"title":"Learning linguistic diversity: Listeners have race-based linguistic expectations, but only for phonological variation.","authors":"Alexandra M Ryken, Emma Tupper, Drew Weatherhead","doi":"10.1037/xge0001560","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001560","url":null,"abstract":"In three artificial language experiments, we explored the rate at which adults learned associations between linguistic variation and speaker characteristics. Within each of the experiments, we observed that listeners sociolinguistic learning occurred, regardless of whether the speaker characteristic is social (race and sex/gender) or nonsocial (hat wearing), or whether they heard a phonological or morphological variant. However, we found that listener's initial expectations of what social properties were predictive of linguistic variation differed, impacting overall performance. First, participants were much more likely to assume that a phonological variant was predicted by a social property than a nonsocial property (Experiment 1). Most interestingly, participants were more likely to privilege speaker race than sex/gender, but only in the case of a phonological variant (Experiments 2 and 3). The same effect was found in both White and Black participants, though White participants were more likely to correctly articulate which speaker characteristic explained the variation, suggesting that sociolinguistic learning hinges on real-world experiences with language and social diversity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2918-2930"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140174992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attributions to discrimination in multiracial contexts: Isolating the effect of target group membership. 多种族背景下的歧视归因：隔离目标群体成员的影响。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001475

Laurie T O'Brien, Maria Casteigne, Tyler Waldon-Lee, Caley Lowe, Stefanie Simon

{"title":"Attributions to discrimination in multiracial contexts: Isolating the effect of target group membership.","authors":"Laurie T O'Brien, Maria Casteigne, Tyler Waldon-Lee, Caley Lowe, Stefanie Simon","doi":"10.1037/xge0001475","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001475","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, psychological models of how people make judgments of discrimination have relied on a binary conceptualization of intergroup relations, making it unclear how people make judgments of discrimination in diverse, multigroup contexts. We propose that groups can vary in the extent to which they fit the prototype for targets of discrimination and that this variation influences judgments of discrimination in ambiguous circumstances. The present research examined attributions to discrimination when job applicants are rejected for a white-collar position. People consistently made more attributions to discrimination (ATDs) when managers rejected Black American as compared to Asian American job applicants, and when managers rejected Asian American as compared to White American job applicants. People also made more ATDs for rejected Black American as compared to Latino American applicants, but ATDs were similar for Latino and Asian American applicants. Overall, similar patterns were observed in majority White American samples and a Black/African American sample; only an Asian American sample did not make more ATDs for rejected Black than Asian American applicants. Six experiments (N = 2,321) found strong support for the relative fit hypothesis and suggest that, in a white-collar employment context, White Americans are a distant fit to the prototype for targets of discrimination, Asian and Latino Americans are an intermediate fit, and Black Americans are a close fit. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2751-2770"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41130625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of environmental diversity on exploration and learning: The case of bilingualism. 环境多样性对探索和学习的影响：双语教学案例。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001562

Leher Singh, Rachel Barr, Paul C Quinn, Marina Kalashnikova, Joscelin Rocha-Hidalgo, Kate Freda, Dean D'Souza

{"title":"Effects of environmental diversity on exploration and learning: The case of bilingualism.","authors":"Leher Singh, Rachel Barr, Paul C Quinn, Marina Kalashnikova, Joscelin Rocha-Hidalgo, Kate Freda, Dean D'Souza","doi":"10.1037/xge0001562","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001562","url":null,"abstract":"Bilingual environments provide a commonplace example of increased complexity and uncertainty. Learning multiple languages entails mastery of a larger and more variable range of sounds, words, syntactic structures, pragmatic conventions, and more complex mapping of linguistic information to objects in the world. Recent research suggests that bilingual learners demonstrate fundamental variation in how they explore and learn from their environment, which may derive from this increased complexity. In particular, the increased complexity and variability of bilingual environments may broaden the focus of learners' attention, laying a different attentional foundation for learning. In this review, we introduce a novel framework, with accompanying empirical evidence, for understanding how early learners may adapt to a more complex environment, drawing on bilingualism as an example. Three adaptations, each relevant to the demands of abstracting structure from a complex environment, are introduced. Each adaptation is discussed in the context of empirical evidence attesting to shifts in basic psychological processes in bilingual learners. This evidence converges on the notion that bilingual learners may explore their environment more broadly. Downstream consequences of broader sampling for perception and learning are discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research to expand the scientific narrative on the impact of diverse environments on learning are provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2879-2898"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

United States-China differences in cognition and perception across 12 tasks: Replicability, robustness, and within-culture variation. 美国和中国在 12 项任务中的认知和感知差异：可复制性、稳健性和文化内变异。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001559

Anjie Cao, Alexandra Carstensen, Shan Gao, Michael C Frank

{"title":"United States-China differences in cognition and perception across 12 tasks: Replicability, robustness, and within-culture variation.","authors":"Anjie Cao, Alexandra Carstensen, Shan Gao, Michael C Frank","doi":"10.1037/xge0001559","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001559","url":null,"abstract":"Cultural differences between the United States and China have been investigated using a broad array of psychological tasks measuring differences between cognition, language, perception, and reasoning. Using online convenience samples of adults, we conducted two large-scale replications of 12 tasks previously reported to show differences between Western and East Asian cultures. Our results showed a heterogeneous pattern of successes and failures: five tasks yielded robust cultural differences, while five showed no difference between cultures, and two showed a small difference in the opposite direction. We observed moderate reliability for all multitrial tasks, but there was little relation between task scores. As in prior work, cross-cultural differences in cognition (in those tasks showing differences) were not strongly related to explicit measures of cultural identity and behavior. All of our tasks, data, and analyses are openly available for reuse, providing a foundation for future studies that seek to establish a robust and replicable science of cross-cultural difference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2657-2685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141310773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How diversity in contexts and experiences shape perception and learning across the lifespan. 环境和经历的多样性如何影响人一生的感知和学习。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001671

Sarah E Gaither, Rachel Wu

引用次数: 0

Expectations of intergroup empathy bias emerge by early childhood. 群体间共情偏见的预期出现在幼儿期。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001505

Rodney Tompkins, Katie Vasquez, Emily Gerdin, Yarrow Dunham, Zoe Liberman

{"title":"Expectations of intergroup empathy bias emerge by early childhood.","authors":"Rodney Tompkins, Katie Vasquez, Emily Gerdin, Yarrow Dunham, Zoe Liberman","doi":"10.1037/xge0001505","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001505","url":null,"abstract":"Across two preregistered studies with children (3-12-year-olds; N = 356) and adults (N = 262) from the United States, we find robust expectations for intergroup empathic biases. Participants predicted that people would feel better about ingroup fortunes than outgroup fortunes and worse about ingroup misfortunes than outgroup misfortunes. Expectations of empathic bias were stronger when there was animosity and weaker when there was fondness between groups. The largest developmental differences emerged in participants' expectations about how others feel about outgroup misfortunes, particularly when there was intergroup animosity. Whereas young children (3-5-year-olds) generally expected people to feel empathy for the outgroup (regardless of the relationship between the groups), older children (9-12-year-olds) and adults expected Schadenfreude (feeling good when an outgroup experiences a misfortune) when the groups disliked one another. Overall, expectations of empathic biases emerge early but may be weaker when there are positive intergroup relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2700-2714"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92154721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mind-wandering when studying valuable information: The roles of age, dispositional traits, and contextual factors. 学习有价值信息时的思维游离：年龄、性格特征和环境因素的作用。

IF 3.7 1区心理学

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001674

Ashley L Miller, Alan D Castel

{"title":"Mind-wandering when studying valuable information: The roles of age, dispositional traits, and contextual factors.","authors":"Ashley L Miller, Alan D Castel","doi":"10.1037/xge0001674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001674","url":null,"abstract":"The factors that trigger lapses of attention (e.g., mind-wandering) during new learning remain unclear. The present study investigated whether the likelihood of experiencing an attentional lapse depends on (a) the importance of the material being studied and (b) the learner's age. In two experiments, younger and older adults completed a delayed free recall task in which to-be-remembered words were paired with point values. Thought probes were embedded into the encoding phase of each list to provide an index of one's ability to maintain attention on task and prevent recurrent lapses of attention (i.e., the consistency of attention). Experiment 1 revealed all individuals better remembered high-value information at the expense of low-value information, and older adults were more frequently focused on the task than younger adults. Participants were also less likely to remember an item at test if they experienced an attentional lapse while learning said item, and they were more consistently focused on the task when studying high-value information than when studying low-value information. Age did not moderate either of these effects. Experiment 2 replicated the findings from Experiment 1 and further revealed that the positive association between age and attentional consistency was explained by age-related differences in affect, motivation, personality, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomology. Once these factors were accounted for, older age was associated with increased attentional inconsistency (less on-task focus). While future replication of this finding is needed, implications for education and theories of both mind-wandering and aging are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142545808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0