Cells Tissues Organs最新文献

{"title":"Cytosolic Carboxypeptidase 1 Loss in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibited Osteogenic Differentiation by Enhancing Microtubule Glutamylation.","authors":"Cancan Pan, Xuyan Gong, Xuekui Wang, Huiyuan Wu, Yao Sun","doi":"10.1159/000546259","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cytosolic carboxypeptidase 1 (CCP1) is a deglutamylase that antagonizes polyglutamylation. Mutations in human CCP1 gene cause a severe disease known as childhood-onset neurodegeneration with cerebellar atrophy (CONDCA), which is characterized by marked growth retardation. However, the role and mechanisms of CCP1 in skeletal development remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we used CCP1 knockout (CCP1-KO) mice to assess bone mass changes by micro-CT, HE, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and immunofluorescence staining. Changes in osteogenic differentiation, proliferation, and migration capacity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were assessed by ALP, alizarin red (ARS) staining, quantitative real-time PCR, EdU staining, and cell scratching assay. Then, tubulin glutamylation and primary cilia of BMSCs after deletion of CCP1 was analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Finally, CB839, an inhibitor of glutamine metabolism, was used to detect changes in the osteogenic differentiation ability and primary cilia of BMSCs after reducing the elevated glutamylation level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CCP1-KO mice exhibited phenotypes relevant to humans, including reduced body size, decreased bone mass, and reduced bone density during growth and development. CCP1 deficiency impairs the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Meanwhile, the number of pre-osteoblasts derived from BMSCs is decreased, leading to impaired osteogenesis. At the cellular level, CCP1 loss results in aberrant tubulin glutamylation, increased microtubule glutamylation, and shortened primary cilia in BMSCs. Finally, reduction of abnormally elevated tubulin glutamylation was efficacious for promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and restoring primary cilia length of BMSCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We propose that CCP1 plays a critical role in regulating BMSCs differentiation and promotes osteogenesis by modulating the post-translational modifications of tubulin, with a view to provide new targets for the prevention and treatment of hard tissue diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"137-152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143987015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Soft Palatal Musculature Characterized by the Uvula Muscle of Miniature Pig.","authors":"Min Li, Junwen Huang, Xiaoyu Lin, Kaizhao Guo, Xuechun Li, Songlin Wang, Xiaoshan Wu","doi":"10.1159/000546790","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Surgical reconstruction is recommended for cleft palate patients. However, improper muscle reconstruction can cause scarring and velopharyngeal insufficiency. Understanding the developmental patterns of soft palatal musculature is crucial for improving treatments. Although mice are commonly used to investigate soft palate development, the uvula deficiency in mice limits their applicability. This study aimed to compare the developmental characteristics of soft palate muscles in miniature pigs and mice at various stages to better understand the patterns in large mammals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Specimens of soft palate were collected from human embryos, miniature pigs, and mice at different stages. Furthermore, comprehensive gross observations, haematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemical analyses for myosin heavy chain and hypermethylated cancer 1 (Hic1) were conducted on multiple dissected sections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mature soft palatal musculature exhibited anatomical and histological similarities across the three species. Notably, miniature pigs exhibited the uvula structure and uvula muscle (MU) development comparable to humans. Embryonic day 40 (E40, equivalent to human embryonic week 11, E11w) represented the early developmental stage of the MU, characterized by scattered muscle cells not yet coalescing into multinucleated fibres. By E45 (aligned with human E12w), the muscle bundles reached maturity, exhibiting two oriented fibre bundles flanking the midline. Levator veli palatini muscle and palatopharyngeus of miniature pigs exhibited a distinct course pattern due to the presence of the MU. Hic1+ perimysial cells were observed at the extending edge of the developing palatopharyngeus of miniature pigs, indicating a potential guiding role in the migration of myogenic cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Characterized by the MU, the spatiotemporal dynamic process of soft palatal musculature of miniature pigs was revealed. Miniature pigs exhibit a similar structure of the MU to that of humans and therefore serve as a promising model for researching soft palatal musculature development of large mammals in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"83-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144233313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superior Mesenteric Artery during Intestinal Loop Formation and Its Positional Changes from the Extracoelom to the Abdominal Cavity.","authors":"Tetsuya Takakuwa, Maki Kakeya, Nanase Ishida, Toru Kanahashi, Sena Fujii, Jörg Männer, Shigehito Yamada","doi":"10.1159/000545751","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Introduction: Features of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and its intestinal branches during the embryonic and early fetal periods have not been fully described. We aimed to comprehensively elucidate the characteristics of intestinal branch artery formation in the SMA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Serial tissue sections of seven early fetal specimens belonging to the Blechschmidt collection were digitalized and used for segmentation and reconstruction of the intestinal loop, SMA trunk, intestinal branch arteries, and mesentery for further analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The intestinal branch arteries fed the intestinal tract from the oral side to the anal side, according to the order of their origin from the root to the periphery of the SMA trunk. SMA and intestinal branches were not as strongly conserved in their morphology as indicated in previous research but varied between specimens. Most intestinal branch arteries exhibited frequent branching with small intervals at the periphery, whereas the proximal branch exhibited few branches. Only a few peripheral branches made contact with the neighboring intestinal branch arteries. The fetal intestinal branch artery architecture differed greatly from that of adults. There were considerable inter- and intra-specimen variations in the intestinal tract length per feeding intestinal branch artery. The SMA branching arteries did not always supply each tertiary loop individually, and not every loop is connected to one branching artery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study elucidates the characteristics of forming the SMA intestinal branch arteries. Specifically, the findings suggest that the SMA is similar to other arteries in that its branches show a level of variability in feeding tissues. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101812/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143810468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and Challenges in Tracheal Epithelium Regeneration: Insights into Tissue Engineering Approaches.","authors":"Dina Gadalla, Maeve M Kennedy, David G Lott","doi":"10.1159/000545132","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The trachea, a vital conduit in the lower airway system, can be affected by various disorders, such as tracheal neoplasms and tracheoesophageal fistulas, that often necessitate reconstruction. While short-segment defects can sometimes be addressed with end-to-end anastomosis, larger defects require tracheal reconstruction, a complex procedure with no universally successful replacement strategy. Tissue engineering offers a promising solution for tracheal repair, particularly focusing on regenerating its epithelium, which plays a critical role in protecting the respiratory system and facilitating mucociliary clearance. However, replicating the complex structure and functionality of the tracheal epithelium remains a significant challenge, with key hurdles including proper cell differentiation, functional mucociliary clearance, and addressing the relative lack of vascular supply to the trachea.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Current tissue engineering approaches, including biomaterial scaffolds, decellularized tissues, and scaffold-free methods, have shown varying levels of success, while in vitro air-liquid interface cultures have provided valuable insights into epithelial modeling. Despite these advances, translating these findings into effective in vivo applications remains difficult due to challenges such as immune responses, inadequate integration with host tissue, and limited long-term functionality of engineered constructs. Overcoming these barriers requires further refinement of cell sources, scaffold materials, and bioactive factors that promote vascularization and sustained epithelial function.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>This review evaluates the current strategies and modeling, biomaterial scaffolds, cells, and bioactive factors used in tracheal epithelium regeneration, as well as the methods employed to assess their success through histological, functional, and molecular analyses. While significant progress has been made, the development of a safe, functional, and clinically viable tracheal graft remains elusive, underscoring the need for continued innovation in airway tissue engineering. Future advancements in biomaterial design, stem cell technology, and bioreactor-based tissue maturation hold promise for addressing challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"56-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Tissue-Specific Innate Lymphoid Cell Populations during Rat Development.","authors":"Hüseyin Yiğit, Şerife Erdem, İnayet Nur Uslu, Mustafa Taştan, Mohammad Ahmad Houran, Büşra Şeniz Demir, İlyas Uçar, Erdoğan Unur, Ahmet Eken","doi":"10.1159/000548519","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play a crucial role in immunity by regulating innate and adaptive immune cells and are involved in various physiological processes such as morphogenesis, homeostasis, metabolism, and tissue repair. ILCs are categorized into three primary subgroups: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s, which are distinguished by their functions and their production of cytokines resembling those of T helper cell subsets. The distribution of ILCs during development, particularly in rats, is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the changes in tissue-specific ILC populations throughout rat development from embryonic days to postnatal day (PN) 30.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ILC subsets in different organs, such as the liver, lung, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN), thymus, small intestine, and colon, were examined through surface and intracellular staining using flow cytometry (FACSAria III).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the liver, ILC3s were most common before birth, followed by an increase in ILC1s 1 week after birth and a rise in ILC2s by the end of the first month after birth. The lung showed an increase in ILC1s and NK progenitor cells after birth, with a decrease in ILC3s by the end of the first month postnatally. The spleen changed from being dominated by ILC3s in the fetal period to being dominated by ILC2s at PN30. In the mLN, ILC2s were the most common subtype throughout development. ILC3s were the main subtype in the thymus, with a decrease in NK cell representation after birth. The small intestine and colon were dominated by ILC2s, with an increase in ILC1s observed in the colon after birth.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides insights into the changes in ILC populations during prenatal and postnatal development in rat hematopoietic, lymphoid, and non-lymphoid organs, which can be valuable for researchers studying ILCs and improves the rat model in developmental biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"169-191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145085149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing Early Human Embryonic Development: From in vitro Models to Multimodal Integration.","authors":"Gang Chen, Zhiyuan Guo, Hongmei Wang, Long Yan","doi":"10.1159/000550960","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Early human embryonic development sets the trajectory for health across the life course. Any aberrations in this process are associated with a heightened burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Accordingly, a comprehensive understanding of early human embryogenesis, together with the development of faithful research models, is pivotal for elucidating pregnancy physiology and pathophysiology. However, as embryonic development occurs within the uterus, direct observation has been severely limited by ethical and technical constraints.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>To overcome these challenges, in vitro culture (IVC) systems have emerged as powerful platforms for studying early embryonic development under controlled conditions. These systems support human embryo development to the primitive streak anlage stage (near the 14-day ethical boundary), whereas nonhuman primate models sustain growth to neurulation and early organogenesis (up to E25), thereby bridging the gap between implantation and complex organ formation. In parallel, studies of rare early-stage primate embryos obtained from clinical procedures have yielded complementary insights into these developmental processes. In this review, we summarize recent progress in early primate embryo development research, emphasize the critical role of IVC systems in elucidating developmental processes, and discuss the integration of these experimental models with spatiotranscriptomic atlases to establish a more comprehensive framework for early human embryonic development.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Primate IVC systems offer accessible platforms for high-resolution dynamic observation and perturbation, while in vivo embryos provide physiologically faithful references. Coupling these complementary approaches reconstructs the trajectory of early human development, establishing a robust framework to decipher the causes of birth defects and facilitate mechanism-guided drug screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"247-253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146178119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hindlimb Unloading Reversibly Attenuates Osteogenic Potential of Rat Skeletal Stem and Progenitor Cells ex vivo.","authors":"Elena Markina, Elena Andreeva, Ludmila Buravkova","doi":"10.1159/000545284","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Prolonged space flights negatively affect the skeleton. Stromal cells of mesenchymal origin play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and in regulating the physiological remodeling of various tissues, and this has particular significance for bone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hindlimb unloading (HU) of rats as a ground-based model for simulation of microgravity was implemented. The functional activity of skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs) from rat femoral bones was assessed in vitro after 2 weeks of HU and after 2 weeks of subsequent recovery of load support (HU + reloading [HU + R]). To characterize the growth of the SSPCs, the number of population doublings (PDs) was calculated. Histochemical detection of the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) - an early marker of osteo-differentiation - on day 7, and of extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization - as a sign of late osteo-differentiation - on day 21, were carried out. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the expression of the genes encoding proteins associated with the functional activity of osteoprogenitor cells (Pparg, Runx2, Alpl, Cxcl12) and bone tissue homeostasis (Mmp9, Spp1, RANKL, OPG, Ibsp, BMP10, Sost).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After HU, a twofold decrease in the PD of the SSPCs, a decrease in AP activity and a significant attenuation of ECM mineralization were detected. There was also significant downregulation of the genes encoding proteins related to bone tissue homeostasis: those for bone matrix proteins (RANKL, OPG, Ibsp), and of the master-genes controlling osteo- and adipo-differentiation (Runx2, Alpl, Pparg), as well as of Mmp9, encoding a regulatory molecule of bone matrix remodeling. By contrast, sclerostin (Sost) was upregulated. After HU + R, the PD, as well as AP activity and the level of ECM mineralization were restored.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HU leads to inhibition of the osteoplastic function of SSPCs. The presented data are significant for the elucidation of microgravity-induced mechanisms of bone impairment and for the development of countermeasures for astronauts as well as for osteo-deficient patients after prolonged immobilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"13-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Dental Tissues Demonstrate Neuronal Potential Pre- and Post-Induction.","authors":"Agner Henrique Dorigo Hochuli, Ana Helena Selenko, Mateus de Oliveira Lisboa, Alexandra Cristina Senegaglia, Maria Luiza de Castro, Joselito Getz, Letícia Fracaro, Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman","doi":"10.1159/000547257","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Introduction: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play a crucial role in tissue repair and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, making them promising for regenerative medicine. Dental tissue-derived MSCs, such as stromal cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) and dental pulp stromal cells (DPSCs), express neural markers and hold the potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, their relative ability to differentiate into neurons is still unclear. Given their shared embryonic origin, we hypothesised that SHEDs and DPSCs possess similar potential for neuronal differentiation along with intrinsic expression of neuronal markers. The objective of this study was to compare their differentiation abilities under standardised conditions, evaluate neuronal markers pro- and post-neuronal induction, and compare the neuronal differentiation potential of SHEDs and DPSCs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SHEDs (n = 3) and DPSCs (n = 3) were collected with ethical approval, cultured, and characterised according to established MSC criteria. Clonogenicity, proliferation, senescence, and trilineage differentiation were assessed. Neuronal differentiation was induced for 21 days and evaluated using flow cytometry (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 1 [SOX1], SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2 [SOX2], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], doublecortin, nestin, CD56, CD146), immunofluorescence for βIII-tubulin, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for tubulin 3 (TUB3), and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both SHEDs and DPSCs exhibited MSC characteristics. SHEDs showed higher clonogenicity. Early neuronal markers (e.g., SOX1, nestin, GFAP, βIII-tubulin) were detected pre- and post-induction in both cell types without significant intergroup differences. No significant expression of TUB3 and MAP2 was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SHEDs and DPSCs show comparable neuronal marker expression profiles, suggesting similar early neuronal differentiation potential. These findings support using undifferentiated SHEDs and DPSCs in neuroregenerative strategies, offering cost-effective and safer alternatives to pre-differentiated cells. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"216-229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downregulation of Endo-Beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> Improves Stress Adaptivity.","authors":"Xinrong Lu, Yongliang Tong, Mengting Wu, Shaoxian Lyu, Jiale Fan, Junyu Zheng, Lin Zou, Danfeng Shen, Lin Rao, Linlin Hou, Cuiying Chen, Xunjia Cheng, Guiqin Sun, Zhiyong Shao, Li Chen","doi":"10.1159/000546244","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Introduction: Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGASE) is one of the key enzymes involved in the structural and functional regulations of glycoproteins. Although its enzymatic activities and applications have been well studied in vitro, its biological function in vivo yet remains to be illustrated. In this study, the biological function of ENGASE in Caenorhabditis elegans was explored in detail.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An Engase gene knockout in C. elegans (CeEng-1 or CeEngase) was constructed and subjected to a panel of phenotypical and glycomics analysis. In addition, in vitro and in vivo ENGASE inhibition assays were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Engase knockout worm's adaptivity to environmental stresses (heat and osmotic) was significantly improved, and its longevity was also increased mildly. A clustered change in basement membrane proteins (e.g., LAM-1, LAM-2, and EPI-1) was illustrated by N-glycopeptide analysis, suggesting that ENGASE is involved in a basement membrane-based stress regulation. Then, the heat stress phenotype was further supported by in vivo CeEngase knockdown assay and in vitro and in vivo small compound inhibitory assay of CeENGASE, indicating that ENGASE is a potential drug target for stress management.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Engase is actively involved in a basement membrane-mediated stress adaptation and could serve as a potential target for healthcare products. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"153-168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphogenesis of Myodural Bridges: A Histological Study in Human Fetuses.","authors":"José Francisco Rodriguez-Vázquez, Ruth Esteban-Marín, Samuel Verdugo-López, Kei Kitamura, Masahito Yamamoto, Teresa Vazquez-Osorio","doi":"10.1159/000549273","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fibrous connections between the suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura mater (DM), known as myodural bridges (MBs), have been extensively described in adults, but their embryological development and morphogenesis remain incompletely understood. This study examines the development of these structures, along with the posterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial membranes (AOM and AAM), in human fetuses, to clarify their origin and potential functional relevance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examined the histological sections of 40 human embryos and fetuses from 8 to 14 weeks of development (WD). The used sample belongs to the collection of the department of anatomy and embryology of the Complutense University of Madrid and was examined under light microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 8 WD, the DM, AOM, and AAM formed a common mesenchymal anlage, while the ligamentum nuchae (LN) developed separately. At 9 WD, the common anlage differentiated into DM and AOM-AAM. By 10 WD, the DM and AAM separated, forming the epidural space and allowing the establishment of connective tissue junctions. Between weeks 11 and 12 WD, the lower third of the AOM became continuous with the DM, forming a \"fibrous intersection\" composed of the DM, AOM, rectus capitis posterior minor (RMI), and LN. Between 13 and 14 WD, the DM thickened through the incorporation of connective fibers from the AOM, AAM, RMI, rectus capitis posterior major (RMA), obliquus capitis inferior (OCI), and LN.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows that dense, regular fibrous connective tissue connections integrate into the DM originated from the AOM, AAM, RMI, RMA, OCI, and LN. The MB may help prevent dural infolding during upper cervical extension, as previously suggested, and the LN-DM junction could be a pathway used by veins to drain the epidural venous plexus. In our opinion, head movements and these connections would facilitate venous return.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"192-204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145408191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}