Furqan Mahdi, David Lillyman, Kayla Ney, Rebecca A Wachs
{"title":"Novel Method to Assess Macrophage Phenotype Using Eluted Media.","authors":"Furqan Mahdi, David Lillyman, Kayla Ney, Rebecca A Wachs","doi":"10.1159/000543141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000543141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Macrophages exist on a spectrum from pro-inflammatory (M1) to pro-healing (M2). Characterization of macrophage phenotype is important to understand tissue healing and response. The gold standard for assessing macrophage phenotypes is immunocytochemistry (ICC), which stains inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and arginase (Arg1), the proteins secreted before nitrite and urea production. The ICC method is an endpoint assay, time-consuming, and costly. Therefore, a more effective method to assess the phenotype of macrophages in vitro is needed. Based on the phenotype of the macrophage, arginine gets metabolized differently. If arginine is metabolized by M1 macrophages it produces nitrite and if it is metabolized by M2 macrophages it produces urea. A method that leverages arginine metabolism through secreted products (urea and nitrite) has the potential to determine macrophage phenotype in real-time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Rat bone marrow-derived macrophages were cultured to be naïve or polarized to M1-like or M2-like. The ICC method was used to determine the intensity of the iNOS and Arg1 staining. Nitrite and urea kits were utilized to measure the concentration of nitrite and urea in the media eluted from the various phenotypes. Nitrite and urea concentrations were compared to ICC results to validate the new method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ICC revealed the iNOS staining was significant and 2.5 folds higher in M1-like macrophages and the Arg1 staining was significant and 1.5 folds higher in the M2-like macrophages. The nitrite concentration was significant and 4 folds higher in the M1-like macrophage. The urea concentration was significant and 2.5 folds higher in the M2-like macrophage media. A correlation analysis showed that iNOS staining intensity and nitrite concentration levels had a linear correlation as well as Arg1 staining intensity and urea concentration levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Data confirm that the determination of nitrite and urea concentration can be utilized to assess macrophage phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cells Tissues OrgansPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1177/15347346221090079
Min Wei, Yan Xu, Dongyun Xia, Jian Li, Shan Dong
{"title":"Care and Treatment for an Antiphospholipid Syndrome-Related Lower Limb Skin Ulcer Unhealed for 7 Years: A Case Report.","authors":"Min Wei, Yan Xu, Dongyun Xia, Jian Li, Shan Dong","doi":"10.1177/15347346221090079","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15347346221090079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a group of rare autoimmune diseases caused by antiphospholipid antibodies that is mainly associated with arterial or venous thrombosis and/or complications during pregnancy. Skin lesions occur in approximately 30% of APS patients as initial manifestations. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the treatment of APS rather than the management of skin lesions. Here, the authors report a case of an APS-related lower limb skin ulcer that had remained unhealed for more than 7 years. The difficulties in this case were the diagnosis of APS, the risk of bleeding during debridement, wound infection, biofilm formation, reduced venous return from the lower limbs, and compliance with compression therapy and follow-up. A three-step wound care regimen based on a multidisciplinary team approach resulted in effective control of APS and healing of the ulcer to the lower leg in 95 days. Over two follow-ups, there was no recurrence of the ulcer.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":"65 1","pages":"610-615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86848668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eva Sanmartín-Vázquez, Irene Ortiz-Leal, Mateo V Torres, Patrycja Kalak, Dominika Kubiak-Nowak, Michał Dzięcioł, Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
{"title":"Functional Role of the Incisive Duct in Neonatal Dogs.","authors":"Eva Sanmartín-Vázquez, Irene Ortiz-Leal, Mateo V Torres, Patrycja Kalak, Dominika Kubiak-Nowak, Michał Dzięcioł, Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro","doi":"10.1159/000542714","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542714","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The detection of chemical signals by the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is critical for mammals from an early age, influencing behaviors such as suckling and recognition of the mother. Located at the base of the nasal cavity, the VNO features a duct covered with a sensory epithelium. A critical aspect of VNO functionality is the efficient access of stimuli from the nasal and oral cavities to the receptors. In adult dogs, it has been demonstrated how the vomeronasal duct (VD) communicates to the environment through the incisive duct (ID). In newborn puppies, the existence of functional communication between the ID and the VD has not been confirmed to date, raising doubts about the potential physiological obliteration of the ID. Determining this aspect is necessary to evaluate the role played by chemocommunication in the survival and socialization of puppies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study employs serial histological staining to examine the presence and functionality of the ID in neonatal dogs. Additionally, a histochemical study was conducted using periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian Blue staining, along with labeling with six lectins to characterize the expression of glycoconjugates in the incisive papilla and in the area between the ID and the VD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The histological study has confirmed both the existence of functional communication between both ducts in perinatal puppies and the dual functional communication of the ID with the oral and nasal cavities. Lectin labeling has allowed for the characterization of the glycoconjugate expression profile in the papilla and ID, showing significant differences between lectins.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ID is associated with a sophisticated cartilaginous complex that prevents its collapse, as well as erectile tissue that acts as a cushion, facilitating its action under pressure induced by sampling behaviors such as tonguing. This investigation demonstrates the communicative capabilities of the VNO during the perinatal stage in dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sherif A Kamar, Khaled Naiem Hamdy, Nagwa Ebrahim El-Nefiawy, Heba Mohammed, Marwa A Fetouh
{"title":"Exploring Mesenchymal Stem Cells versus Minoxidil for Androgenic Alopecia Treatment: A Detailed Animal-Based Histological and Morphometric Study.","authors":"Sherif A Kamar, Khaled Naiem Hamdy, Nagwa Ebrahim El-Nefiawy, Heba Mohammed, Marwa A Fetouh","doi":"10.1159/000542547","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Androgenic alopecia (AGA), a hair loss condition caused by dihydrotestosterone binding to hair follicle receptors, negatively impacts quality of life for both men and women. Current treatments like minoxidil and finasteride have limitations, highlighting the need for alternative therapies, such as human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUCB-MSCs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, forty-eight adult male Wistar albino rats (3 months old) were used. The control group (Group I) received no treatment, while the other rats underwent AGA induction via daily subcutaneous testosterone injections (100 mg/kg). These rats developed alopecia and were divided into three groups: AGA (Group II), AGA plus daily minoxidil spray (Group III), and AGA plus a single intradermal injection of HUCB-MSCs (1 mL containing 1 × 105 cells, Group IV). After 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, and skin specimens were prepared for histological analysis using H&E, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining for CK 19, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and TUNEL antibodies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was shown that HUCB-MSC treatment reversed structural damage to hair and follicles, normalizing conditions within 1-week post-injection. The treatment enhanced the anagen phase, suppressed telogen and catagen phases, reduced apoptosis, and increased VEGF and CK 19 immune reactions. Observational follow-up for Groups III and IV revealed that while the minoxidil group experienced significant hair loss after 37 days, the stem cell group exhibited dense and long hair covering the treated area.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HUCB-MSC therapy demonstrated superior efficacy over minoxidil with no observed side effects, indicating its potential as a promising alternative for AGA treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142615474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Maternal Early Overfeeding Negatively Impacts Cardiac Progenitor Cell Differentiation and Cardiomyocyte Maturation in the Neonatal Offspring.","authors":"Daniela Caldas Andrade, Thiago Freire, Beatriz Moitinho Ferreira Silva, Andressa Cardoso Guimarães, Elaine de Oliveira, Erica Patricia Garcia-Souza, Simone Nunes de Carvalho, Alessandra Alves Thole, Erika Cortez","doi":"10.1159/000542436","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Maternal obesity has been positively correlated with an increased cardiometabolic risk in the offspring throughout life, implying intergenerational transmission. However, little is known about the early-life cardiac cell modifications that imply the onset of heart diseases later in life. This study analyzed cardiac progenitor cells and cardiomyocyte differentiation on day of birth in the offspring born to obese dams.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The litter size reduction model was used to induce obesity in female Swiss mice. Both maternal groups, the Small Litter Dams (SLD-F1), which were overfed during lactation, and the Normal Litter Dams (NLD-F1), control group, were mated to healthy male mice. Their first-generation offspring (SLD-F2 and NLD-F2, n = 6 by group) were euthanized on birth.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mothers from SLD had increased body mass, Lee Index, fat deposits, hyperglycemia, and glucose intolerance, confirming the obese phenotype. The offspring born from SLD-F1 had also increased body mass, Lee Index, and fasting hyperglycemia. The heart of SLD-F2 showed decreased cardiac mass/body mass ratio, increased cardiac collagen deposits, a greater number of undifferentiated cardiac c-kit+ and Sca-1+ progenitor cells, and increased NKX2.5+ cardiomyoblasts compared to control. In addition, SLD-F2 demonstrated immature cardiomyocytes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Obese dams negatively impact their offspring, leading to altered biometric and metabolic parameters, along with an immature heart already at birth, with extracellular matrix adverse remodeling, delayed cardiac progenitor cell differentiation, and restrained cardiomyocyte maturation, which can be related to the development of cardiometabolic disease in the adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kamila Kolanska, Merwane Roche, Camille Carrière, Marjolaine Le Gac, Nathalie Ferrand, Maurice Zaoui, Morgane Le Gall, Lise Selleret, Joseph Gligorov, Michèle Sabbah, Selim Aractingi, Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet
{"title":"Impact of Fetal Umbilical Cord Blood CD34+ Cells on Breast Cancer Cell Lines: A Mechanism of Fetal Microchimerism.","authors":"Kamila Kolanska, Merwane Roche, Camille Carrière, Marjolaine Le Gac, Nathalie Ferrand, Maurice Zaoui, Morgane Le Gall, Lise Selleret, Joseph Gligorov, Michèle Sabbah, Selim Aractingi, Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet","doi":"10.1159/000542242","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fetal microchimerism could be involved in the regulation of breast cancer oncogenesis. CD34+ cells could be of a particular interest as up to 12% of the CD34+ population in maternal blood are of fetal origin. The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, in order to uncover novel biological mechanisms and suggest novel treatment options for breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>UCB CD34+ cells were obtained from healthy women at full-term delivery. Direct cultures were grown with MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Proliferation, migration, invasion, and transcriptomic analysis of breast cancer cell lines were compared between cultures exposed and nonexposed to UCB CD34+ cells. Interactions between UCB CD34+ and breast cancer cells were analyzed under fluorescent microscopy. Functional analyses were generated with QIAGEN's Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Direct contact between UCB CD34+ and breast cancer cell lines induced a reduction in the proliferative capacities of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and diminished the migration abilities of MDA-MB-231 cells. In 3D coculture, UCB CD34+ cells were attracted by tumor spheroids and incorporated into tumor cells. These cell-to-cell interactions were responsible for transcriptome modifications coherent with observed functional modifications. Among the cytokines secreted by UCB CD34+, IFN-γ was identified as a potential upstream regulator responsible for the molecular modifications observed in transcriptomic analysis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells exposed to UCB CD34+ cells, as was IL-17A in MDA-MB-231 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Direct cell-to-cell contact induced functional modifications in breast cancer cells. Interactions between UCB CD34+ and breast cancer cells could induce cell fusion and signal transmission via cytokines. Further analysis of direct cell-to-cell interactions should be performed at a molecular level to further understand the potential role of fetal CD34+ cells in breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Experimental Device with Different Widths for Wound Healing Assay.","authors":"Wen Jia, Junbao Du, Yun He, Shuyu Fang, Yang Bi","doi":"10.1159/000542051","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cellular wound healing assay is an important experimental technique for detecting cell migration in vitro. Scratching on monolayer cells using a pipette tip is commonly used. However, it is difficult to guarantee the scratch with the same width, and the initial scratch width has a large impact on the experimental results for different treatment factors or different cell types. To optimize this assay for diverse experimental requirements, we developed an experimental device capable of generating scratches with variable widths.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our device offers the flexibility of selecting among four widths to create cell scratches, enabling the choice of an optimal initial scratch width for specific cell types and experimental conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This device produced straight, clean wounds with precise widths. Comparing cell growth in the four width wounds, Hepa1-6 and HUMSCs showed the greatest difference in 0.6 cm wound, 143B at 0.9 cm wound and urine-derived stem cells at 1.2 cm wound were significantly different, which suggests that the width of the wounds has a huge impact on the experimental results. Compared to other wound inserts on the market, our device is more efficient and economical.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This versatile and practical device provides a valuable solution for studying cell migration, facilitating a deeper understanding of cellular behaviors and the development of therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dalia Mohamedien, Wafaa Gaber, Makoto Hirayama, Mahmoud Awad
{"title":"Detection of MUC1+/MUC2 and MUC5AC- Membrane-Associated Mucins in the Intraepithelial Surface Mucous Cells of the Developing Rabbit Esophagus.","authors":"Dalia Mohamedien, Wafaa Gaber, Makoto Hirayama, Mahmoud Awad","doi":"10.1159/000541836","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mucins are polydisperse molecules created to perform a variety of functions at the mucosal surface of the adult gastrointestinal tract. Two main groups of mucins could be identified: the membrane-associated mucins (MUC1, MUC4, MUC13, and MUC16), those bound to the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells, and the secreted mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC6), those secreted from the goblet cells. Little is known about the types and distribution patterns of mucins in prenatal life.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We detected mucin-secreting cells in the developing rabbit esophagus though these cells are absent in the adult one. In order to identify the content and possible functions of these cells, we investigated the histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of their mucins.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Starting at 16th day of pregnancy, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), alcian blue (AB) pH (2.5), and PAS-AB combination intensely stained the mucous content, demonstrating both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Some blebs could be recognized on the free surface of the esophageal epithelium. Also, the mucous cells and some basal cells strongly immunoreacted with MUC1, but not MUC2, nor MUC5AC antibodies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Collectively, these data suggest that surface mucous cells are modified epithelial cells, not goblet cells, and may originate from the basal layer of the epithelial cells. A possible regulatory role for these MUC1-positive mucins in esophageal epithelial and mesenchymal cell differentiation and late organogenesis is suggested. However, future functional studies are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irene Monleón-Guinot, Lucía Bravo-Baranda, Lara Milián, María Sancho-Tello, Mauro Llop-Miguel, José Marcelo Galbis, Antonio Cremades, Carmen Carda, Manuel Mata
{"title":"Cancer Epithelial Cells Participate in the Self-Organization of Lung Tumor Spheroids: A Morphological Approach.","authors":"Irene Monleón-Guinot, Lucía Bravo-Baranda, Lara Milián, María Sancho-Tello, Mauro Llop-Miguel, José Marcelo Galbis, Antonio Cremades, Carmen Carda, Manuel Mata","doi":"10.1159/000541524","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/aims: </strong>The tumor microenvironment is known to play an important role in tumor progression. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this process are still not known in detail and more research is needed on the elements that control tumor progression in lung cancer. In this work, we aimed to investigate the involvement of epithelial and stromal cancer cells in growth, cell migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a 3D in vitro model consisting of cell spheroids cultured in a type I collagen scaffold.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Spheroids were manufactured using different combinations of epithelial cells, particularly H460 and H1792 cell lines, with cancer-associated fibroblasts and normal fibroblasts, both isolated from adenocarcinoma patients. We evaluated the morphology of the spheroids by analysis of F-actin and pankeratin with confocal microscopy. We determined the ultrastructure of cells in the spheroids by transmission electron microscopy and the expression of CDH1, CDH2, and VIM by RT-PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed that, on the one hand, the type of epithelial cell influences the morphology of spheroids. Stromal cells stimulated spheroid growth and cell dissemination through the collagen matrix, either alone or organized in branches with a nucleus of epithelial cells preceded by fibroblast cells. They also induced the appearance of new cell groups in the scaffold and the presence of EMT markers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results presented here indicate the participation of both epithelial and stromal cells in the control of spheroid self-organization. The experimental model proposed here, although preliminary, is useful for the study of some aspects related to tumor progression in lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":9717,"journal":{"name":"Cells Tissues Organs","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142388355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}