Advanced biomedical research最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Detection of <i>Leishmania</i> Species on Microscopically Negative Smears in Gonbad-e-Kavus, Northeastern Iran.","authors":"Salehe Ostovan, Fatemeh Livani, Faramarz Koohsar, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Sima Besharat, Ganesh Yadagiri, Fatemeh Mesgariyan, Mohammad-Ali Mohaghegh, Hamed Kalani","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_539_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_539_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The diagnosis of cutaneous <i>leishmaniasis</i> (CL) is typically based on microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained smear. However, this method can lead to false negative and false positive results. Therefore, the study aimed to identify <i>L. major</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>tropica</i> species by investigating microscopically negative smears suspected of CL using the multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was conducted on 227 microscopically negative specimens from individuals suspected of having CL referred to the CL Treatment and Diagnosis Center in Gonbad-e Kavus Health Center, Golestan Province, northeastern Iran. Multiplex nested PCR technique was utilized to detect <i>L. tropica</i> and <i>L. major</i> under investigation based on <i>ITS1</i> sequence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>2.64% (6/227) of specimens were detected as positive for <i>Leishmania</i> species, all of which were identified as <i>L</i>. <i>major</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The multiplex nested PCR technique demonstrated that microscopic examination of the smears is linked to false negative in diagnosing CL. Consequently, it is recommended to utilize the multiplex nested PCR method as either a primary diagnostic or a confirmatory approach for cases that are microscopically negative.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147500622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weekly Heart Rate Variability and Training Zone Analysis in U-15 Soccer Players: The Predictive Value of Combined Warm-up Protocols for Optimizing Cardiovascular Monitoring.","authors":"Hamzeh Zarei, Khosro Jalali Dehkordi, Farzaneh Taghian, Filipe Manuel Clemente","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_388_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_388_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Warm-up protocols play a crucial role in optimizing athletic performance and cardiovascular readiness in youth soccer players. This study aimed to compare the effects of six warm-up strategies on heart rate (HR) parameters and exertion levels in under-15 (U-15) soccer athletes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seventy-two male participants were randomly (concealed participant allocation) assigned to six groups: Dynamic Warm-up (DWU), Analytical Warm-up (AWU), Analytical + Dynamic Warm-up (ADWU), Small-Sided Games Warm-up (SSGWU), Integrated Warm-up (IWU), and Small-Sided Games + Integrated Warm-up (SIWU). This randomized parallel study lasted 8 weeks, with pre- and post-tests measuring resting HR, maximal HR (MHR), average HR (AHR), RR intervals, HR variability (HRV), session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), and HR zone distributions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant improvements (<i>P</i> < 0.001) were observed in resting, maximum, and average heart rates, RR intervals, HRV, and session RPE in most groups, especially DWU, SSGWU, and SIWU, indicating better cardiovascular function and reduced exertion. HR zone analysis showed significant shifts in all zones for IWU and SIWU (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Mixed repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant between-group differences in post-test values for maximum HR, RR intervals, HRV, and sRPE change scores (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the differential impact of warm-up protocols on cardiovascular outcomes and perceived exertion. Integrated and small-sided games warm-ups showed superior benefits, suggesting their incorporation into youth soccer training could optimize physiological preparedness and performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004313/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moringa Oleifera Enhances the Cell Proliferation and Neural Differentiation of B65 and PC12 Cells.","authors":"Samira Shariati Najafabadi, Hajar Akbari Dastjerdi, Azadeh Safaee, Mohammad Kazemi, Hamid Bahramian, Hossein Salehi","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_523_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_523_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neurodegenerative diseases, marked by progressive symptoms, currently lack definitive, side-effect-free treatments. Research continues for effective therapies. Moringa oleifera extract (MOE), rich in phytochemicals like vitamins, carotenoids, and flavonoids, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects through antioxidant activity and inflammation reduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Moringa extract on the proliferation and cell differentiation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study investigated the effects of MOE on the proliferation and cell differentiation of B65 and PC12 cells <i>in vitro.</i> MOE was extracted from plant leaves using the Soxhlet method, and its antioxidant properties were confirmed through the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay. Cell proliferation was assessed using an MTT assay, while cell differentiation was evaluated through Real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry (ICC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MOE significantly increased cell proliferation in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Real-time PCR results indicated that MOE upregulated the expression of the gap-43 gene, which encodes a protein, involved in regulating actin dynamics in axons and promoting axonal regeneration, as well as the nf200 gene, which encodes an intermediate filament protein in neurons. Furthermore, ICC results demonstrated that higher doses of MOE were associated with increased levels of the nf200 protein in both cell lines.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings demonstrate that MOE improves cell proliferation and facilitates neuronal differentiation. These effects, attributed to its high antioxidant content, suggest that MOE may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Potentially Inappropriate Medication Prescriptions in Older Adults.","authors":"Mehdi Rezaee, Leila Ghamkhar, Mojtaba Sedaghat","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_551_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_551_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>By 2050, the global older adult population is expected to exceed 1.5 billion. An issue of concern among this demographic is the prevalent use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), leading to adverse drug reactions and hospitalizations. In Iran, over 3.5 million individuals aged 65 years and above are insured by the Iran Health Insurance Organization (IHIO), constituting around 8% of the total population. This study evaluated PIM prescribing practices for Iranian older adults covered by IHIO, using the updated Beers Criteria (2023).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this retrospective cross-sectional study, electronic prescription data for older adult IHIO beneficiaries aged 65 years and above were analyzed using the Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining over a 1-year period. The Beers criteria 2023 was applied to identify PIMs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 12,821,179 prescriptions from 2,589,595 patients, revealing polypharmacy in 38.72% of prescriptions. Approximately 25.76% of all prescriptions contained at least one PIM, with ketorolac being the most commonly prescribed PIM (25.17% of all PIM prescriptions). Cardiologists exhibited the highest rate of PIM prescribing behavior at 34.95%, followed closely by general practitioners at 34.46%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study emphasizes the significance of addressing PIM prescriptions in outpatient settings. Healthcare professionals can improve the safety and well-being of older patients undergoing medical treatment by implementing strategies to identify and minimize PIM.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histogram Analysis and Heterogeneous Radial Changes Using ADC Map Images in Metastatic Brain Tumors for Dose Painting Intent.","authors":"Maryam Maleki, Tahereh Hadisinia, Iraj Abedi, Simin Hemati, Hamide Nematollahi, Alireza Amuheidari, Mohammad Baqer Tavakoli","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_180_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_180_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Our goal in this study was to examine the heterogeneous radial changes within tumors using histogram analysis and determine whether this method could assist in the implementation of targeted radiation painting.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The diffusion-weighted imaging image data for 25 patients with primary lung cancer was examined. For patients with multiple metastases, the largest tumor diameter was considered, and three different radial categories were selected to assess heterogeneity changes. Finally, the histogram parameters of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were compared among the 25 patients, and the <i>P</i> values were obtained using SPSS software to judge among results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The obtained outcome of our study demonstrated that in the central region of the tumor, up to a (0-0.3)r (tumor radius of the tumor), the tumor heterogeneity remains constant, and there is no significant difference in the ADC histogram percentiles of 25, 50, and 75. In the peripheral region of the tumor, at a distance away from the center, the heterogeneity level varies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that this method has the potential to separate the boundary between the center of the tumor and its periphery in terms of the level of heterogeneity, which is one of the requirements of dose painting.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004312/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose Prediction Deep Learning-Based Model for VMAT of Prostate Cancer Applying Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) in Versa HD Linear Accelerator.","authors":"Hossein Taheri, Mohammadbagher Tavakoli, Khadijeh Mousavi, Hamed Taheri, Sheyda Lafz Lenjani, Maryam Farghadani","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_180_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_180_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prostate cancer patients are commonly undergoing Radiotherapy (RT) and treatment planning system have a prominent role for dose calculation, while this would seem that dose distribution uncertainties of treatment planning system (TPS) may effect on RT results. Therefore, this study aimed to design a Dose prediction deep learning-based model for prostate cancer volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) applying MRI in Versa HD linear accelerator (linac).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this work, MRI of 45 patients who underwent VMAT was acquired, and cycle-consistent GAN (CycleGAN) (that allow image-to-image translation) and U-net deep learning (DL) framework for prostate were employed. The synthetic CT (sCT) images were generated from MR images. The predicted dose among CycleGAN, U-net and Monaco TPS (that calculate dose distribution based on CT simulation images) was compared to each other.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sCT that was generated employing CycleGAN illustrated more obvious boundaries than the sCT of U-net (sCTU-net). The gamma passing rate of cycleGAN and U-net was exceeded 97% and 90%, respectively, in all areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study illustrates that deep learning models including CycleGAN and U-net are good alternative for dose prediction of VMAT in Versa HD linac, while it seems that CycleGAN may be more accurate compared to U-net.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung Abscess in a COVID-19 Patient: A Case Report.","authors":"Hazhir Moradi, Somayeh Haghighipour","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_88_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_88_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has many complications and also atypical presentations. Here, we reported a 60-year-old female who was admitted to our center complaining of headache and dyspnea. The initial high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan revealed an abscess in the middle lobe of the right lung and also patchy pleural base ground-glass opacity consistent with COVID-19 infection. A treatment regimen, including dexamethasone, enoxaparin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and famotidine intravenous remdesivir was started. The HRCT scan was repeated on the 6^th day of admission and showed the same ground-glass opacity as before but the lung abscess had become smaller in size. Altogether, we should be aware of lung abscess as one of the COVID-19 manifestations and complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in Pediatric Intensive Care Units.","authors":"Shahareh Babai, Mojtaba Parastegari, Nazanin Zibanejad","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_24_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_24_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the leading cause of antibiotic use in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Given its high prevalence and significant treatment costs, there is a pressing need for comprehensive epidemiological and clinical investigations into this condition. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of VAP and its association with factors such as age, sex, and the initial diagnosis in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in the intensive care units (ICU).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this study, VAP cases were initially diagnosed based on the clinical and radiological criteria established by the department of pediatric (CDC). Subsequently, the frequency of VAP-associated pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance profiles were assessed in samples obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 119 children who received mechanical ventilation in the ICU of Imam Hossein Hospital, 49 (41.2%) were diagnosed with VAP. Gram-negative organisms were the most common pathogens, with Acinetobacter (30.6%), Klebsiella (18.4%), and Pseudomonas (10.2%) being the most prevalent. The mortality rate among VAP patients (38.8%) was comparable to that of non-VAP patients (38.7%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with VAP had significantly longer durations of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and overall hospitalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Findings, Antibody Panel and Pathology of Patients with Inflammatory Myopathies in Isfahan Province, Iran.","authors":"Behnaz Ansari, Keivan Basiri, Faeze Soroush","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_304_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_304_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the characteristics of individuals with autoimmune inflammatory myopathies (AIMs) in Isfahan.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In this retrospective, observational study, the clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical staining, electromyography, and autoantibody profile of the patients with AIM in subgroups of dermatomyositis (DM), necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM), polymyositis (PM), and antisynthetase syndrome (AS) were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-seven patients with AIMs including 38 (49.3%), 21 (27.3%), 14 (18.2%), and 4 (5.2%) with NAM, DM, PM, and antisynthetase diagnoses were enrolled, respectively. Proximal weakness (94.80%), myalgia (32.46%), skin rash (25.97%), and dysphagia (25.97%) were the most common presentations, among which skin rash was statistically more frequent in DM (<i>P</i> value = 0.001). Fiber necrosis (100%), CD68 (92.1%), and C5-b9 (60.5%) positivity, irritable myopathy (78.9%), and anti-Ro-52 (7.1%) positivity were the most common findings in NAM. Perivascular infiltration (71.4%), fiber degeneration (66.7%) and necrosis (52.4%), CD68 (100%), CD20 (71.4%), and CD8 (71.4%), both irritable (57.1%) and non-irritable (38.1%) myopathy, anti-Mi-2 (19%), anti-NXP-2 (19%), and anti-MDA-5 (14.3%) autoantibodies were the detected characteristics of DM patients. PM individuals were characterized with endomysial infiltration (92.9%), fiber necrosis (71.4%) and perivascular infiltration (64.3%), CD68 (100%), CD20 (100%) and CD8 (92.9%) positivity, both irritable (57.1%) and non-irritable (42.9%) myopathy and anti-Mi-2 (14.3%), and anti-ANA (14.3%) antibodies. Fiber necrosis (100%) and degeneration (75%), CD68 (75%), CD8 (75%), and C5-b9 (75%), irritable myopathy (50%), and anti-Jo-1 antibody (100%) positivity were the diagnostic tools for AS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the outcomes of the current study, the clinical, histopathological, and autoantibody profiles of the patients with AIM are variably different with remarkable overlaps. Therefore, thorough assessments are required to make the final diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential Anti Stress-like Properties of Escitalopram on Improvement of Spatial Memory in Rats Subjected to Predictable and Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress.","authors":"Vajihe Saedi-Marghmaleki, Maryam Radahmadi, Hojjatallah Alaei, Hossein Khanahmad","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_654_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_654_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic stress and chronic escitalopram usage affect memory. This research examined the potential anti-stress-like properties of escitalopram in improving spatial memory in rats subjected to predictable and unpredictable chronic mild stress (PCMS and UCMS).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of forty-nine male rats were assigned to various groups: control (Co), sham (Sh), predictable stress (P.St; 2 h daily/21 days), unpredictable stress (UP.St; 2 h daily/21 days), escitalopram (Esc; 10 mg/kg/day for 21 days), and stress groups with escitalopram (P.St-Esc and UP.St-Esc). The Barnes maze test evaluated spatial learning and memory across all groups. Subsequently, the hippocampal weight was measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both the P.St and UP.St groups showed significant (<i>P</i> < 0.01 and <i>P</i> < 0.001, respectively) improvements in escape latency and traveled distance compared to the control group. It is important to note that only the P.St-Esc group showed decreases (<i>P</i> < 0.05 in both) in these variables when compared to the P.St group, whereas no significant differences were found between the UP.St and UP.St-Esc groups. In the P.St and UP.St groups, the left hippocampal weight was significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.05 and <i>P</i> < 0.01; respectively) lower than that of the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both PCMS and UCMS adversely affected spatial learning and memory. Additionally, escitalopram improved spatial learning and memory only in rats subjected to PCMS conditions. Therefore, it seems that escitalopram improves learning and memory by different pathways in the PCMS and UCMS conditions. Consequently, it seems that different dosages of escitalopram are required to treat memory deficits due to various types of stress. Left hippocampal atrophy also confirmed the potential role of UCMS conditions in memory impairments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94292,"journal":{"name":"Advanced biomedical research","volume":"15 ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}