Carbohydrate Research最新文献

{"title":"Preparation of carboxymethyl potato starch using a new sodium carbonate pretreatment process and its microencapsulation application","authors":"Yong Chen,&nbsp;Cheng Tang,&nbsp;Ziqiang Zhao,&nbsp;Zhimin Liu,&nbsp;Jiajia Huang,&nbsp;Qijie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carboxymethyl starch (CMSt) is a modified starch with excellent performance. In this study, sodium carbonate pretreatment was used to promote the carboxymethylation reaction activity of starch, carboxymethyl starch with medium and low substitution degrees was successfully prepared, and the synthesis parameters of carboxymethyl starch were optimized using response surface methodology. The results showed that when the pretreatment concentration was 0.95 mol/L, the pretreatment time was 54 min, the molar ratio of alkali to starch was 1.3, and the molar ratio of acid to starch was 1, the carboxymethyl starch with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.284 was obtained, which was 123.62 % higher than that without of the pretreatment process. The prepared carboxymethyl starch was used to encapsulate acai berry anthocyanins (ABA) in microcapsules, and the biomedical application of the prepared carboxymethyl starch was initially attempted. This study provided a new method for preparing carboxymethyl starch and attempted to explore the application value of this product in biomedicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109790"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging insights into cell differentiation: the role of N-glycosylation in differentiation-based cancer therapies","authors":"Tiangui Wu ,&nbsp;Pengfei Ye ,&nbsp;Junjie Yang ,&nbsp;Yuhan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>N</em>-glycosylation is a dynamic post-translational modification that critically regulates cancer cell differentiation through modulating receptor signaling, cell adhesion, and plasticity. Aberrant <em>N</em>-glycosylation promotes dedifferentiation, drives EMT, and confers therapy resistance across malignancies. This review summarizes the role of <em>N</em>-glycosylation in determining lineage commitment and altering responses to differentiation therapies. Targeting the <em>N</em>-glycosylation apparatus can reprogram tumor cells toward differentiated phenotypes, potentiating the effects of agents such as ATRA and NaBu. Evidence from leukemia and solid tumors reveals the therapeutic potential of disrupting glycan-dependent cell fate decisions. Deciphering these “glycan codes” provides a framework for integrating glycosylation modifiers into precision differentiation therapies, offering novel strategies to overcome treatment resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109787"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemoselective deacetylation of hydrophobic glycophenols by lipase PS enhanced with bovine serum albumin","authors":"Matej Cvečko,&nbsp;Vladimír Mastihuba,&nbsp;Mária Mastihubová","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enzymatic methods leading to the preparation of biologically active glycophenols are attracting increasing interest due to their selectivity and sustainability. In this study, a series of hydrophilic and hydrophobic 4-<em>O</em>-acetylferulic acid sugar esters was prepared using a combination of chemical and enzymatic approaches. During the investigation of chemoselective deacetylation of the phenolic groups in these esters, a pronounced cooperative effect between Lipase PS and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was observed in a biphasic MTBE–water system. In the presence of BSA, Lipase PS more rapidly and selectively deacetylated the phenolic acetyl group of hydrophobic substrates. In contrast, no rate enhancement was observed for more polar substrates bearing free hydroxyl groups. Protecting groups on the carbohydrate moiety remained unaffected, and the ester bond between ferulic acid and the sugar was preserved. The accelerating effect of BSA on hydrophobic substrates is attributed to its surface-active properties, which increase the interfacial area through the formation of stable emulsions. Given that the intrinsic acetylesterase activity of BSA is approximately 300-fold lower than that of Lipase PS, BSA alone is not capable of effective deacetylation. These findings highlight the potential of surface-active proteins to improve biocatalytic transformations of hydrophobic substrates while avoiding purification challenges associated with low-molecular-weight surfactants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109785"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145667203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentiation of α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialylated N/O-glycan isomers in human seminal plasma by an glycoqueuing strategy","authors":"Wanjun Jin ,&nbsp;Cheng Li ,&nbsp;Chengjian Wang ,&nbsp;Ming Wei ,&nbsp;Yuanlin Sun ,&nbsp;Qingzhen Yang ,&nbsp;Zhongfu Wang ,&nbsp;Linjuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>N/O</em>-glycans in various human seminal plasma (hSP) glycoproteins, especially α2,3- and α2,6-sialylation levels, are closely associated with semen quality. However, effective differentiation of sialyl linkage isomer remains unachieved. Here, we employed our previously developed glycoqueuing strategy for isomer-specific quantitative analysis of sialylated <em>N/O-</em>glycans released from hSP. A total of 21 exclusively α2,6-sialylated and 14 α2,3-sialylated (bearing α2,3-linked sialic acids) <em>N-</em>glycan isomers were detected, and the relative abundance of α2,6-sialylation among these sialylated <em>N</em>-glycans reached 61.40 %. For <em>O</em>-glycans, seven monosialic and five disialylated species were observed, and all were confirmed to be α2,3-sialylated. Nonsialylated <em>N/O-</em>glycan isomers were simultaneously quantified via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Specifically, 21 nonsialylated <em>N-</em>glycan isomers were identified, among which the relative abundances of oligomannose-type and complex-type glycan were each approximately 50 %. All <em>O-</em>glycans exhibited core 1 or core 2 structures, including 12 α2,3-sialylated and 26 nonsialylated species. Notably, four isomers separated from two newly discovered nonsialylated <em>O</em>-glycan compositions H2N1F1 and H2N1F2 (H: hexose, N: <em>N-</em>acetylgalactosamine, F: fucose) were identified in hSP. Additionally, sialylated and nonsialylated <em>N/O-</em>glycans were all highly fucosylated (16.98 %–67.92 %), and bore numerous Lewis X and Lewis Y structures. The detailed glycan structural and distribution data, particularly α2,3/α2,6-sialylation profiles, not only provides a reference for constructing the hSP glycomic fingerprint, but also supports in-depth investigation of hSP glycan functions in reproduction and exploration of novel glycan markers for clinical semen quality detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the β-1,6-galactan-degrading machinery: Biochemical and functional insights into a processive exo-β-1,6-galactanase, RfGH30 from Ruminococcus flavefaciens","authors":"Shreya Biswas,&nbsp;Gurleen Kaur Bagga,&nbsp;Parmeshwar Vitthal Gavande ,&nbsp;Arun Goyal","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The glycoside hydrolase family 30 (GH30) enzyme <em>Rf</em>GH30, originating from the ruminal bacterium <em>Ruminococcus flavefaciens</em>, was biochemically characterized to elucidate its catalytic properties and substrate specificity. Although initially classified as endoxylanase, experimental analysis confirmed <em>Rf</em>GH30 as processive exo-β-1,6-galactanase targeting galactan-rich polysaccharides. Zymogram analysis revealed a clear hydrolytic zone at ∼54 kDa on larchwood arabinogalactan (LWAG), confirming its specificity for β-1,6-glycosidic linkage containing galactose units. The enzyme exhibited optimum pH 5.5 and temperature 40 °C, retaining stability across pH 3.8–7.0 and temperature range, 4–70 °C. Among natural substrates, <em>Rf</em>GH30 displayed highest specific activity, 8.1 U mg⁻¹ against LWAG followed by arabinan 4.6 U mg⁻¹ against sugarbeet arabinan. <em>Rf</em>GH30 also hydrolysed synthetic substrates, <em>p</em>NPG and <em>o</em>NPG consistent with an exo-mode of catalysis. Kinetic analysis showed a <em>V</em>_max of 9.8 U mg⁻¹ and <em>K</em>_<em>M</em> of 1.45 mg mL⁻¹ against LWAG. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, but inhibited by Fe²⁺ and the chelating agent EGTA. <em>Rf</em>GH30 hydrolysed LWAG product profile by TLC, HPLC and HRMS revealed the predominant release of β-1,6-galactobiose along with minor galactose, demonstrating strict cleavage of β-1,6-galactosyl linkages. <em>Rf</em>GH30 showed strong processivity with LWAG, with the high processivity index of 21 and a low, 4.7 with sugarbeet arabinan. This study reports the first biochemical evidence of a GH30 processive exo-β-1,6-galactanase from <em>R. flavefaciens</em>, providing insights into its role in ruminal degradation of plant arabinogalactans and its potential applications in biomass valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109793"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145755373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward sustainable, smart, and multifunctional Carrageenan bio(nano)composites: Mechanistic insights, physicochemical properties, biomedical interfaces, and AI-driven design perspectives","authors":"Saad Salman ,&nbsp;Fahad Hassan Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carrageenan (CG), a sulfated galactan derived from red seaweed, has emerged as a versatile biopolymer for developing sustainable, smart, and multifunctional biomaterials. This review critically surveys recent advances in CG bio(nano)composites, emphasizing their structural design, crosslinking mechanisms, and performance across biomedical and environmental interfaces. Ionic (K⁺, Ca²⁺), covalent, and polyelectrolyte complexation strategies are compared in terms of mechanical reinforcement, swelling behavior, and controlled drug release, highlighting CG's tunable viscoelasticity and physicochemical adaptability. Integration with metallic, polymeric, and biodegradable nanofillers has expanded its functionality to include antimicrobial, antioxidant, and regenerative applications. Despite these advances, systematic evaluation of parameters such as modulus, mesh size, ion leaching, and cytotoxicity remains inconsistent across studies. This review underscores the need for standardized characterization and predictive modeling frameworks. Finally, emerging artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches are discussed for data-driven optimization of kappa carrageenan (κ-CG) formulation, structure–property correlation, and performance prediction. Together, these insights position κ-CG bio(nano)composites as next-generation, sustainable platforms bridging carbohydrate chemistry with intelligent material design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109764"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of gut bacteria and diet on unusual trisaccharides in mouse milk","authors":"Wei-Chien Weng ,&nbsp;Chi-Kung Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Milk free oligosaccharides play critical roles in infant health, supporting beneficial gut microbiota and protecting against pathogens. While most milk free oligosaccharides follow well-characterized biosynthetic pathways initiated by lactose, recent studies have revealed several unusual trisaccharides that deviate from these canonical motifs. To investigate the origin of such atypical milk free trisaccharides, we analyzed the free milk trisaccharide profiles of conventional (microbiota-colonized) and germ-free mice using porous graphitized carbon high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. One unique trisaccharide (compound Gal-β1→4-Glc-β1↔1β-Gal) was present exclusively in conventional mice, suggesting microbial contribution to its biosynthesis. In contrast, several other unusual milk free trisaccharides including Gal-β1→4-Glc-β1→4-Glc, Gal-β1→4-[Glc-α1→2]-Glc and Gal-β1→4-[Gal-β1→2]-Glc were detected in both conventional and germ-free mice, indicating an endogenous production. Comparison of the oligosaccharide Gal-β1→4-Glc-β1→4-Glc isolated from milk of mice fed on the normal diet and those maintained on a cellulose-free diet for four weeks revealed no difference in intensity. It suggests that its formation is independent of dietary cellulose and likely arises from endogenous biosynthetic processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145660440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of a heparosan trisaccharide synthesis: donor evaluation and characterisation of an unexpected glucuronic acid acceptor pyranose to furanose ring contraction","authors":"Imlirenla Pongener ,&nbsp;Gavin J. Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109788","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109788"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145773662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, applications, and research prospects of Cornus officinalis polysaccharides: a review","authors":"Mingyang Cao ,&nbsp;Ruisen Sun ,&nbsp;Hong Dongchu ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Lin ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhao Feiya ,&nbsp;Tao Aien","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cornus officinalis</em> (<em>C. officinalis</em>) is an important plant resource with a long history and a wide range of uses in medicine and food. Polysaccharides are one of the main active components of <em>C. officinalis</em>. Because of its unique and significant anti-tumor, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and many other biological activities, it has received extensive attention from researchers, and its study has become more and more in-depth. Although the phytochemical and bioactive aspects of <em>C. officinalis</em> polysaccharides (COPs) have been extensively studied, a systematic and comprehensive summary of these polysaccharides has not yet been compiled. This lack of summary hinders their full utilization and development. This paper reviews the extraction, purification, structural features, and biological activities, as well as applications of COPs. It also discusses the potential development and future research directions of COPs in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical fields. This paper may provide direction and a theoretical basis for the development of COPs as novel functional foods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145720969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on marine algal polysaccharide-mediated siRNA delivery systems for biofuel production","authors":"Yuvaraj Dinakarkumar ,&nbsp;Panneerselvam Theivendren ,&nbsp;Natarajan Kiruthiga ,&nbsp;J. Jayamuthunagai ,&nbsp;B. Bharathiraja","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2025.109779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine algae remain promising feedstock for renewable biofuel production, yet metabolic bottlenecks such as limited carbon allocation to lipid synthesis, competition from starch pathways, and variable nitrogen assimilation continue to constrain productivity. Small interfering RNA delivered gene silencing offers a targeted route to modulate these pathways, although its application in algae is limited by molecular instability, inconsistent uptake, and poor intracellular retention. This review evaluates marine polysaccharides including alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, and ulvan as siRNA delivery carriers designed for algal systems, highlighting the structural features that underpin their performance. Alginate contains guluronic rich blocks that support ionic crosslinking with divalent cations to form stable hydrogels that protect and gradually release siRNA. Carrageenan and fucoidan contain dense sulfate groups that promote strong electrostatic binding and stabilisation of siRNA in aquatic culture conditions. Ulvan provides rhamnose and glucuronic acid residues that assist nanoparticle formation and support efficient cellular internalisation. Mechanistic studies in <em>Nannochloropsis</em> and <em>Chlamydomonas</em> show that siRNA mediated knockdown of lipid pathway enzymes such as acetyl CoA carboxylase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase can increase lipid accumulation by around fifteen to thirty five percent. Silencing starch biosynthesis genes further redirects carbon flux towards fatty acid pathways, supported by metabolic flux modelling that predicts enhanced malonyl CoA availability. Critical discussion is included on species dependent uptake variability, ecological considerations, and techno economic constraints linked to polysaccharide extraction and nanoparticle formulation. Emerging advances such as CRISPR RNAi hybrid strategies, AI assisted nanocarrier optimization, and programmable algal gene circuits further strengthen the potential of this platform. Future progress will increasingly rely on integrating polysaccharide based nanocarriers with advances in synthetic biology, dynamic gene circuit design, and AI assisted process modelling. Together, these approaches can enable scalable and precision controlled metabolic engineering in algae, supporting industrial biofuel production and strengthening the technological pathway toward next generation renewable energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"560 ","pages":"Article 109779"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145647363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}