Carbohydrate Research最新文献

{"title":"2D HSQC-derived “dark forest” image with enhanced local resolution via first derivative processing–logarithmic cosine transformation (FDP–LCT): Demonstration on per-O-ethylated kappa- and iota-carrageenans","authors":"Xiaohui Xing ,&nbsp;Jeffrey P. Tingley ,&nbsp;Barinder Bajwa ,&nbsp;Vincent Weiler ,&nbsp;Tony Montina ,&nbsp;Steve W. Cui ,&nbsp;D. Wade Abbott","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solution-state two-dimensional (2D) ¹H–¹³C HSQC NMR is a powerful tool for polysaccharide structure elucidation but often suffers from limited sensitivity and broad peaks due to the low natural abundance of ¹³C and poor digital resolution of the indirect dimension, respectively, as well as the typically low concentration and high viscosity of polysaccharide solutions. It is therefore pivotal to improve the resolution of 2D ¹H–¹³C HSQC spectra for accurate peak picking and assignment, particularly in the indirect ¹³C dimension. In this study, we developed an algorithm that combines first derivative processing with a novel logarithmic cosine transformation (FDP–LCT) to convert 2D ¹H–¹³C HSQC spectra into local-resolution-enhanced images resembling a dark forest of straight, densely standing trees. These images revealed sharpened spectral features and enabled extraction of precise ¹H and ¹³C chemical shifts, as demonstrated using per-<em>O</em>-ethylated kappa- and iota-carrageenans, two sulfated galactans differing only by a single substitution at the <em>O</em>-2 position of anhydrogalactose. In conclusion, this approach provides an effective post-acquisition strategy for enhancing digital resolution in 2D HSQC spectra and improving the structural analysis of closely related complex polysaccharides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persulfate-driven free radical depolymerization of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and intrinsic Xase inhibition of the resulting oligosaccharides","authors":"Jiaying Sun ,&nbsp;Le Sha ,&nbsp;Guangyu Zhu ,&nbsp;Linquan Li ,&nbsp;Pengfei Li ,&nbsp;Mengran Chen ,&nbsp;Junhao Wang ,&nbsp;Xueying Jiao ,&nbsp;Na Gao ,&nbsp;Jinhua Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Free radical depolymerization has been widely employed for polysaccharide structural and functional studies. However, H₂O₂-induced depolymerization of the unique sea cucumber derived fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) generated diverse fragments with oxidation at their reducing ends, thus limiting preparation of well-defined oligosaccharides. Here, a thermal dissociation initiator, potassium persulfate (KPS), was utilized to induce radical depolymerization of FCS, leading to depolymerized products that maintained their basic structural units and sulfate substituents. Structural analysis of the resulting oligosaccharides revealed that the reducing ends were uniformly GalNAc_4S6S acid, distinct from those generated by H₂O₂-induced FCS depolymerization. The major components, tetrasaccharide (FIIIa), heptasaccharide (FVa) and decasaccharide (FVIa) possessed GalNAc_4S6S residues at their non-reducing ends, demonstrating that the D-GlcA-β1,3-D-GalNAc_4S6S linkage was preferentially cleaved. A free radical depolymerization mechanism of FCS by KPS was proposed. The regular aldonic acid terminal formation was attributed to the strong oxidative capacity of the sulfate radical for extensive oxidation of the newly formed GlcA residue after β1,3 glycosidic linkage cleavage, and further oxidation of C-1 of GalNAc. KPS was thermally dissociated to generate sulfate radicals, which subsequently attacked FCS chains and led to their fragmentation. Moreover, biological activity assay showed that heptasaccharide FVa and decasaccharide FVIa demonstrated strong anticoagulant activity, primarily via iXase inhibition mediated by high-affinity interaction with FIXa. Intriguingly, the unique oxidized reducing end exhibited enhanced iXase inhibitory activity. Hence, our findings expanded the free radical depolymerization of FCS and enriched structure-activity relationship information for iXase inhibition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109844"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on the impact of green deep eutectic solvents on the stability and activity of cellulase","authors":"Madushmita Hatimuria,&nbsp;C. Nikesh Chandran,&nbsp;Ananya V,&nbsp;Anjali Anil,&nbsp;Nandana Nambiar,&nbsp;Ashok Pabbathi","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enzymes are highly selective biocatalysts widely used in industrial processes due to their efficiency and specificity. Among them, cellulases play a crucial role in the degradation of cellulose, with significant applications across industries such as bioethanol production, textiles, and food processing. However, cellulase activity and stability are often compromised by reaction conditions, limiting their industrial scalability. Traditional aqueous and organic solvents pose challenges related to substrate solubility, toxicity, and environmental safety. Recently, green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising alternatives that enhance enzyme performance while being cost-effective, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly. This review examines the effects of DESs on cellulase activity and stability, emphasizing their potential as co-solvents to address existing limitations. Polyol-based DESs are shown to enhance and stabilize cellulase activity. However, the concentration of DESs must be carefully optimized to achieve optimal enzyme performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109848"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146118033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and gene cluster of the capsular polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii K223","authors":"Andrei V. Filatov ,&nbsp;Anna M. Shpirt ,&nbsp;Andrei V. Perepelov ,&nbsp;Andrei S. Dmitrenok ,&nbsp;Mikhail M. Shneider ,&nbsp;Victoria A. Avdeeva ,&nbsp;Philip V. Toukach ,&nbsp;Yuriy A. Knirel","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structure of the <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> strain MAR22-475 classified to KL223 type capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was established by component analyses, Smith degradation as well as ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional homonuclear ¹Н,¹Н COSY, TOCSY, ROESY and heteronuclear ¹Н,¹³C HSQC and HMBC experiments. The K223 CPS is composed of branched tetrasaccharide K-units containing two <span>d</span>-Glс<em>p</em> residues, and one residue each of <span>d</span>-Glc<em>p</em>NAc and <span>d</span>-Gal<em>p</em>. The following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the CPS was established:<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (98KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109846"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical synthesis of the anthrax tetrasaccharide from Bacillus anthracis by an orthogonal one-pot glycosylation strategy","authors":"Jiayi Yang ,&nbsp;Xiufang Wang ,&nbsp;Guozhi Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tetrasaccharide <strong>1</strong> from <em>Bacillus anthracis</em> represents an important target for the development of carbohydrates-based vaccines and diagnostic tools against the notorious disease anthrax. Here, we report the efficient chemical synthesis of tetrasaccharide <strong>1</strong> through [1 + 1+1 + 1] orthogonal one-pot glycosylation strategy on the basis of glycosyl <em>ortho</em>-(1-phenylvinyl)benzoates, which avoids the potential issues inherent to one-pot glycan assembly with thioglycosides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109851"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seven new resin glycosides, ipoalbins XXII–XXVIII, from the seeds of Ipomoea alba","authors":"Masateru Ono ,&nbsp;Nodoka Misuda ,&nbsp;Ayano Sasaki ,&nbsp;Hirotaka Nishikawa ,&nbsp;Shin Yasuda ,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Miyashita ,&nbsp;Kazumi Yokomizo ,&nbsp;Ryota Tsuchihashi ,&nbsp;Masafumi Okawa","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seven new resin glycosides, designated ipoalbins XXII (<strong>1</strong>)–XXVIII (<strong>7</strong>), together with one known resin glycoside (<strong>8</strong>), were isolated from the seeds of <em>Ipomoea alba</em> L. (Convolvulaceae). Structural elucidation was accomplished primarily through comprehensive NMR and MS analyses. All newly identified compounds possessed intramolecular cyclic ester (jalapin-type) architectures, in which the sugar moieties were partially acylated by organic acids, including acetic acid, (<em>E</em>)-2-methylbut-2-enoic acid, and 2<em>S</em>-methyl-3<em>S</em>-hydroxybutyric acid. Notably, two of the new compounds exhibited rare jalapin-type frameworks, characterized by esterification between the carboxyl group of the aglycone moiety and the hydroxyl group of an organic acid substituent located on the sugar chain. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activities of <strong>1</strong>–<strong>8</strong> against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, as well as the antiviral activities of <strong>1</strong>–<strong>8</strong> and previously reported ipoalbins XI–XXI against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), were assessed. All compounds demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity, whereas all showed notable antiviral activity against HSV-1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109845"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146123412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of a biomimetic biantennary neo-glycan toward in vitro protein sialylation","authors":"Di Wang,&nbsp;Yiqun Gu,&nbsp;Jianrong Wu,&nbsp;Minjie Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the limitations of existing glycoprotein sialylation methods—including high cost, low efficiency, and complex procedures—this study designed and synthesized a structurally defined biantennary sialylated oligosaccharide mimetic. Using a mild chemical strategy, the mimetic was efficiently conjugated to the model protein lactoferrin under in vitro conditions. The synthesis commenced with cysteamine hydrochloride, N²,N⁶-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-<span>l</span>-lysine, and sialyllactose, proceeding through a convergent route involving reductive amination and thiol–maleimide coupling to yield the target molecule—(SL)₂-Lys-S-MAL-PEG₁₀₀₀-CHO (compound <strong>10</strong>). Structural confirmation was achieved through comprehensive characterization using ¹H/¹³C NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS, and GPC/SEC. Conjugation with native and asialo-lactoferrin significantly enhanced sialylation levels: the sialic acid content increased from 1.7 to 27.6 μg/mg (a 15-fold rise) in native lactoferrin, and from 0.8 to 177.3 μg/mg (a ∼220-fold rise) in asialo-lactoferrin. Functional assessment via in vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated that the resialylated lactoferrin exhibited markedly enhanced radical-scavenging activity against ABTS•⁺, DPPH•, and hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner (P &lt; 0.05). This work establishes a simple, cost-effective, and efficient platform for biomimetic glycan synthesis and protein sialylation, offering a promising tool for improving the functional performance of therapeutic glycoproteins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109850"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146155550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress on Rosa laevigata polysaccharides and perspectives on their potential mechanisms based on gut microbiota","authors":"Jiufu Xiao ,&nbsp;Jingqun Liu ,&nbsp;Han Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuebin Xu ,&nbsp;Chunjuan Yang ,&nbsp;Haixue Kuang ,&nbsp;Zhibin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Rosa laevigata</em> polysaccharides (RLPs) are one of the primary bioactive components of the <em>Rosa laevigata</em> (RL). It has garnered increasing interest due to its wide range of biological activities, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and metabolic regulatory effects. This article provides a systematic review of current research on the extraction, isolation and purification, structural characterization, and conventional biological activities of RLPs. It further discusses the prebiotic potential of RLPs, highlighting their ability to restore gut microbiota composition and significantly increase microbial metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Given the well-established systemic regulatory effects of SCFAs, it is further proposed that SCFAs generated from the gut microbial metabolism of RLPs may also contribute to systemic physiological regulation. These insights offer a rational basis for constructing a pharmacological activity network for RLPs and provide a more comprehensive theoretical foundation and future research directions for the in-depth development and industrial application of RLPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109843"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in extraction, structural characteristics, bioactivities, structure-activity relationship, quality control and applications of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis: A review","authors":"Yuyi Liao ,&nbsp;Liang Hong ,&nbsp;Jing Zhao ,&nbsp;Shaoping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Ethnopharmacological relevance</h3><div><em>Tremella fuciformis</em> is an edible fungus with a cultivation and consumption history of over a thousand years in China. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has the effects of moistening the lungs, soothing the intestines, nourishing the skin, and prolonging life, and is often used as a tonic food or added to soups. Its core bioactive component is <em>Tremella fuciformis</em> polysaccharides, which are widely concerned for their potential in health maintenance and disease adjuvant treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of the review</h3><div>This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress in the extraction, structural characteristics, pharmacological activities, structure-activity relationships, quality control, and applications of TFPS. It deeply analyzes the controversies and limitations of existing studies, clarifies the correlation between structure and function, and provides a theoretical basis for the standardized production and high-value application of TFPS.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Databases like ScienceDirect, PubMed, CNKI, and field journals were searched for extraction, structural characterization, pharmacology, and applications of <em>Tremella fuciformis</em> polysaccharides, including recent English/Chinese literature.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>Tremella fuciformis</em> polysaccharides have diverse extraction methods (hot water, ultrasonic/microwave-assisted, etc.), with composite tech boosting yield over 50%. Structurally, they have α-1,3-D-mannan backbone, varied monosaccharides, and conformations (random coil, triple-helical). Pharmacologically, they modulate immunity, reduce inflammation/tumors, resist oxidation/aging, protect nerves, regulate metabolism, and maintain intestinal homeostasis. Quality control uses HPLC/GC-MS fingerprints and HPSEC-MALLS for quantification. Applications span pharma (immunoadjuvants), food (additives), cosmetics (moisturizers), and new materials (drug carriers).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>Tremella fuciformis</em> polysaccharides have great prospects but lack clarity on some mechanisms, higher-order structure research, and standardized quality criteria. With deeper study, they may bring new breakthroughs in industries of health maintenance, disease treatment, and cosmetics and skincare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109849"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel polysaccharide from Wisteriopsis eurybotrya: extraction optimization, structural characterization, and bioactivities","authors":"Yuping Chen ,&nbsp;Hanlei Wang ,&nbsp;Xia Zhao ,&nbsp;Kun Zhang ,&nbsp;Yumei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carres.2026.109842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study optimized the hot-water extraction conditions of <em>Wisteriopsis eurybotrya</em> polysaccharides (WEP) using single-factor tests and response surface methodology, establishing optimal conditions as an extraction temperature of 92 °C, an extraction time of 241 min, and a liquid-solid ratio of 43 mL/g. Subsequently, a purified fraction named WEP-1-1 was isolated from WEP, followed by structural characterization and assessment of its <em>in vitro</em> activities. Structure analysis revealed that WEP-1-1, with a weight-average molecular weight of 130.3 kDa, was composed of Glc, Ara, Gal, Rha, Xyl, and Man in a molar ratio of 74.72:11.31:9.50:1.76:1.70:1.00, featuring a backbone predominantly of <em>α</em>-D-Glcp residues linked by (1 → 6) glycosidic bonds. Furthermore, WEP-1-1 could significantly enhance the glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes and L02 cells. It also exhibited potent immunostimulatory activity in RAW264.7 cells, significantly enhancing phagocytosis and promoting production of NO and TNF-<em>α</em>. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that WEP-1-1 is a promising candidate for natural functional materials due to its concurrent hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9415,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Research","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 109842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}