Journal of hazardous materials最新文献

{"title":"Detection of Ochratoxin A in white wine at the legal limit via solvent-based enrichment and selective paper-enhanced infrared spectroscopy.","authors":"Anouk J Bosman, Ids B Lemmink, Francesco Simone Ruggeri, Gert Ij Salentijn","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that occurs in many food products including cereals and wine, and is regulated at strict µg∙kg^-1 levels. Spectroscopy-based methods have shown potential for mycotoxin detection but have limitations regarding selectivity, sensitivity and molecular identification. Here, we present a method that combines a 2-step pH-dependent liquid-liquid extraction with our recently developed selective paper-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (S-PEIRS), to empower label-free, selective and concentration-dependent detection of OTA contamination in wine at the legal limit. This combination allowed for the purification and enrichment of OTA, from white wine spiked at 2, 6 and 20 µg∙kg^-1 into a focused area of a paper tip. A 2-step pH-dependent liquid-liquid extraction was optimized for OTA and benchmarked against high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS), showing extraction recoveries of ∼70% per extraction, and an average enrichment factor (EF) of 40. The extracts were further divided in 2 mL aliquots and applied to immunoaffinity columns (IACs) showing recoveries > 80%. Then, our approach leveraged the infrared detection of OTA on the paper tip, via the direct and linear detection of one of its molecular fingerprints (CO, 1660 cm^-1). Overall, our approach represents the first demonstration of concentration-dependent detection of OTA contamination in white wine, with a detection limit at the legal limit of 2 µg∙kg^-1, a limit of quantification of 6.7 µg∙kg^-1 and strong correlation with independent HPLC-HRMS analysis (R² = 0.963).</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"511 ","pages":"142248"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal-induced proteomic profiles associated with disease risk in environmentally vulnerable populations.","authors":"Min Heo, Sora Mun, Nam-Eun Kim, Hyeongyu Shin, Ah Ra Do, Jeeyoung Kim, Jung-Yeon Kwon, Sujin Seo, Hyein Han, Yong Min Cho, Young-Seoub Hong, Hee-Gyoo Kang, Woo Jin Kim, Sungho Won","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal exposure is a major public health concern, yet the molecular mechanisms linking environmental toxicants to disease remain poorly understood. We applied an integrative proteomic approach to investigate the biological effects of chronic exposure in environmentally vulnerable populations from the FROM cohort. Across three exposure-control designs, we identified 11, 20, and 54 heavy metal exposure-related proteins, which were predominantly enriched in complement activation, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress pathways. Using a meet-in-the-middle analysis, we identified 40 proteins and 14 clinical indicators involved in statistically supported exposure-protein-clinical indicator relationships. We then applied Mendelian randomization leveraging protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) from the FROM cohort and GWAS summary statistics from East Asian populations (KoGES, BBJ) to evaluate putative causality linking proteins, clinical indicators, and environmental diseases. Among the prominent findings, apolipoprotein M (APOM) was associated with serum albumin (β [95% CI] = -0.013 [-0.022, -0.003]; P = 7.57 × 10^-3) and cirrhosis (OR [95% CI] = 1.093 [1.036, 1.153]; P = 1.22 × 10^-3), with serum albumin partially mediating 8.49% of the total effect. This study provides insight into how chronic exposure to heavy metals perturbs molecular pathways involved in disease development, offering a deeper understanding of environmentally driven pathophysiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"511 ","pages":"142267"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional mapping of soil heavy metals via a novel deep learning approach: A case study in the Yangtze River Delta, China.","authors":"Lei Ju, Bifeng Hu, Mingkai Qu, Jun Man","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate regional mapping of soil heavy metals is increasingly supported by multi-source environmental covariates, yet predictive performance is often limited by sparse field sampling that cannot capture regional heterogeneity. We developed DL_TL, a novel deep learning framework that integrates kriging-based virtual sample augmentation with transfer learning to improve mapping under limited observations. For six metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and As) in the Yangtze River Delta, China, DL_TL outperformed benchmark models, improving R² by 17.36-42.99% over an augmented deep learning baseline, 24.00-95.34% over ordinary kriging (OK), and 34.50-133.93% over random forest (RF). Optimal performance was achieved with 6-km virtual sampling, full-network fine-tuning, and terminal-layer replacement. The shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis revealed that soil properties (37-42%) and climate (23-32%) dominated model explanations, with element-specific contributions from anthropogenic indicators and PM_2.5. The resulting 1-km resolution maps better delineated localized hotspots, identifying a larger fraction of high ecological-risk areas (3.20% vs 0.07% for RF) while reducing false-positive exceedance of childhood carcinogenic risk (0.09% vs 1.50% for OK). DL_TL provides a scalable solution for regional contamination mapping and risk screening in covariate-rich but sample-poor settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"511 ","pages":"142276"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147848018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing produced water quality via integrated mechanical vapor recompression: Chemical and toxicological characterization, hazard identification and mitigation.","authors":"Yeinner Tarazona, Joseph Alexander, Mike Hightower, Himali M K Delanka-Pedige, Huiyao Wang, Pei Xu, Yanyan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated Permian Basin produced water (PW) treatment through an advanced treatment train comprising mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) distillation, granular activated carbon (GAC), and zeolite adsorption. More than 400 analytes, including volatile and semivolatile organics (VOCs and SVOCs), inorganic ions, heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides, dioxins, furans, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) - were quantified. Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests were conducted across four trophic levels using Vibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and zebrafish (Danio rerio). In zebrafish, developmental endpoints and transcriptional responses of genes were assessed to detect sub-lethal effects. MVR distillation reduced total dissolved solids by 99.95%, total organic carbon by 89%, and total petroleum hydrocarbons by 92%. However, reductions in bulk organic parameters did not consistently reflect decreases in individual VOCs and SVOCs. Several hydrophilic VOCs (e.g., acetone, 2-propanol, 2-butanone) exhibited limited removal or even net increases during distillation. Caproic, propionic, and valeric acids (86.5, 123 and 198 mg/L) exceeded several toxicity thresholds for aquatic species. Untreated and distilled PW induced acute and chronic toxicity across all test species, with untreated PW causing 100% mortality in zebrafish embryos and the distillate resulting in 58-67% developmental abnormalities (edema, scoliosis, and impaired posture). In contrast, post-treatment with GAC and zeolite reduced most constituents to below detection limits and eliminated observable toxic effects. Zebrafish developmental and gene expression analyses confirmed the absence of significant perturbations following final treatment. This integrated chemical and biological assessment demonstrates that advanced multi-barrier treatment can effectively mitigate PW toxicity, supporting its potential reintegration into the hydrological cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"511 ","pages":"142274"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the gasification mechanism of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene in supercritical water using experimental and ReaxFF simulation: Products, pathways, and nitrogen migration.","authors":"Hanbing Jia, Jie Tan, Shengjing Wang, Yuming Ao, Qinxuan Nie, Wenhao Zhao, Libo Lu, Kun Jiang, Jialing Xu, Zhiyong Peng, Hui Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) enables the clean resource utilization of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic waste. The elucidation of the reaction mechanism of ABS is a prerequisite for obtaining the target gas and controlling N pollution. Combining experiments and ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations, this study investigated the effects of reaction temperature, time, feedstock concentration and pressure on the SCWG of ABS. Results showed that at 700 °C, 23 MPa, 10 min and 6% concentration, the carbon gasification efficiency (CE) and hydrogen gasification efficiency (HE) reached 59.78% and 142.96%, respectively, with H₂ yield increasing from 1.38 mol/kg at 500 °C to 15.87 mol/kg. Simulations revealed that SCW acted as both hydrogen donor and reaction medium, accelerating the cleavage of ABS molecular bonds by overcoming an energy barrier of 165 kJ/mol. Benzene rings underwent ring-opening via hydroxylation, hydrogenation and pyrolysis-induced pathways. H₂ was derived from chain reactions of hydrogen radicals released by ABS cracking and dissociated from supercritical water. Nitrogen was converted to ammonia via hydrogenation and hydrolysis of nitrogen-containing compounds, or to nitrogen via direct denitrification to form hydrogen cyanide and cyano groups followed by subsequent transformation. This study may contribute to understanding the transformation mechanism of ABS in SCW from a multi-scale perspective, thereby facilitating the development of regulatory strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"508 ","pages":"141968"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147619295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Luminescent hydrogel-enabled electrochemiluminescent aptasensor and portable analyzer for on-site quantification of acetamiprid in vegetables.","authors":"Jiashuai Sun, Lingjun Geng, Jingcheng Huang, Zhen Guo, Rui Xu, Zhiping Yu, Zhengtao Li, Peisen Li, Pengwei Zhang, Shengkun Ren, Elena Zavyalova, Yemin Guo, Xia Sun, Ziping Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acetamiprid residues in vegetables threaten human health and food safety, necessitating rapid, sensitive detection. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is highly sensitive but suffers from matrix-induced quenching and high-voltage photomultiplier tubes (PMT). Here we co-load N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol (ABEI), MnO₂ nanosheets (MnO₂NSs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into a three-dimensional polyethyleneimine-glutaraldehyde (PEI-GA) hydrogel and integrate it with a graphene oxide-aptamer interface to form an ECL aptasensor for acetamiprid. The ion-permeable 3D scaffold shortens mass-transport pathways, promotes reactive oxygen species generation, and increases the distance between luminophores and quenchers, affording approximately 20% higher ECL intensity than an equivalent MnO₂NSs@ABEI@AuNPs nanostructured film at the same loading and potential window. Coupling this hydrogel aptasensor with a low-supply-voltage portable ECL analyzer based on a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) yields a signal-enhanced platform with a linear range of 1.0 × 10^-3-1.0 × 10³ nM, a detection limit of 0.3 pM, and excellent reproducibility (RSD < 3%). Using QuEChERS pretreatment, the sensor provides high recoveries for acetamiprid spiked into spinach, celery, and Chinese chives, with results that correlate closely with those obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This work presents a practical strategy for integrating a luminescent hydrogel with a low-supply-voltage portable ECL analyzer for high-sensitivity detection of acetamiprid in complex vegetable matrices.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"511 ","pages":"142250"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induced two-phase air-water flows and droplet emissions after flushing a squat toilet.","authors":"Kuibo Wu, Feng Eva Wang, Tengfei Tim Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flushing squat toilets can generate numerous aerosols that facilitate infectious disease transmission. However, the precise release locations, temporal rates, and particle size spectrum of aerosol emissions while flushing a squat toilet remain unclear. This investigation proposes a multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to investigate the dynamics of waterflow, airflow, droplets, and their nuclei while flushing a squat toilet. The volume of fluid (VOF) method within the Eulerian framework was employed to capture the bulk waterflow and detachment of millimeter-sized large droplets. A coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach was adopted to convert large droplets into airborne particles for the Lagrangian tracking. A simplified droplet impact and splash model was developed to resolve the breaking of large droplets into fine droplets. Evaporation of droplets into nuclei, their spatial transport, and the probable inhalation exposure in both the squatting and standing breathing zones, were investigated. Experimental data of the measured waterflow, airflow, and the particles were adopted for model validation. The results reveal that a single flush of a squat toilet produces approximately 590,000 droplets, among which 58% return to the waterflow while the remaining rapidly evaporate into droplet nuclei within 5 s. The flushing-induced airflow can carry the droplet nuclei to the entire cubicle throughout within 2 min after the toilet flushing. A residence of 300 s in the squatting breathing zone results in an inhalation ratio of 4.5‰ of the emitted droplet nuclei. The deposited droplet nuclei are mainly on the rear wall of the cubicle and on the floor.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"511 ","pages":"142212"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of physical, chemical, and biological aging on activated carbon and biochar properties and PFAS immobilisation in soils.","authors":"Shervin Kabiri, Karl C Bowles, Shrinath Bhat, Divina Angela Navarro","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An increasingly common technique for managing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-contaminated vadose soils is immobilisation using sorbents. However, uncertainty remains regarding the long-term stability of PFAS immobilisation. This study investigated the effects of different environmental aging processes, physical (wetting-drying cycles), chemical, and biological, on the performance of widely used sorbents for PFAS immobilisation in soil using accelerated aging to simulate long-term environmental conditions. Six sorbents were evaluated, including two granular activated carbons (GAC), two powdered activated carbons (PAC), colloidal activated carbon (CAC), and biochar. Simulated physical and biological aging caused the greatest reductions in sorption efficiency, likely due to pore blockage, as confirmed by material characterisation, including surface area measurement and scanning electron microscopic images. Sorbent type significantly influenced performance, with PAC being the least affected by aging and biochar the most susceptible. When soils and sorbents were aged together, sorbent responses differed between soil types, with sorption efficiency decreasing after chemical aging in sandy soil and after physical aging in high-clay soil compared with other aging treatments. Despite these deliberately harsh simulated conditions, activated carbon-based sorbents remained highly effective, maintaining over 85% PFAS immobilisation in most scenarios, including highly contaminated soils (∑PFAS > 20 mg/kg). Overall, these findings demonstrate that although aging alters sorbent properties, activated carbon-based sorbents remain durable and effective for sustainable PFAS management under diverse environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"511 ","pages":"142258"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution patterns and driving mechanisms of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factor genes under the urbanization gradient.","authors":"Shihui Kang, Xun Han, Jingwei Gao, Tao Zhou, Xiaoru Yang, Fei Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as emerging environmental contaminants, have become a global environmental health concern due to their distribution and dissemination across urbanization gradients. This study systematically investigated the diversity, abundance patterns, and driving mechanisms of 173 ARGs, 30 mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and 120 virulence factor genes (VFGs) along a typical urbanization gradient (urban, suburban, and ecological zones) using soil samples collected from Baoding city center to Baiyangdian Lake periphery. High-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses revealed that suburban areas exhibited significantly higher total relative abundance of ARGs compared to urban and ecological zones (p < 0.05), particularly for aminoglycoside-, fluoroquinolone-, Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B-, and multidrug-resistance genes. Suburban soils also showed elevated levels of VFGs associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli (p < 0.05). Notably, significant associations between ARGs and VFGs were observed, with both demonstrating high loads in suburban areas, suggesting these transitional zones may serve as \"incubators\" for resistant pathogens. Correlation analyses suggest that both biotic (MGEs, microbial communities) and abiotic factors (urbanization, heavy metals, soil properties) may contribute to ARGs and VFGs dissemination, with MGEs appearing to play a central role. Structural equation modeling indicates that urbanization could influence ARGs and VFGs assembly, potentially by altering soil properties, heavy metals, and microbial communities. MGE-mediated horizontal transfer might facilitate ARGs spread, whereas heavy metals and specific microbial taxa may be associated with VFG distribution patterns. These findings provide critical scientific insights into the transmission dynamics of resistance genes during urbanization and offer strategic guidance for developing targeted environmental management policies to mitigate resistance dissemination.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"511 ","pages":"142270"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic-driven mechanisms in endogenous partial denitrification (EPD): Nitrite accumulation, microbial adaptation, functional gene responses and resistance gene proliferation.","authors":"Baodan Jin, Zhixuan Bai, Yeyu Yan, Hua He, Jingjing Du, Yuanqian Xu, Lan Wang, Jiantao Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mechanisms by which antibiotics affect Endogenous Partial Denitrification (EPD) systems remain unclear. This study investigated the relationships between antibiotic type and pollutant removal, along with the underlying microbial metabolic mechanisms in an EPD system exposed to three antibiotics. The results showed that sulfadiazine (SD) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) exhibited higher chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency than tetracycline (TC). In the SD system, NO₃⁻-N removal was 84.13%, whereas other systems achieved 97%, which was associated with a higher abundance of the n arG and nirS. Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi demonstrated strong adaptability to the antibiotics. TC inhibited the tricarboxylic acid cycle and organic matter degradation may be related to the reduced mdh. SD induced microorganisms to convert carbon sources into polyhydroxybutyrate instead of utilizing them directly, while SMZ optimized nitrogen metabolism by increasing the abundance of nirS and nirK, leading to higher NO₂⁻-N accumulation in these two EPD systems. SD stress reduced the abundance of ppk2/ppx gene, inhibited the energy production and internal carbon reserve of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms in anaerobic stage. Although the microorganisms had stronger phosphorus uptake potential by up-regulating ppk1 gene, the lack of ATP necessary to drive this process eventually led to the reduction of PO₄³ ⁻-P removal ability. The abundance of resistance genes peaked in the SD system, significantly increasing the risk of antibiotic resistance. This study deciphers the metabolic mechanisms of the EPD system in response to three types of antibiotics and provides a scientific basis for its application in environments with fluctuating antibiotic stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"511 ","pages":"142257"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}