Journal of hazardous materials最新文献

{"title":"Elucidation of distinct C-Cl/H activation and dioxin formation on Pt- and Ru-supported TiO₂ for catalytic oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds.","authors":"Nini Zhang, Yi Chen, Jihang Yu, Yanglong Guo, Yun Guo, Li Wang, Aiyong Wang, Zhi-Qiang Wang, Qiguang Dai, Wangcheng Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Noble metal catalysts are widely employed for the catalytic oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs). However, the distinct roles of different noble metals in the deep oxidation of CVOCs remain poorly understood, representing a critical bottleneck in the development of more efficient abatement technologies. Herein, the catalytic performance of Pt/TiO₂ and Ru/TiO₂ was evaluated for the oxidation of both saturated (monochloroethane, monochloromethane) and unsaturated (vinyl chloride, chlorobenzene) CVOCs. Experiments combined with density functional theory calculations demonstrate that C-Cl bond cleavage for CVOCs occurs on TiO₂ Lewis acid sites, and subsequent C-H activation and O₂ utilization determine distinct catalytic performances. Pt/TiO₂ exhibits higher activity toward unsaturated CVOCs owing to relatively moderate O₂ adsorption and abundant reactive chemisorbed oxygen on the Pt⁰ species, enabling efficient oxygen-insertion pathways. By contrast, Ru/TiO₂ preferentially converts saturated CVOCs owing to its relatively superior C-H bond dissociation capability relative to Pt/TiO₂. The resulting polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) formation on the catalyst surface and in the gas phase is strongly associated with Cl-removal pathways: Ru/TiO₂ promotes Cl₂ generation via Deacon reactions, enhancing gas-phase PCDD/F formation, whereas Pt/TiO₂ stabilizes oxygenated phenoxy-type intermediates on the catalyst surface, favoring PCDD/F formation on the catalyst. These findings thus elucidate the distinct roles of Pt and Ru in governing reaction pathways and secondary pollutant formation, offering critical guidance for the development of catalytic systems that balance high removal efficiency with minimal environmental risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143595"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148957679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A ZIF-8-based ternary heterostructure gas sensor for monitoring benzene micro-leakage and autonomous robotic inspection.","authors":"Xuyang Duan, Hao Zhang, Chengyu Zhang, Liang Zhu, Guangbin Li, Zhaogang Zhang, Peng Zhou, Dongzhi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Benzene (C₆H₆) is a volatile organic compound with strong carcinogenicity, and achieving its rapid and sensitive detection is of great significance for environmental protection and the prevention and control of public health risks. In this study, a ternary heterostructure gas-sensing material composed of Pd-modified ZnO@ZIF-8 was proposed. The pre-concentration effect of ZIF-8, the catalytic sensitization of Pd nanoparticles, and the construction of the Schottky barrier at the Pd/ZIF-8 interface collectively endow the sensor with excellent detection performance. This sensor exhibits extremely high sensitivity at 375℃, with a rapid detection speed (response/recovery time of 2 s/2 s) and an extremely low detection limit (capable of reaching the ppb level). Meanwhile, based on this sensor, a pipeline condition monitoring platform was developed. On the mobile end, online monitoring of benzene leakage and graded early warning were realized. Furthermore, this detection system is integrated with robots. Through a combined olfactory and visual detection method, it enables intelligent inspection of the risks of gaseous and liquid benzene leakage. Therefore, the proposed Pd-ZnO@ZIF-8 sensor and its integrated monitoring platform offer a reliable and efficient solution for real-time benzene leakage detection, holding great promise for enhancing industrial safety and public health protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143741"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron oxide-mediated hydrolysis of phthalate and organophosphate esters under indoor-relevant temperature and humidity: Kinetics, molecular structure effects, and acidic product accumulation.","authors":"Xiaopeng Ren, Lijie Wang, Weijian Zhang, Luying Nian, Ying Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ester-containing semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including phthalates and organophosphate esters, are ubiquitous indoor pollutants, yet their transformation on reactive indoor surfaces remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the hydrolysis of representative phthalate and organophosphate esters on hematite, used as a model iron oxide surface, under indoor-relevant temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Controlled hydrolysis experiments showed that these compounds underwent hematite-mediated hydrolysis, with apparent kinetics governed by RH, temperature, and molecular structure. Increasing RH markedly suppressed apparent hydrolysis of alkyl-substituted esters, whereas phenyl-containing esters exhibited faster hydrolysis and weaker RH dependence. Molecular dynamics simulations of interfacial partitioning supported a water-film accessibility mechanism, whereby thicker water films restricted ester-surface contact and inhibited hydrolysis. For phenyl-containing esters, the weaker RH dependence was associated with structure-dependent chemical and interfacial effects, including the greater leaving-group ability of phenoxy groups and compound-specific surface accessibility. Accelerated gas-phase exposure experiments further showed that dimethyl phthalate supplied through gas-phase adsorption could undergo hydrolysis on hematite and chemically complex iron-rich surfaces, including aged corrosion materials. These findings identify hematite and iron oxide-rich surfaces as reactive indoor interfaces that may transform phthalate and organophosphate ester SVOCs, promote acidic product accumulation, and potentially alter their surface retention and indoor fate. Because the apparent kinetics were determined under a nominal surface loading selected for reliable quantification, they are best interpreted as RH-, temperature-, and structure-dependent trends under the present experimental conditions, warranting future quantification under realistic indoor surface loadings and broader surface conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143733"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sustainable hydrometallurgical recovery strategy of critical metals from spent NCM via aspartame-assisted reductive leaching: Mechanism, stepwise recovery process and LCA.","authors":"Wei Chen, Hao Zhang, Dong-Qi Song, Xu-Zhuang Shi, Hao Wan, Neng-Neng Xu, Hui Guo, Hong-Ming Long","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inspired by the use of aspartame in sugar-free food additives, this study developed an aspartame-assisted reductive leaching process for the efficient dissolution of critical metals from spent NCM batteries. The speciation of the critical metals under different pH conditions was theoretically investigated, and the reductive leaching behavior was optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. Under optimized conditions (NCM-aspartame mass ratio 1:1.1, 65 °C, and 1.3 M H₂SO₄), the leaching efficiencies of critical metals exceeded 99%.More importantly, mechanistic investigations revealed that methanol generated during aspartame hydrolysis reduced high-valence transition-metal ions to soluble divalent species. Together with proton attack, this reduction promoted the collapse of the layered NCM structure. Leaching kinetic analysis further demonstrated that the process was controlled by surface chemical reactions. Furthermore, a stepwise recovery process was developed, in which Ni was first separated through selective chelation, Co and Mn were subsequently co-extracted, and Li was finally recovered by carbonate precipitation. The purities of all recovered products exceeded 98.5%. Besides, techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment demonstrated the economic feasibility and favorable environmental performance of the process, aiming to provide a sustainable hydrometallurgical strategy for the efficient recovery of critical metals from spent NCM batteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143715"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149043100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bisphenol A exposure confers resistance to cisplatin in ovarian cancer via ERα-dependent DDIT4-mTOR-AKT signaling.","authors":"Hongchao Zhang, Xiwei Wang, Qiang Zhang, Chang Liu, Zhaoyan Jiang, Jiqin Xu, Aihua Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ovarian cancer (OC) is a prevalent gynecological malignancy, with cisplatin (CDDP) serving as the cornerstone of its clinical management. However, the disease progression or recurrence attributable to CDDP resistance has become a major cause of the poor prognosis in OC. Beyond endogenous genetic or epigenetic drivers, the potential contribution of environmental exposure to CDDP resistance in OC remains an enigma. Bisphenol A (BPA), a prototypical environmental endocrine disruptor, has garnered widespread attention due to its pro-carcinogenic effects across various human malignancies. Nevertheless, the latent association between BPA exposure and clinical prognosis of OC has not yet been established. Our current work demonstrated that exposure to environmentally relevant doses of BPA significantly augmented CDDP resistance in human OC cells, which was primarily attributable to AKT-mediated attenuation of DNA damage and apoptosis induced by CDDP. Bioinformatics analysis of a transcriptomic microarray from BPA-exposed OC cells identified DDIT4 as a critical differentially expressed gene involved in BPA-driven CDDP resistance. Mechanistically, estrogen receptor α (ERα), a direct target of BPA dependent activation of a non-canonical DDIT4-mTOR-AKT signaling served as the key molecular event underlying BPA-driven CDDP resistance. Notably, ERα/DDIT4 expression exhibited prominent clinical significance in the prognosis of OC－high ERα/DDIT4 expression was associated with a poor prognosis in patients receiving CDDP treatment, and CDDP treatment failed to hold a tangible clinical benefit in those with high ERα/DDIT4 expression. Overall, our current work advances the understanding of the chemical carcinogenic effects of BPA from a unique perspective of the poor prognosis in OC, and also delivers a novel mechanistic insight into BPA-driven chemoresistance, which might contribute to the identification of promising prognostic biomarkers or chemosensitization targets for environmental exposure-driven OC.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143666"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radioactive Iodine-131 aerosols induce rat pulmonary fibrosis via miR-34c-5p/ARHGAP1 axis-mediated fibroblast activation.","authors":"Min Zhu, Tongyao Hu, Chang Liu, Danni Li, Wen Ding, Xiu Luo, Ye Peng, Kexian Li, Yanyong Yang, Jianming Cai, Tao Wang, Changjing Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following nuclear accidents, Iodine-131 (¹³¹I) released as radioactive aerosols can be inhaled into the lungs, leading to radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF). Our previous studies have identified miR-34c-5p as a potential biomarker for ¹³¹I internal exposure, which is significantly downregulated upon ¹³¹I irradiation and is known to negatively regulate fibrogenic processes. However, it remains unclear whether inhaled ¹³¹I aerosols induce RIPF by downregulating miR-34c-5p in fibroblasts and consequently activating these effector cells. Here, ¹³¹I-labeled silk fibroin microparticles (SFMPs) were used to simulate radioactive aerosols, and intratracheal instillation was performed to mimic the inhalation of ¹³¹I-aerosols in rats. The results indicate that ¹³¹I-aerosols deposition induced RIPF in rats, accompanied by miR-34c-5p downregulation, and exogenous administration of miR-34c-5p alleviated fibrosis. Mechanistically, miR-34c-5p was downregulated in ¹³¹I-induced fibroblast activation, and Rho GTPase-activating protein 1 (ARHGAP1) was verified as its direct target; ARHGAP1 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-34c-5p on ¹³¹I-induced fibroblast activation. Notably, in a thyroid cancer patient with lung metastasis, serum miR-34c-5p levels decreased following ¹³¹I accumulation in lung metastases. These findings demonstrate that ¹³¹I aerosols induce rat RIPF via the miR-34c-5p/ARHGAP1 axis-mediated fibroblast activation, providing a potential therapeutic target for internal radiation-related pulmonary fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143615"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148979265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine-learning-based spatiotemporal reconstruction and risk assessment of 16 priority PAHs in mainland China's surface waters, 2000-2024.","authors":"Mula Na, Cha Ersi, Wuni Le, Su Rina, Yi Bole, Guzailinuer Aihemaitijiang, Minxuan Wang, Jiquan Zhang, Xingpeng Liu, Zhijun Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread aquatic contaminants, but their long-term national-scale dynamics remain poorly constrained by fragmented monitoring. We integrated measurements of 16 priority PAHs with multisource predictors to reconstruct annual surface-water concentrations across mainland China at 1 km resolution from 2000 to 2024. Four tree-based machine-learning models were evaluated for each compound, and model robustness was examined through random holdout testing, spatial block cross-validation, bootstrap resampling, and hotspot stability analysis. Reconstructed ΣPAHs concentrations were consistently higher in eastern and southern China, especially eastern coastal areas, the middle and lower Yangtze River, and southern coastal areas. Nationally, 58.07% of valid water pixels decreased significantly, whereas only 1.42% increased significantly. However, significant TEQ decreases occurred in far fewer pixels, indicating that declining total concentrations did not necessarily produce synchronous reductions in toxic risk. Low-molecular-weight PAHs dominated ΣPAHs. By linking compound-specific reconstruction with TEQ assessment, hotspot stability, and SHAP-based driver interpretation, this study provides a long-term data basis for understanding PAH evolution, toxicity-weighted risk, and priority control regions in mainland China's surface waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143737"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149077247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trace-Cu(II)/CaO₂ pre-oxidation coupled with coagulation for algal elimination: A triple-mechanism cascade involving functional inactivation driven by Cu(III).","authors":"Dingqiang Zhang, Xiaoqun Wu, Tengchao Jiao, Weizhen Zhang, Jiahao He, Yanhua Xie, Yingming Hu, Yao Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harmful algal blooms release microcystins and other metabolites that threaten aquatic ecosystems and human health. Conventional removal methods often induce cell lysis and are affected by matrix interference in natural waters, limiting their practical applicability. A sequential process coupling trace-Cu(II)/CaO₂ pre-oxidation with PAC coagulation was developed for efficient algal removal. The system removed 98.5% of M. aeruginosa from lake water. During the 10-min pre-oxidation stage, trace-Cu(II)/CaO₂ effectively degraded extracellular microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) surrounding algal cells, thereby weakening electrostatic repulsion and enhancing coagulation efficiency. The coupled process generated Cu(III), •OH, •O₂^-, and ¹O₂ within the cells, which led to functional cell death without severe membrane rupture. Conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed the stability of a representative pentameric cation-channel model, and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) further showed that Cu²⁺ and H₂O₂ could be guided through its pore under an applied axial bias, supporting the physical plausibility of channel-mediated intracellular access. Mechanistically, OH^- generated during CaO₂ hydrolysis promoted the Cu(II)/Cu(I)/Cu(III) catalytic cycle and sustained reactive species production, with Cu(III) as the dominant contributor to functional inactivation (68.5%). These findings establish an innovative and practical strategy for the safe and effective removal of algae from contaminated natural waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143675"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149009591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonium-accelerated recovery of rare earth elements from mine wastewater by an indigenous Pseudomonas oryzihabitans isolate.","authors":"Siming Jiang, Honghai Yuan, Zhibiao Chen, Zuliang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mining process of ion-adsorption-type rare earth ores generates a large amount of wastewater containing rare earth elements (REEs) and high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH⁺₄-N). It is urgent to develop single-stage, low-energy technologies to achieve REEs recovery and NH⁺₄-N removal simultaneously. Here, we present a local Pseudomonas oryzihabitan, which is capable of achieving this goal. Interestingly, the typical pollutant ammonium does accelerate the recovery of REEs. Comprehensive characterizations show that the fixation of REEs mainly occurs extracellularly through surface complexation and biomineralization. The acceleration of REE recovery by NH⁺₄-N may involve multiple mechanisms, including supporting rapid bacterial growth, enhancing extracellular organic secretion, and promoting biomineralization. Importantly, this acceleration is specific to ammonium and cannot be replicated by other nitrogen sources supporting comparable biomass. This strain was able to recover over 90% of the REEs and remove 76.2% of NH⁺₄-N from real mine wastewater within 34 h, suggesting its potential as a starting point for bioremediation strategies. This work provides a conceptual basis for designing single-reactor bioprocesses that can convert wastewater from rare earth mines rich in NH⁺₄-N into sustainable metal resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143621"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148979249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Index-based pollution and environmental risk assessment of microplastics: Handbook for a mindful practice.","authors":"Manuela Piccardo, Stanislao Bevilacqua","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastic (MP) pollution is a major environmental issue due to its potential impacts on ecosystems and human health. After more than 20 years of research and over 7000 publications, sufficient knowledge is now available to support the first ecological risk assessments. In this context, risk indices have emerged as tools for evaluating environmental quality and MP contamination. This review analyzed 361 studies investigating MP pollution and risk assessment indices, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and future development needs. Since the first publication in 2018, research activity has grown exponentially. Initially dominated by studies from Asia, the topic has recently expanded into a global research field. Most studies have been published in high-impact journals, reflecting the importance of risk indices in MP monitoring and assessment. However, this growth has led to the proliferation of numerous and highly similar indices (31 metrics proposed), sometimes applied with methodological inconsistencies, creating confusion among researchers and practitioners. The most widely used are the Pollution Load Index (PLI), the Polymer Hazard Index (PHI), and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), mainly applied to water samples, with 73.9% of studies used in combination. Overall, MP indices can be classified into three groups: those based on MP abundance, those focusing on a single MP characteristic, and multidimensional indices integrating multiple traits, such as size, shape, and polymer type. We conclude that multidimensional approaches should be prioritized, supported by a shared assessment framework and the consistent application of existing indices rather than the continued development of new overlapping metrics.</p>","PeriodicalId":94082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials","volume":"517 ","pages":"143859"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}