A comprehensive review of contents, toxic effects, metabolisms, and environmental behaviors of brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants.

IF 11.3
Journal of hazardous materials Pub Date : 2025-09-15 Epub Date: 2025-08-05 DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139428
Tuantuan Fan, Zhenfei Yan, Wenjie Huang, Weiying Feng, Yingchen Bai, Chenglian Feng, Fengchang Wu
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Abstract

As emerging contaminants, flame retardants are ubiquitous in water, soil, the atmosphere, and organisms. Brominated (BFRs) and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) dominate as primary replacements for brominated diphenyl ethers, yet their comparative ecotoxicity and environmental behavior remain critically understudied. This study comprehensively summarizes environmental levels, toxicities, metabolism, and environmental behaviors between BFRs and OPFRs. It is showed that OPFRs have surpassed BFRs by 1 - 2 orders of magnitude in concentration becoming dominant contaminants across environmental matrices. OPFRs exhibit similar toxicity targets yet more complex metabolic pathways than BFRs, indicating that they are not environmentally safer alternatives. Meanwhile, they undergo microbial degradation as carbon substrates, photolysis as photosensitizers, and hydrophobic adsorption onto organic matrices (e.g., dissolved organic matter). These environmental behaviors may enhance or inhibit toxicity risk of flame retardants. In addition, the removal technologies and regulatory measures for flame retardants still require continuous refinement. Future studies should prioritize combined risk assessment of mixtures especially metabolites, environmental behaviors, and identification of the key environmental factors of flame retardants.

溴化和有机磷阻燃剂的含量、毒性作用、代谢和环境行为的综合综述。
作为新兴的污染物,阻燃剂在水、土壤、大气和生物中无处不在。溴化阻燃剂(BFRs)和有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)是溴化二苯醚的主要替代品,但它们的相对生态毒性和环境行为仍未得到充分研究。本研究全面总结了BFRs和OPFRs之间的环境水平、毒性、代谢和环境行为。结果表明,OPFRs的浓度已超过BFRs 1 - 2个数量级,成为环境基质中的主要污染物。OPFRs表现出与BFRs相似的毒性靶点,但代谢途径更复杂,这表明它们不是更环保的替代品。同时,它们作为碳底物进行微生物降解,作为光敏剂进行光解,并在有机基质(如溶解的有机物)上疏水吸附。这些环境行为可能增加或抑制阻燃剂的毒性风险。此外,阻燃剂的去除技术和监管措施仍需不断完善。未来的研究应优先考虑混合剂特别是代谢物的综合风险评估、环境行为和阻燃剂关键环境因素的识别。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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