Journal of forensic sciences最新文献_第2页

Beyond binary: Analyzing closed-source data to compare specific roles and behaviors within violent and nonviolent terrorist involvement. 超越二元对立：分析闭源数据，比较暴力和非暴力恐怖主义参与中的特定角色和行为。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15648

Amber Seaward, Zoe Marchment, Caitlin Clemmow, Frank Farnham, Richard Taylor, Luc Taperell, Sara Henley, Sara Boulter, Karen Townend, Paul Gill

{"title":"Beyond binary: Analyzing closed-source data to compare specific roles and behaviors within violent and nonviolent terrorist involvement.","authors":"Amber Seaward, Zoe Marchment, Caitlin Clemmow, Frank Farnham, Richard Taylor, Luc Taperell, Sara Henley, Sara Boulter, Karen Townend, Paul Gill","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15648","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15648","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly, studies compare risk and protective factors for involvement in violent and nonviolent terrorist behaviors. This exploratory study investigates whether this distinction is sufficient, or whether it should be disaggregated further into more granular terrorist roles and behaviors. Using data on 404 referrals to a UK countering violent extremism Prevent hub specializing in mental health and associated needs, we compare violent and nonviolent referrals, and then more specific behaviors (vulnerability, proactive extremism, foreign fighting, and violence planning). Bivariate and multivariate analyses show there is value in disaggregating beyond the binary violence versus nonviolence distinction, as more (and more detailed) relationships emerged when using the disaggregated set of behaviors. While gender did not differentiate violent and nonviolent referrals, women were more likely to be referred for radicalization vulnerability or potential foreign fighting. Extreme right-wing and extreme Islamist referrals were no more or less violent overall, but Islamist referrals were disproportionately referred for both the most and least violent behaviors. Personality and developmental disorders were associated with violence, and disaggregated behaviors provided detailed insight into the drivers of these associations. These exploratory findings, while interesting, likely do not generalize beyond our specific sample. Instead, this study's value lies in demonstrating the utility for both research and, eventually, practice of disaggregating beyond violence and nonviolence. The results demonstrate clear operational implications for threat assessment in the need to include a more refined set of risk factors to aid in assessing risk of more relevant outcomes than terrorist involvement overall.","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":"222-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11693527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142607817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mercy killing of a 72-year-old woman through heroin intoxication. 因海洛因中毒而怜悯杀害一名 72 岁的妇女。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15637

Johann Zwirner, Stefanie Iwersen-Bergmann, Klaus Püschel, Benjamin Ondruschka

{"title":"Mercy killing of a 72-year-old woman through heroin intoxication.","authors":"Johann Zwirner, Stefanie Iwersen-Bergmann, Klaus Püschel, Benjamin Ondruschka","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15637","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15637","url":null,"abstract":"Active euthanasia is legally permissible in only eight jurisdictions worldwide and may only be administered by qualified personnel following specific selection criteria. Mercy killing refers to the deliberate termination of the life of an individual suffering from a terminal chronic medical condition. Detecting both illegally performed active euthanasia and instances of mercy killing presents challenges for forensic pathologists. The presented case describes a mercy killing involving a 72-year-old woman with multiple chronic conditions who was killed by her grandson via heroin intoxication after administration of the anxiolytic alprazolam. Key findings from the external postmortem examination included a single fresh injection site on the inside of the elbow and a superficial T-shaped cut on the flexor side of the left forearm. Toxicological analyses revealed elevated blood levels of heroin metabolites, including 6-monoacetylmorphine and absence of hydroxyalprazolam, indicating an only short survival time following heroin injection. A cocaine concentration in blood was comparatively low but rather high in hair samples. Elderly individuals with multiple chronic conditions are at increased risk of becoming homicide victims. Comprehensive forensic documentation of injection sites is essential to avoid overlooking deaths caused by injection and to differentiate them from medical measures during resuscitation attempts.","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":"392-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11693526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142607834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sickle cell trait in non-firearm arrest-related deaths of Black persons. 黑人非因枪杀而死亡者中的镰状细胞性状。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15668

Mark W Kroll, Dwayne A Wolf, Stacey L Hail, Tasha L Zemrus, Sebastian Kunz, Howard E Williams

{"title":"Sickle cell trait in non-firearm arrest-related deaths of Black persons.","authors":"Mark W Kroll, Dwayne A Wolf, Stacey L Hail, Tasha L Zemrus, Sebastian Kunz, Howard E Williams","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15668","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15668","url":null,"abstract":"The role of sickle cell trait (SCT) in sudden exertional death is well-recognized in sports and military training. However, it is not yet studied for non-firearm arrest-related death (NF-ARD). With extensive multi-pronged searches, a large database (n = 1389) of NF-ARDs was established. For the years 2006-2021 (inclusive) there were 50 NF-ARDs of Black persons in which postmortem evidence of SCT was found. A control cohort consisted of 414 NF-ARDs of Black persons with no reported SCT. The mean age for SCT cases was 33.1 ± 10.4 years versus 37.0 ± 10.4 years for the control group (p = 0.01). The body-mass index for SCT cases was 28.3 ± 6.6 kg/m2 versus 30.7 ± 7.6 kg/m2 for the control group (p = 0.03). The prevalence of cardiomegaly was 21% for SCT cases versus 39% in the control cohort (p = 0.008). The postmortem prevalence of SCT in NF-ARDs of Black persons (n = 50, 10.7%) was higher than the prevalence of SCT in the US Black population, which is 7.1% (p = 0.003). In this study of NF-ARDs in Black persons, the prevalence of SCT and the differences between the SCT cases and the control cohort suggest that exertional collapse associated with sickle cell trait may be a contributory factor in NF-ARDs.","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":"179-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of interferents in sampling materials for analysis of post-explosion residues (explosive emulsion/ANFO) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). 评估使用气相色谱-质谱法（GC/MS）分析爆炸后残留物（爆炸乳剂/ANFO）的取样材料中的干扰物。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15657

Lúcio Paulo Lima Logrado, Jez Willian Batista Braga

{"title":"Evaluation of interferents in sampling materials for analysis of post-explosion residues (explosive emulsion/ANFO) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).","authors":"Lúcio Paulo Lima Logrado, Jez Willian Batista Braga","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15657","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15657","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical analysis aimed at identifying post-explosion residues is critical for investigating crimes or accidents involving explosives, establishing it as a vital area of forensic chemistry. In general, only trace amounts remain in samples analyzed for this purpose, making the presence of interferents a constant concern. Therefore, understanding the materials used from collection to sample preparation is essential for this type of analysis. This study focuses on organic contaminants in collection and laboratory materials analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), complementing a previous study by Mauricio et al. (2020), which addressed inorganic contaminants in materials used for similar purposes in ion chromatography (IC). No prior studies have specifically investigated the potential organic interferences introduced by various materials commonly used in forensic laboratories for sample pre-processing, storage, and evidence collection in this context. Plastic films, bottle caps, disposable gloves, syringes, swabs, disposable cups, plastic tubes, and plastic pipettes were examined. GC/MS analyses revealed that certain materials, particularly syringe plungers, gloves, and plastic films, can interfere with the detection of post-explosion residues from explosive emulsions and ANFO (ammonium nitrate-fuel oil). These findings emphasize the importance of evaluating materials for potential interferences prior to sample collection and processing to minimize contamination risks. This study provides significant insights into how commonly used laboratory materials can impact forensic analysis, thereby enhancing the reliability of post-explosion residue analysis and supporting more accurate forensic investigations.","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":"314-322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A fatal case of potassium gold cyanide poisoning. 一起致命的氰化金钾中毒事件。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15654

Ilung Seol, Seungho Lee, Hyejung Kim, Hyung Joo Kim, Su-Jin Ahn, Jieun Jung, Jaesin Lee

{"title":"A fatal case of potassium gold cyanide poisoning.","authors":"Ilung Seol, Seungho Lee, Hyejung Kim, Hyung Joo Kim, Su-Jin Ahn, Jieun Jung, Jaesin Lee","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15654","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15654","url":null,"abstract":"A 77-year-old professional gold craftsman ingested a white powder used in goldsmithing, mistaking the powder for a health supplement. He detected a strange taste and immediately fell sick, reported the incident to 911, and was taken to the emergency room. He died approximately 8.5 h post-ingestion despite treatment. There were no significant findings in the autopsy, the victim's heart blood sample, gastric contents, and the white powder the victim had taken were submitted to the department of forensic toxicology. Using scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray analysis, potassium and gold (Au) were detected in the white powder. Ion chromatography analysis detected cyanide. Concentrations of cyanide were 0.5 mg/L in heart blood and 13.3 mg/L in gastric contents. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Au in the heart blood sample and gastric contents using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry detected concentrations of 79.8 mg/L and 2010.1 mg/L, respectively. Au and cyanide synergistically enhance cytotoxicity through inhibition of detoxification and increasing intracellular accumulation. In the present case, the detected blood cyanide concentration was sub or minimally lethal, and the blood Au concentration was high. The cause of the victim's death was the combined toxicity of Au and cyanide.","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":"387-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

No practice effect on the classification accuracy of the response time concealed information test. 练习对反应时间隐藏信息测试的分类准确性没有影响。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15656

Gáspár Lukács, Izumi Matsuda

{"title":"No practice effect on the classification accuracy of the response time concealed information test.","authors":"Gáspár Lukács, Izumi Matsuda","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15656","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15656","url":null,"abstract":"The Response Time Concealed Information Test can reveal that a person recognizes a relevant item (probe, e.g., a murder weapon) among other, irrelevant items (controls), based on slower responses to the probe compared to the controls. A previous study (Lukács, 2022, JARMAC) analyzed the data of 14 experiments and demonstrated that classification accuracy is increased by increased test length (i.e., increased number of trials included in the analysis). However, that study left the important question open whether prior practice (whose trials are not included in the analysis) influences the classification accuracy of subsequent testing (i.e., subsequent trials included in the analysis). Reanalyzing the same data from the 14 experiments (comprising 2223 individual tests), we show that different sections of the test (each with the same number of trials), such as the first and second half of each examined test, do not differ substantially in their classification accuracy. The main implications for real-life application are that, at least up to about 600 trials, prior practice does not affect subsequent tests' results, and the number of examined relevant items or their order of presentation may be freely chosen without compromising the method's validity.","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":"215-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Bayesian approach to Suchey-Brooks age estimation from the pubic symphysis using modern American samples. 利用现代美国样本从耻骨联合处估算 Suchey-Brooks 年龄的贝叶斯方法。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15651

K Godde, Samantha M Hens

{"title":"A Bayesian approach to Suchey-Brooks age estimation from the pubic symphysis using modern American samples.","authors":"K Godde, Samantha M Hens","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15651","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15651","url":null,"abstract":"A critical component of the biological profile involves accurate estimation of the age-at-death of the decedent(s). While bias, inaccuracy, and population specificity have plagued age estimation methods, these issues are minimized by Bayesian statistics. Our primary analysis generated ages of transition from the published Suchey-Brooks pubic symphysis dataset and coupled them with informative priors derived from two modern American forensic samples (Forensic Data Bank [FDB] and Forensic Anthropology Database for Assessing Methods Accuracy [FADAMA]) to test the accuracy of Bayesian analysis against the original method. Exact binomial tests assessed the accuracy of the generated age ranges; realized accuracies and bias are reported for final age ranges at various coverages. In a second analysis, the Bayesian Suchey-Brooks parameters and original, non-Bayesian age ranges were also applied to FADAMA. In the primary analyses, the Bayesian approach improved age estimates over traditional ranges, especially for females. Highest posterior density ranges at 95% provided realized accuracies on a holdout sample between 93% and 96% with extremely low bias for most phases. We provide lookup tables with Bayesian age ranges for various coverages. In the second analysis, realized accuracies were slightly higher in the non-Bayesian approach for both sexes (86%-92% vs. 83%-91%), due to lower precision and likely practitioner bias in aging forensic cases. The popularity of the Suchey-Brooks pubic symphysis aging method in modern forensic casework necessitates the use of the Bayesian approach and we encourage practitioners to utilize the lookup tables for forensic casework in the United States.","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":"9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Authors' response. 作者回复。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15660

Richard E Gutierrez, Emily J Prokesch

引用次数: 0

Impact of illustrated backgrounds on the automatic assessment of fingermark quality. 图文并茂的背景对自动评估指痕质量的影响。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15672

Bérénice Bonnaz, Andy Bécue

{"title":"Impact of illustrated backgrounds on the automatic assessment of fingermark quality.","authors":"Bérénice Bonnaz, Andy Bécue","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15672","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15672","url":null,"abstract":"In the fingermark detection field, background illustrations may negatively impact the visibility of the marks in presence. They can indeed locally reduce the contrast or mask ridge details. When conducting a research project, the choice for plain or illustrated substrates is mostly driven by the research objectives as well as the development level of the investigated technique (e.g., new reagent, comparison between two techniques, semi-operational test). Also, it is not clear how the human assessors in charge of grading the quality of the detected fingermarks actually cope with fingermarks standing astride background prints. In recent publications, latent quality metrics (LQM) and improved latent fingerprint quality metrics (ILFQM) algorithms have been identified as potential alternatives to traditional human assessment. The authors of the present study were therefore interested in assessing the performance of these algorithms with regards to illustrated backgrounds. To reach that goal, 480 fingermarks were deposited on porous (240) and non-porous (240) items presenting various kinds of illustrations (e.g., colored areas, writings, geometric shapes, lines). Several detection techniques were then applied in sequence: 1,2-indanedione/zinc + ninhydrin + physical developer for porous items, and superglue fuming followed by dye-staining or black magnetic powder for non-porous items. A total of 884 pictures were obtained and their quality assessed by LQM and ILFQM. The results were then analyzed to determine if background prints may influence the metrics provided both algorithms, and if yes, to which extent.","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":"323-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The development of two fast genotyping assays for the differentiation of hemp from marijuana. 开发两种快速基因分型测定法，用于区分大麻和大麻。

Journal of forensic sciences Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15663

Ya-Chih Cheng, Rachel Houston

{"title":"The development of two fast genotyping assays for the differentiation of hemp from marijuana.","authors":"Ya-Chih Cheng, Rachel Houston","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15663","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1556-4029.15663","url":null,"abstract":"The legalization of hemp cultivation in the United States has raised the need for reliable methods to distinguish between legal hemp and illegal marijuana. Genetic analysis has emerged as a powerful tool, surpassing traditional chemical methods in specific aspects, such as analyzing trace amounts, aged samples, and different parts of the sample. Genetic differences in cannabinoid synthase genes offer promise for precise crop type determination, particularly focusing on genes like tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS), cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS), and cannabichromenic acid synthase (CBCAS). However, previous research faced several challenges in developing discriminatory genetic markers, including limited sample sizes, high similarity between the synthase genes, and the presence of pseudo synthase genes. A comprehensive study using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) introduced a differentiation flowchart based on THCAS, CBDAS, and THCAS pseudogenes. To bridge the gap between NGS and the practical requirements of crime laboratories, two rapid genotyping assays were developed: a CE-based SNaPshot™ assay and a TaqMan™ real-time PCR assay. While the SNaPshot™ assay effectively differentiated various hemp and marijuana types, differentiation was limited with marijuana samples containing THC% close to the 0.3% legal threshold (0.3%-1%). The TaqMan™ qPCR SNP genotyping assay provided quicker results, making it an efficient choice for crime laboratories. However, this method had the same limitations as the SNaPshot™ assay with addtional challenges in differentiating edible hemp seed samples, and it did not provide additional CBD information. The study also highlighted the influence of two variants of one THCAS pseudogene on chemotype determination, emphasizing the necessity for precise genetic analysis for accurate categorization of cannabis varieties.","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":"49-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0