Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme最新文献

{"title":"Sedentary time in older adults: absolute versus relative measures and their respective association with health conditions and multimorbidity.","authors":"René Maréchal, Ahmed Ghachem, Isabelle J Dionne","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0545","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Older adults (OA) accumulate a greater amount of sedentary time (ST) compared to other subgroups of the population, which is associated with deleterious effects on multiple health outcomes and mortality. This study compared absolute sedentary behavior time (ASBT), which is generally used in studies, to relative SB time (RSBT), defined as the percentage of daily wake time, for their respective association with health conditions and multimorbidity. Two-thousand-four-hundred-sixty-one older adults (65-79 years) participated in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2017) and wore an accelerometer for ≥4 days, including a weekend day. Information regarding six health condition categories was extracted: cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, psychological, and pulmonary. We combined these health conditions to create a multimorbidity variable. Participants were divided into ASBT quartiles and RSBT quartiles. Comparing the most sedentary (Q4) to the least sedentary (Q1) groups, we found no significant associations with any health conditions for ASBT. However, the same comparison for RSBT showed that RSBT-Q4 (the most sedentary; <i>n</i> = 660), compared to RSBT-Q1 (<i>n</i> = 660), was associated with a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.01) greater prevalence of cancer (160 > 110), cardiovascular (422 > 326), metabolic (276 > 194), and musculoskeletal (407 > 345), as well as multimorbidity (462 > 350). After adjusting for confounding factors (moderate to vigorous physical activity, housing, income, education level, relationship status, accelerometer wear season, and status of drinking and smoking), these associations persisted with the exception of musculoskeletal conditions. These results demonstrate that RSBT could be more appropriate to capture the association between a sedentary lifestyle and health profiles in older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal and plant protein usual intakes are not adversely associated with all-cause, cardiovascular disease-, or cancer-related mortality risk: an NHANES III analysis.","authors":"Yanni Papanikolaou, Stuart M Phillips, Victor L Fulgoni","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0594","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We used data from NHANES 1988-1994 to examine associations between animal and plant protein usual intakes and IGF-1 concentration with mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Adult data (<i>N</i> = 15 937) were linked with mortality data (<i>N</i> = 3843 events) through 2006. Usual intakes for protein were estimated using the multivariate Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Hazard ratio (HR) models were fit for mortality types (all-cause, cancer, and CVD) with protein intake measures (per 1 g increase) and IGF-1 concentration (<i>N</i> = 5753). There were no associations between animal protein (HR = 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98-1.01; <i>P</i> = 0.29) or plant protein (HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.95-1.10; <i>P</i> = 0.55) intake for all-cause mortality. Similar results were seen for CVD mortality and animal protein (HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.99-1.04; <i>P</i> = 0.14) and plant protein (HR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.91-1.13; <i>P</i> = 0.81). There was an (inverse) association between cancer mortality and animal protein (HR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91-1.00; <i>P</i> = 0.04) but no relationship with plant protein (HR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.93-1.24; <i>P</i> = 0.30). We found no association between concentrations of IGF-1 (<i>N</i> = 5753) for all-cause mortality (HR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00; <i>P</i> = 0.81), CVD mortality (HR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00; <i>P</i> = 0.53) or cancer mortality (HR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00; <i>P</i> = 0.76). Our results remained unchanged when the sample was separated into younger (<65 years) and older (>65, or between 50 and 65 years) cohorts. Our data do not support the thesis that source-specific protein intake is associated with greater mortality risk; however, animal protein may be mildly protective for cancer mortality. Mortality risk was not associated with circulating IGF-1 in any age group.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the relationship between aerobic fitness and lower-limb resistance vessel function before and after a bout of uninterrupted sitting.","authors":"Sophie E Rayner, Haoxuan Liu, Jennifer L Petterson, Myles W O'Brien, Derek S Kimmerly","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0365","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolonged sitting reduces lower-limb resistance vessel function (RVF), whereas increasing aerobic fitness levels enhance lower-limb RVF. However, it is unknown whether having higher aerobic fitness offers protection against prolonged sitting-induced declines in RVF. This study investigated the relationships between aerobic fitness versus reductions in lower-limb RVF following a 3 h bout of uninterrupted sitting. In 30 healthy young adults (19♀, 24 ± 6 years), aerobic fitness was assessed during a graded, maximal cycling test. Relative peak oxygen consumption (V̇O₂peak) was determined via indirect calorimetry (37.5 ± 8.6 (24.7-60.7 mLO₂/kg/min). Popliteal blood flow (PBF) was recorded via duplex ultrasonography. Lower-limb RVF was assessed in the seated posture and quantified as the peak PBF and area under the curve (PBF_AUC, first minute of hyperemia) responses to 5 min of distal cuff-induced ischemia. The lower-limb RVF assessment was performed before and after a sitting. Peak PBF decreased following sitting (473 ± 254 to 387 ± 199 mL/min, <i>P</i> = 0.024), while PBF_AUC remained unchanged (6145 ± 3063 versus 6446 ± 3826 mL, <i>P</i> = 0.758). Relative V̇O₂peak was not associated with Pre-sitting peak PBF (<i>R</i> = 0.236, <i>P</i> = 0.210) or PBF_AUC (<i>R</i> = -0.026, <i>P</i> = 0.889). Furthermore, relative V̇O₂peak was also not associated with sitting-induced reductions in peak PBF (<i>R</i> = -0.145, <i>P</i> = 0.444). The reductions in peak PBF following sitting support previous work demonstrating that prolonged uninterrupted sitting negatively impacts lower-limb RVF. In contrast, prolonged sitting did not alter the PBF_AUC response, suggesting that peak PBF responses may provide a more sensitive index of sitting-induced declines in RVF. In young, healthy individuals, aerobic fitness did not impact baseline or sitting-induced reductions in lower-limb RVF.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143733579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative review of velocity-based training best practice: the importance of contraction intent versus movement speed.","authors":"David G Behm, Andreas Konrad, Masatoshi Nakamura, Shahab Alizadeh, Robyn Culleton, Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar, Liam T Pearson, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Digby G Sale","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0136","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Explosive movements requiring high force and power outputs are integral to many sports, posing distinct challenges for the neuromuscular system. Traditional resistance training can improve muscle strength, power, endurance, and range of motion; however, evidence regarding its effects on athletic performance, such as sprint speed, agility, and jump height, remains conflicting. The specificity of resistance training movements, including velocity, contraction type, and joint angles affects performance outcomes, demonstrates advantages when matching training modalities with targeted sports activities. However, independent of movement speed, the intent to contract explosively (ballistic) has also demonstrated high velocity-specific training adaptations. The purpose of this narrative review was to assess the impact of explosive or ballistic contraction intent on velocity-specific training adaptations. Such movement intent may predominantly elicit motor efferent neural adaptations, including motor unit recruitment and rate coding enhancements. Plyometrics, which utilize rapid stretch-shortening cycle movements, may augment high-speed movement efficiency and muscle activation, possibly leading to improved motor control through adaptations like faster eccentric force absorption, reduced amortization periods, and quicker transitions to explosive concentric contractions. An optimal training paradigm for power and performance enhancement might involve a combination of maximal explosive intent training with heavier loads and plyometric exercises with lighter loads at high velocities. This narrative review synthesizes key literature to answer whether contraction intent or movement speed is more critical for athletic performance enhancement, ultimately advocating for an integrative approach to resistance training tailored for sports-specific explosive action.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The physiological consequences of and recovery following the Australian Special Forces Selection Course.","authors":"Angela C Uphill, Kristina L Kendall, Bradley A Baker, Stuart N Guppy, Hannah M Brown, Michael Vacher, Bradley C Nindl, G Gregory Haff","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0117","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine the energy requirements, physiological consequences, and recovery rate from the Australian Special Forces Selection Course. Ninety-three male soldiers (mean ± SD, 28.1 ± 3.6 years, 1.81 ± 0.1 m, 85.1 ± 8.1 kg) volunteered for this study. Body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, hormones and resting metabolic rate were assessed before, immediately after, and at 1, 3, 5, and 8 weeks post-course. Energy expenditure, assessed via doubly-labelled water during the first 10 days of the course significantly exceeded energy intake (expenditure: 7680 ± 1095 kcal^.day^-1, intake: 3859 ± 704 kcal^.day ^{^-1}). Body mass (Δ -6.8 ± 1.9 kg, <i>p <</i> 0.01), fat mass (Δ -4.2 ± 1.0 kg, <i>p <</i> 0.0001) and lean mass (Δ -3.0 ± 1.7 kg, <i>p <</i> 0.0001) were significantly reduced in response to the course and returned to baseline 1-3 weeks post-course. Total testosterone, free testosterone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and insulin like growth factor-1 significantly (<i>p <</i> 0.001) declined following the course, while cortisol and sex hormone binding globulin increased (<i>p <</i> 0.001). All hormones, except insulin like growth factor-1, returned to baseline concentrations within 1-3 weeks post-course. Resting metabolic rate decreased (<i>p <</i> 0.01) in response to the course, and subsequently rebounded above baseline levels at 1 week post-course. The Special Forces Selection Course involved high energy output and a substantial caloric deficit, resulting in body mass loss and significant hormonal disruption that took weeks to recover. These results highlight the energy requirements, physiological consequences, and recovery processes from the Australian Special Forces Selection Course.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142086465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partial involvement of nitric oxide synthase in increased pilocarpine-induced sweating in exercise-trained men.","authors":"Yumi Okamoto, Junto Otsuka, Tatsuro Amano","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0285","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The physiological mechanisms involved in augmented cholinergic agonist-induced sweating in exercise-trained individuals remain unclear. This study hypothesizes that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) contributes to augmented pilocarpine-induced sweating in habitually exercise-trained individuals. Endurance-trained and untrained men (<i>n</i> = 15 each) iontophoretically received 1% L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor, and saline (control) in the forearm and then administered 0.001% and 1% pilocarpine to evaluate sweat rate. L-NAME administration attenuated pilocarpine-induced sweating by 10% in the exercise-trained (<i>P</i> = 0.004) but not in untrained (<i>P</i> = 0.764) groups independent of pilocarpine concentrations. Results indicate that NOS partially contributes to increased cholinergic sweating in exercise-trained men.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of brief ambient cooling on serum stress biomarkers in older adults during a daylong heat exposure: a laboratory-based heat wave simulation.","authors":"Ben J Lee, Robert D Meade, Sarah L Davey, Charles D Thake, James J McCormick, Kelli E King, Glen P Kenny","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0476","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visiting an air-conditioned location during heat exposure reduces physiological strain; however, the effects on gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction and renal ischemia remain unexplored. We compared serum protein responses during a 9 h heat exposure (40.3 °C, 9.3% relative humidity) in 17 older adults without cooling (control) and 19 older adults with a cooling break (∼23 °C) during hours 5 and 6 (cooling). IFABP and sCD14 increased similarly across groups. NGAL was 3.2 pg/mL [1.9, 6.1] lower in the cooling group during heat exposure. A 2 h cooling centre exposure did not ameliorate gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction, but did a reduce a surrogate marker of renal ischemia. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04353076.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143560293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of critical power and the respiratory compensation point at slower and faster pedaling cadences.","authors":"Lorenzo Micheli, Massimo Teso, Nasimi A Guluzade, Matteo Rizzo, Carlo Ferri Marini, Francesco Lucertini, Daniel A Keir, Silvia Pogliaghi","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0042","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated whether pedal cadence (60 vs. 100 rpm) affects oxygen uptake (V̇O₂) and power output (PO) at two indexes of the heavy-to-severe-intensity domain boundary (i.e., critical power (CP) and respiratory compensation point (RCP)) and their correspondence. Fourteen adults (7 females, 23 ± 2 years) cycled at 60 and 100 rpm during: (i) a \"step-ramp-step\" protocol to identify V̇O₂ and PO at RCP; (ii) 4-5 exhaustive constant-PO bouts for CP identification; and (iii) a constant-power bout at CP to identify V̇O₂ at CP. Separate two-way repeated measures Analysis of variance assessed whether V̇O₂ and PO were affected by index (CP vs. RCP) and cadence (60 vs. 100 rpm). The V̇O₂ was not affected by index (mean difference (MD) = 73 ± 197 mL·min^-1; <i>p</i> = 0.136) but there was an index × cadence interaction (<i>p</i> = 0.014), such that V̇O₂ was higher at 100 versus 60 rpm for CP (MD = 142 ± 169 mL·min^-1; <i>p</i> = 0.008), but not RCP (<i>p</i> = 0526). The PO was affected by cadence (MD = 13 ± 9 W; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and index (MD = 8 ± 11 W; <i>p</i> = 0.016), with no cadence × index interaction (<i>p</i> = 0.168). The systematic bias in PO confirms cadence-specificity of CP and RCP. The relationship between these indexes and their change in unison in PO suggests a mechanistic link between these two heavy-to-severe domain boundary candidates.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced H-reflex gain in soleus during isometric plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscle contractions in old adults.","authors":"Mélanie Henry, Anastasia Theodosiadou, Stéphane Baudry","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0369","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The modulation of the Hoffmann (H) reflex amplitude during agonist and antagonist muscle contractions provides relevant information on the neural control of leg muscles but remains largely unknown in older adults. This study investigated the H-reflex gain in the soleus muscle at rest and during plantar flexor (PF) and dorsiflexor (DF) muscle contractions performed at 10%, 20%, and 30% of the maximal electromyographic (EMG) activity (EMG_MVC) in 12 young (23-35 years) and 12 old adults (61-76 years). The reflex gain was measured as the slope of the relation between H-reflex amplitude and background EMG activity. The stimulation intensity was set to evoke at rest an H reflex in the ascending phase of its recruitment curve preceded by an M wave (5%-10% of its maximal amplitude; M_max). During PF contractions, the H-reflex amplitude increased with the increase in contraction intensity in both groups with a greater reflex gain (<i>p</i> = 0.024) in young (1.2 (0.5)% M_max/% EMG_MVC) than older adults (0.7 (0.4)% M_max/% EMG_MVC). During DF contractions, the H-reflex amplitude decreased in both groups, with a more negative reflex gain (<i>p</i> = 0.009) in young (-6.8 (2.8)% M_max/% EMG_MVC) than older adults (-2.7 (4.0)% M_max/% EMG_MVC). The decrease in H-reflex amplitude was linearly associated with the increase in tibialis anterior EMG in both groups. The present study showed a smaller reflex gain in older adults in soleus during submaximal PF and DF contractions, suggesting a decreased ability to adjust the excitatory afferent inputs during PF contractions, and to modulate reciprocal inhibition during DF contractions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143461044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saliva insulin concentration following ingestion of a standardized mixed meal tolerance test: influence of obesity status.","authors":"Hossein Rafiei, Jonathan Peter Little","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2024-0532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early detection of hyperinsulinemia may help identify and prevent metabolic diseases, but accurate insulin measurement is challenging, costly, and requires blood samples. This study aimed to characterize saliva insulin responses to a standardized meal tolerance test in people with different body mass index (BMI) classes to help develop potential saliva insulin thresholds based on varying levels of insulin resistance. A total of 94 healthy normoglycemic adults (aged 18-69 years, fasting blood glucose 5.2 ± 0.5 mmol/L) were recruited, categorized into groups with normal weight (NW, <i>n</i> = 41), overweight (OW, <i>n</i> = 23), and obesity (OB, <i>n</i> = 30). Participants fasted for ≥4 h and then consumed a standardized liquid meal (350 kcal; 45 g carbohydrate, 20 g protein, 11 g fat). Saliva samples and finger prick blood glucose were collected at fasting, 60 min, and 90 min post-meal. Saliva insulin levels at all time points were significantly higher in the group with OB compared to OW (all <i>P</i> ≤ 0.02) and NW (all <i>P</i> ≤ 0.001). The OW group also had higher insulin levels compared to NW (all <i>P</i> ≤ 0.02). No significant differences in fasting and post-meal glucose levels were found among groups (all <i>P</i> ≥ 0.12). Strong positive correlations were observed between obesity markers (waist circumference, BMI) and saliva insulin levels. Preliminary cut-off values for fasting (∼16 pmol/L), 60 min (∼97 pmol/L), and 90 min (∼115 pmol/L) saliva insulin may delineate between normal and hyperinsulinemic responses. Saliva insulin can effectively differentiate hyperinsulinemic responses among normoglycemic individuals with varying body weights and waist circumference, suggesting its potential as a non-invasive screening tool for metabolic disease risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":"50 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144031969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}