Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme最新文献

{"title":"Dietary Creatine Intake and All-Cause Mortality among U.S. Adults: A Linked Mortality Analysis from the NHANES Study.","authors":"Sergej M Ostojic","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2025-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence linking dietary creatine intake with mortality remains scarce and inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between creatine consumption and all-cause mortality, as well as to evaluate the potential impact of meeting the recommended dietary creatine intake of ≥ 1 gram per day in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. We evaluated creatine intake, estimated from a single 24-hour dietary recall in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with mortality follow-up extending through 2019. Of the 4,041 participants enrolled at baseline, 858 deaths were recorded over a median follow-up period of 19.8 years. Creatine as a continuous variable (grams per day) had inverse association with all-cause mortality (B=-0.094; P=0.04). The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.85 (95%CI: 0.72-1.00) for participants consuming at least 1 gram of creatine per day, compared to those consuming less than 1 g/day (P=0.05), suggesting that individuals meeting the recommended creatine intake had a significantly lower risk of early mortality compared to those with suboptimal intake. Proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that this association remained robust after adjusting for certain covariates, such as dietary macronutreints (B=-0.234; P=0.01) and physical examination measures (B=-0.206; P=0.02); however, it weakened when demographic and lifestyle factors were included in the model. In this sample of U.S. adults, higher creatine intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality; however, this relationship may be influenced by other contributing factors. These findings underscore the need for further research on the relationship between dietary creatine intake and mortality outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arterial Stiffness and Subendocardial Viability Ratio: Temporal Responses to Ultra-Endurance Exercise.","authors":"Tasha Reiter, Daniel MacCallum, Michael Roberts, Justin D Roberts, Tony Dawkins","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2025-0029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultra-endurance exercise causes significant cardiovascular stress, yet the vascular responses during recovery remain incompletely understood. This study examined the short- (12-18 hours) and longer-term (7 and 28 days) effects of a long-distance triathlon on arterial stiffness and subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) in novice triathletes. Eleven participants (2 females, 9 males), novice to long-distance exercise events, completed cardiovascular assessments at baseline (pre-race), 12-18 hours post-race, and 7- and 28-days post-race. Measures included carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (Aix) and SEVR, obtained via applanation tonometry. PWV remained unchanged at all post-exercise time points (P = 0.310). Aix showed significant reduction at 7 days post-event (P = 0.024), though this effect was abolished after normalizing values to a heart rate of 75 beats per minute (Aix75, P = 0.162). SEVR decreased significantly 12-18 hours post-race (P < 0.001), indicating a transient imbalance between myocardial supply and demand, likely driven by elevated heart rates and reduced diastolic perfusion time. SEVR returned to baseline by 7 days post-event. These findings suggest that while no sustained changes in arterial stiffness were observed, hemodynamic conditions during recovery may signify altered myocardial supply-demand balance in novice athletes. Further research is needed to explore these mechanisms, with enhanced temporal resolution, to better understand the cardiovascular implications for novice endurance athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144499815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of visceral adiposity in the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and liver fat in asymptomatic adults.","authors":"Dominic J Chartrand, Eric Larose, Paul Poirier, Patrick Mathieu, Natalie Alméras, Philippe Pibarot, Benoît Lamarche, Caroline Rheaume, Isabelle Lemieux, Jean-Pierre Després, Marie-Eve Piche","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2024-0478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excess liver fat (LF) is associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), low physical activity and a deteriorated cardiometabolic health profile including increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Whether the association between LF and CRF is mediated by visceral adiposity is unknown. We studied the contribution of VAT to the relationship between CRF and LF in asymptomatic adults. The sample included 320 participants (43% women) who underwent LF quantification by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. VAT was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, CRF using maximal cardiorespiratory exercise testing, and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) using a 3-day journal. Mean age was 50.3±8.6 years, waist circumference was 89.3±11.4 cm, and LF content was 4.3±5.7%. LF was inversely correlated with CRF (p<0.0001), MVPA (p<0.05) and cardiometabolic health score (p<0.0001), and positively related with VAT (p<0.0001) in both sexes. Higher levels of VAT (p<0.0001) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.0001) and a worsening cardiometabolic health score (p<0.05) and CRF (p=0.0001) were found across increasing sex-specific LF tertiles. Lower levels of LF (p<0.01), VAT (p<0.0001), a higher cardiometabolic health score (p<0.0001), and MVPA (p<0.05) were noted across increasing sex-specific CRF tertiles. Multivariable regression analyses showed that visceral adiposity explained the majority of the variance in LF in both sexes (p<0.0001). Finally, serial mediation analyses revealed that VAT but not body fat percentage was a mediator in the relationship between CRF and LF in both sexes. Thus, visceral adiposity appears to be an important mediator in the relationship between CRF and LF, even after controlling for total adiposity.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isotonic Resistance Exercise Outperforms Eccentric Quasi-Isometric Resistance Exercise for Increasing Elbow Flexor Muscle Thickness and Estimated One-Repetition Maximum in Untrained Individuals: Exploring the Influence of Sex and Volume.","authors":"Zachariah Henderson, Shizhen Wang, Stephen Cornish, Trisha D Scribbans","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2025-0039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a novel, low-velocity resistance exercise method, eccentric quasi-isometric resistance exercise (EQI-RE) results in greater time under tension than traditional isotonic resistance exercise (TRD-RE) and is surmised to increase muscle mass and strength. However, females may be more fatigue resistant than males when performing acute EQI-RE, which could lead to long-term differences in time under tension and resistance exercise volume. At present, studies have yet to compare muscle hypertrophy or strength improvements following TRD-RE and EQI-RE training, and whether sex-differences exist in these outcomes. Twenty-two (n = 13 females) untrained individuals completed ~8-weeks of effort matched unilateral TRD-RE and EQI-RE of the elbow flexors. Muscle thickness and estimated one-repetition maximum (E-1RM) were evaluated before and after training. TRD-RE produced significantly larger relative increases in muscle thickness (6.7% ± 3.9% vs. 4.0 ± 3.3%, p =.004) and E-1RM (19.6 ± 8.5% vs. 12.8 ± 6.2%, p = .001) than EQI-RE. Although females accrued greater resistance exercise volume than males across the TRD-RE and EQI-RE training, there were no relative sex-differences in muscle thickness or E-1RM improvements (p > .25). Sex-differences in fatiguability may therefore manifest in differences in resistance exercise volume between males and females after 8-weeks of TRD-RE and EQI-RE of the elbow flexors, but this does not lead to relative differences in muscle thickness or E-1RM improvements. Although EQI-RE did produce significant increases, TRD-RE of the elbow flexors appears more effective at increasing muscle thickness and E-1RM.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type 2 Diabetes Duration and Irisin Response after an Aerobic Exercise Intervention: Results from the INTENSITY Study.","authors":"Amy M Thomson, Yadab Paudel, Brittany V Rioux, Travis J Hrubeniuk, Martin Sénéchal","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2024-0533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Irisin, an adipo-myokine, is positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and negatively associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unclear if individuals with longer or shorter durations of T2DM express the same irisin levels following exercise. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of 28 weeks of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise on irisin levels in individuals with short- and long-duration T2DM.  This secondary analysis included participants (n=34) aged ≥19 years old with T2DM who completed 28 weeks of aerobic exercise training for 150 minutes per week at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity - 16 weeks at a moderate intensity (4.5 metabolic equivalents of tasks (METs)) and then randomized to 12 weeks of maintained-intensity (4.5 METs) or increased-intensity (6.0 METs) aerobic exercise. Participants were categorized into two groups: 1) short-duration T2DM (<10 years) or 2) long-duration T2DM (≥10 years). Irisin was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting techniques. All measurements were performed at baseline, 16 weeks, and 28 weeks. A significant time x T2DM duration group interaction (F(2)=8.062, p<0.01) was observed with 28 weeks of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise. Western blot analysis revealed a 1.37-fold increase in plasma irisin expression (p=0.03) in the long-duration increased-intensity group and no change in irisin expression (p>0.05) in the maintained-intensity groups of short- and long-duration. The results of this analysis suggest that 28 weeks of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise differently impacted plasma irisin in individuals with short- or long-duration T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Metabolic Acidosis Induced by Four Days of Simulated Combat Training: Impact of strenuous physical exercise, sleep deprivation and food restriction.","authors":"Lisen Brønmo Næss, Arnt Erik Tjonna, Thomas Fremo, Victoria Johansen, Håvard Dalen, Roger Lien, Christian Moldjord, Morten A Høydal","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2025-0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The military population relies on being mentally and physically healthy to perform well during operations. Recent studies indicate that multiple stressors during combat training influence both acute and chronic stress responses in soldiers, ultimately affecting their performance and health. This study investigated the physiological effects of strenuous physical activity, mental strain, sleep deprivation, and energy deficits during four days of simulated combat training (SCT) by analyzing changes in body composition and blood biomarkers, focusing on metabolic changes. This cohort study with a pre- and post-design included 48 cadets (12 female and 36 male) from the Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy, aged 20-29 years, who participated in mandatory SCT. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance (InBody 770), and blood biomarkers were collected through blood samples and capillary blood gas. We observed a significant decrease in total body weight following SCT, including reductions in total body water, muscle mass, and fat mass. Metabolic markers such as pH, pCO2, and base excess were significantly decreased, while the anion gap significantly increased. Lactate levels showed no significant change following SCT. All electrolyte and nutritional markers (triglyceride, glucose, sodium, calcium, and chloride) significantly decreased, except for potassium, which showed no change. These findings support the necessity for comprehensive monitoring and management of metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalances and hydration status in soldiers undergoing SCT. Ensuring sufficient nutrition, hydration, and recovery time is crucial to reduce negative health effects and maintain optimal performance during and following SCT.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Removal of Exercise Impairs Flow-Mediated Dilation Similarly in Older and Younger Adults.","authors":"Joel E Ernest Harden, Taskina Akhter, Michael Pokojovy, Leryn J Reynolds","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2024-0500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endothelial function is decreased following removal of exercise in young adults. However, whether older adults also experience the same reduction in endothelial function following removal of exercise is not known. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of 3 and 5 days of removal of exercise (NOEX3, NOEX5, respectively) on brachial and popliteal artery FMD in older (n=12, 63.8±2.2 years) and younger (n=12, 23.9±0.7 years) adults who habitually exercise. %FMD in both the brachial (Old- EX: 7.58 (6.89); NOEX3: 5.58 (7.26); NOEX5: 6.05 (10.43); Young- EX: 7.93 (13.13); NOEX3: 6.57 (12.61); NOEX5: 6.50 (10.74); p=0.029) and popliteal (Old- EX: 6.56 (8.11); NOEX3: 4.95 (8.52); NOEX5: 4.56 (9.56); Young- EX: 6.15 (8.38); NOEX3: 6.19 (6.72); NOEX5: 4.77 (6.58); p=0.013) arteries were reduced following NOEX compared to EX. Peak diameter in both the brachial (Old- EX: 4.02 (0.62); NOEX3: 3.94 (0.62); NOEX5: 3.97 (3.97); Young- EX: 4.40 (0.49); NOEX3: 4.31 (0.52); NOEX5: 4.28 (0.52); p<0.01) and popliteal (Old- EX 5.74 (1.25); NOEX3: 5.64 (1.28); NOEX5: 5.62 (1.32); Young- EX: 6.07 (0.94); NOEX3: 6.03 (0.87); NOEX5: 5.92 (0.90); p<0.01) arteries were reduced during NOEX compared to EX. No significant main effects of group or interaction of group by phase were observed for %FMD or peak diameter (p>0.05). Thus, short-term removal of exercise in older and younger adults reduced brachial and popliteal artery endothelial function. However, no difference in reduction was observed between groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144164294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pilot Study: The Effect of Intensity and Menstrual Cycle Phase on Exercise-Induced Leukocytosis in Females.","authors":"Vito Anthony Pipitone, Daniel Leonardo Scurto, Joey Pozzi, Fasih Ahmad Rahman, Joe Quadrilatero, Kevin J Milne","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2024-0344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-intensity exercise increases inflammation and elicits leukocytosis but may also increase infection risk. Interestingly, females have higher cell-mediated immunity than males. Sex hormones fluctuate across the menstrual cycle (MC), and the luteal phase has been linked to a more pro-inflammatory environment than the follicular phase. This study investigated whether white blood cell (WBC) count and WBC differential (i.e., neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils), differed across two menstrual cycle phases following an acute bout of exercise that varied in intensity. Eight regularly menstruating females (age=21.6±3.0; BMI=20.9±4.1kg/m2) completed a VO2peak (37.8±11.0ml/min/kg) test and two 40-minute cycling exercise trials [30-mins of moderate-intensity (%HRmax=71.13±8.5, %VO2peak=49.8±21.6); and ~10-mins of high-intensity (%HRmax=93.3±6.7, %VO2peak=75.4±27.6)] 14±2 days apart. Blood samples were taken pre- and post-moderate-intensity exercise (30min), as well as immediately post-high-intensity exercise (~40min). Both moderate- and high-intensity exercise increased WBC counts [p<0.01,(d=1.11 and 1.34, respectively)]. More specifically, neutrophil counts increased following both moderate (p<0.05,d=0.72) and high (p<0.01,d=0.95) exercise intensities. However, lymphocytes (p<0.01,d=1.15) and monocytes (p<0.01;d=0.99) were only elevated following high-intensity exercise. MC phase did not significantly alter WBC counts nor differentials although trends were observed towards greater leukocytosis at moderate-intensity exercise during the luteal phase (observed in Figure 4). These results demonstrate, in some cases moderate-intensity exercise increased leukocytosis (in particular, neutrophils), while high-intensity exercise resulted in significant leukocytosis primarily as a result of increased neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Future research should investigate this relationship in a larger sample observing inflammatory cytokines and WBC function/activity with the inclusion of a group in the early follicular phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal and Plant Protein Usual Intakes are Not Adversely Associated with All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease- or Cancer-Related Mortality Risk: An NHANES III Analysis.","authors":"Yanni Papanikolaou, Stuart M Phillips, Victor L Fulgoni","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2023-0594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We used data from NHANES 1988-1994 to examine associations between animal and plant protein usual intakes and IGF-1 concentration with mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Adult data (N=15,937) were linked with mortality data (N=3,843 events) through 2006. Usual intakes for protein were estimated using the multivariate Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Hazard ratio (HR) models were fit for mortality types (all-cause, cancer, and CVD) with protein intake measures (per 1g increase) and IGF-1 concentration (N=5753). There were no associations between animal protein (HR=0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98-1.01; P=0.29) or plant protein (HR=1.02; 95% CI: 0.95-1.10; P=0.55) intake for all-cause mortality. Similar results were seen for CVD mortality and animal protein (HR=1.02; 95% CI: 0.99-1.04; P=0.14) and plant protein (HR=1.01; 95% CI: 0.91-1.13; P=0.81). There was an (inverse) association between cancer mortality and animal protein (HR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.91-1.00; P=0.04) but no relationship with plant protein (HR=1.08; 95% CI: 0.93-1.24; P=0.30). We found no association between concentrations of IGF-1 (N=5,753) for all-cause mortality (HR=1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00; P=0.81), CVD mortality (HR=0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00; P=0.53) or cancer mortality (HR=1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00; P=0.76). Our results remained unchanged when the sample was separated into younger (<65yr) and older (>65, or between 50-65yr) cohorts. Our data do not support the thesis that source-specific protein intake is associated with greater mortality risk; however, animal protein may be mildly protective for cancer mortality. Mortality risk was not associated with circulating IGF-1 in any age group.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Context dependent trade-offs in body size among Olympic sports.","authors":"Shalaya Kipp, Martin Husen, Chad Wiggins, Ellen K Gorman, Andrew J Clayburn, Michael J Joyner, Jonathon W Jack Senefeld","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2025-0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a context-dependent trade-off in body size of elite runners, such that smaller body sizes are observed among longer distance runners. However, it is unclear if this trade-off in body size is observed in other Olympic sports, such as cycling and swimming. To understand the association between body size and athletic competition, we examined metrics of body size from male and female Olympic athletes competing in swimming, running, and cycling. We collected standard anthropometrics (height, mass, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area) of elite male and female athletes competing in the London 2012 Summer Olympics from a public repository. Anthropometric data were compared between sexes (male and female); between sports (swimming, running, and cycling); and between distances within sports (shorter and longer distance). Males were taller (P<0.001), heavier (P<0.001), and had a larger body mass index (P<0.001) compared to females. Relative to athletes competing in longer distance events, athletes competing in shorter distance were generally taller (running: P<0.001, swimming: P ≤0.014) and heavier (running: P<0.001, swimming: P=0.002 (males) and P=0.148 (females), cycling: P<0.001) for both males and females. Height was not different between shorter and longer distance cyclists. There was a trade-off between body size and distance for each of the three Olympics sports, such that smaller athletes were observed in longer distance events. Although there were large sex-based differences in body size, similar trade-offs in size and event were observed for both males and females. These data suggest that there is an optimal combination of skeletal muscle mass and body size to optimize movement economy that is generally preserved across different modes of human locomotion.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}