Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme最新文献

{"title":"Hypoglycemia limits endurance performance without carbohydrate ingestion, but what limits it when blood glucose is maintained via periodic carbohydrate ingestion?","authors":"Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva, Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira, Romulo Bertuzzi","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2026-0208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2026-0208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mechanisms underlying fatigue during prolonged exercise remain a topic of ongoing debate. A recent review by Noakes et al. proposes that exercise-induced hypoglycemia (EIH), rather than skeletal muscle glycogen depletion, is a primary determinant of exercise termination, and that prolonged exercise is interrupted by centrally mediated protective mechanism to ensure that fatal neuroglycopenia does not develop. By reanalyzing studies reporting blood glucose at exhaustion, we highlight that, in the absence of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion, exercise termination consistently coincides with clinically relevant hypoglycemia, supporting the suggestion that low levels of blood glucose operate as an important afferent signal to the brain. However, when CHO is periodically ingested during exercise, exercise termination occurs despite the maintenance of blood glucose within near-resting levels. Thus, blood glucose concentration may no longer represent the dominant afferent signal contributing to exercise termination when CHO is ingested. Instead, other physiological constraints, such as thermal and cardiovascular strain and peripheral muscle perturbations may become increasingly relevant as exercise is prolonged by CHO ingestion. A deeper understanding of how multiple afferent signals interact to regulate muscle recruitment during prolonged exercise may provide new insights for both exercise physiology and sports nutrition. While the recent review of Noakes et al. represents a major advancement toward redefining the role of blood glucose in exercise capacity, it also opens a compelling avenue for future research to clarify the primary limiting factors when prolonged exercise is terminated in the absence of hypoglycemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The tightening grip of heat: Understanding human survivability in the face of rising heat extremes - A physiological perspective inspired by the legacy of John R. Sutton.","authors":"Glen P Kenny","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2026-0247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2026-0247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rising global temperatures and increasingly frequent heatwaves pose a growing threat to human health. Understanding how humans tolerate environmental heat has therefore become a central challenge in environmental physiology. Building upon the scientific legacy of John R. Sutton, this narrative review examines the physiological determinants of human heat tolerance and their implications for health in a warming climate. We first consider approaches used to characterize thermal strain, highlighting evidence that body temperature measurements provide only a partial representation of whole-body heat storage and physiological burden. We then review advances in whole-body calorimetry that have improved understanding of thermoregulatory capacity and revealed substantial variability in heat dissipation associated with aging, chronic disease, biological sex, fitness, acclimation, and other modifying factors. Foundational concepts of compensable and uncompensable heat stress are discussed alongside recent efforts to define critical environmental limits and human survivability thresholds. Emerging evidence indicates that heat tolerance reflects dynamic interactions between thermal demand and heat dissipation capacity rather than a single physiological or environmental threshold. We further examine findings from prolonged heat exposure and heatwave simulation studies demonstrating that physiological strain may develop under thermally compensable conditions and accumulate across multiple systems even when the body is able to maintain thermal equilibrium. These findings highlight an important distinction between human survivability and liveability during extreme heat events. Collectively, the evidence supports an integrative framework in which human heat tolerance is viewed as a dynamic, multisystem process shaped by environmental conditions, exposure duration, recovery opportunities, mitigation strategies, and individual physiological capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Energy Availability and Female Athlete Triad Risk in Black Collegiate Track & Field Athletes.","authors":"Altelisha L Taylor, Carla J Moore, Michelle Barrack","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2026-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2026-0036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study evaluated energy availability, menstrual function, bone mineral density (BMD), Female Athlete Triad (Triad) risk among Black collegiate female track and field athletes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Study participants were female athletes (n=18) on the track and field team at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU). Energy intake and expenditure were estimated using an eight-day doubly labeled water (DLW) protocol. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). EA was calculated as [Energy Intake -Activity Energy Expenditure] / Fat Free Mass. Triad risk was assessed using the Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment (CRA). Survey responses captured eating behaviors, menstrual history, and food security status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among these athletes, 56% exhibited EA below 45 kcal/kgFFM/day, and 17% were classified with low energy availability (LEA) (< 30 kcal/kgFFM/day). Forty-four percent of athletes met criteria for moderate Triad risk, though none were high risk and none met criteria for low bone mineral density (BMD). EA was inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.48, p = 0.04). Athletes reporting disordered/binge eating had significantly lower EA (p = 0.024). Food insecurity was identified among 22% of the study population but was not significantly associated with LEA or Triad risk.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Over half of the Black female collegiate track and field athletes exhibited LEA, with nearly half meeting criteria for moderate Triad risk despite normal BMD and BMI. These findings highlight the need for routine screening and tailored interventions addressing LEA, menstrual dysfunction, and disordered eating in underrepresented athlete populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148992680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) and site-specific bone mineral density in female adolescent artistic athletes.","authors":"Jada L Kiss, Meghan L Critchley, Leigh Gabel, Jean-Michel Galarneau, Patricia K Doyle-Baker, Karen Ballinger, Victor Lun, Carolyn A Emery","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0330","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) negatively impacts bone mineral density (BMD), menstruation, growth, and maturation. The prevalence of REDs indicators in artistic adolescent athletes is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and factors associated with REDs in female adolescent artistic athletes. The secondary objective was to assess BMD and associated factors. Twenty artistic swimmers, 20 recreational/competitive dancers, 20 vocational dancers, and 14 figure skaters, 9-19 years old (mean 15.3 ± 2.6), participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed demographic/medical/menstrual history questionnaires, and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was completed at the total body less head, 33% distal radius, lumbar spine, and femoral neck. Firth's penalized logistic regression examined odds of REDs risk (demonstrated ≥ 1 indicator, yes/no), and multivariable modelling examined areal BMD (aBMD) differences between cohorts. 34/74 athletes (45.9%) demonstrated ≥ 1 primary REDs indicator. Age, height, lean body mass, weekly training hours, sport specialization status, injury history, or sport were not associated with REDs risk. Relative to artistic swimmers, REDs risk odds ratios were 0.33 (95% CI: 0.08-1.46) for recreational/competitive dancers, 1.15 (95% CI: 0.33-4.05) for vocational dancers, and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.15-3.44) for figure skaters. Relative to artistic swimmers, marginal-mean aBMD was greater by 0.066 g/cm² (95% CI: 0.026-0.105) in recreational/completive dancers, 0.070 g/cm² (95% CI: 0.026-0.113) in vocational dancers, and 0.081 g/cm² (95% CI: 0.035-0.127) in figure skaters relative to artistic swimmers. Marginal-mean femoral neck aBMD was 0.104 g/cm² (95% CI: 0.022-0.186) greater in recreational/competitive dancers and 0.118 g/cm² (95% CI: 0.035-0.178) greater in vocational dancers compared to artistic swimmers. High prevalence of REDs indicators emphasizes the need for REDs screening and prevention in artistic sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146108805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential effects of low calcium intake on body composition, muscle function, and appetite.","authors":"Angelo Tremblay, Julian Kennedy, Carmen Cheung, Walid Aldoori","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0433","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low calcium intake is associated with a higher risk of accumulating excess body fat. This could be explained by its effect on the components of energy balance, particularly on lipid balance. Lipid metabolism is influenced by inadequate calcium intake that leads to an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH), a consequent mobilization of calcium in bone, and kidney reabsorption of the mineral. In the gut, calcium contributes to the formation of insoluble lipid soaps, which promote intestinal fat loss. There is also growing evidence in humans and animals suggesting the existence of a calcium-specific appetite control mechanism where low-calcium diets may promote an increase in food intake to compensate for calcium inadequate intake. Paradoxically, these adaptations to regulate calcemia are also accompanied by an accumulation of calcium in soft tissues. In adipocytes, intracellular calcium favours an increase in lipogenesis relative to lipolysis, which may explain a decrease in whole-body fat oxidation. This effect is also seen in skeletal muscle cells where the functioning of mitochondria is impaired by an intracellular calcium overload. There is suggestive evidence that this effect results in a decrease of aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and endurance. As described in this paper, an increase in dietary or supplementary calcium intake seems to be adequate to mitigate the negative effects of low calcium intake without impacting other components of body homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of high theacrine doses on hemodynamic measures, cognitive performance, and physiological stress.","authors":"Carter M Stoke, Madison C Chandler, Takudzwa A Madzima","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0380","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preliminary evidence indicates that theacrine, a naturally occurring stimulant, improves feelings of energy without impacting heart rate, blood pressure, or cognitive performance after consumption. The limited effects of theacrine consumption on blood pressure, heart rate, and cognitive performance could be due to the low doses (e.g., 200 mg) used in previous studies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of theacrine doses greater than those previously tested on heart rate, blood pressure, subjective feelings of energy, and cognitive performance. This is also the first study to investigate the impact of a theacrine-exclusive supplement on salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase. Nineteen healthy men (<i>n</i> = 5) and women (<i>n</i> = 14) who were habitual caffeine consumers completed this randomized, double-blind, crossover-design study. Participants completed a baseline visit and four experimental visits, with a 7-day washout period. They were randomly assigned one of four treatments each visit: placebo, 3 mg/kg theacrine, 6 mg/kg theacrine, or 9 mg/kg theacrine. Measurements were completed pre-treatment and at 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min post-treatment. Repeated measures ANOVA results indicated greater salivary cortisol concentration in the theacrine conditions versus the placebo condition at 120 and 180 min post-treatment. The effect of greater theacrine doses on subjective feelings of energy is unclear, as energy only improved in the placebo treatment. Overall, greater theacrine doses increased salivary cortisol with no significant impacts on heart rate, blood pressure, subjective feelings of energy, alpha-amylase, and cognitive performance. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT07376564.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of serum carotenoids, steatotic liver disease, and metabolic dysfunctions with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.","authors":"Omidreza Sadrmanesh, Parmis Mirzadeh, Alison Macpherson, Jennifer L Kuk","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2026-0201","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2026-0201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carotenoids have been associated with a lower risk of mortality in the general population. However, their association with mortality among individuals with steatotic liver disease is unclear. This study investigated the relationship between serum carotenoids with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among individuals with and without steatotic liver disease and whether the presence of metabolic dysfunctions might modify this association. This study used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with mortality follow-up through 31 December 2019. Total serum carotenoids were calculated based on the serum levels of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene. Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to assess the association between serum carotenoids and all-cause and CVD mortality in individuals with and without steatotic liver disease, in unadjusted and adjusted models for metabolic dysfunctions (obesity, diabetes, CVD). The results showed that higher serum levels of total and most individual carotenoids were associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, independent of steatotic liver disease. Furthermore, steatotic liver disease was also independently associated with all-cause mortality. These associations were generally consistent after adjusting for metabolic dysfunctions, though β-carotene was no longer associated with CVD mortality, and the association between steatotic liver disease and all-cause mortality was no longer significant. Findings from this study demonstrated that total and most individual serum carotenoids were associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in both individuals with and without steatotic liver disease, even after adjusting for metabolic dysfunctions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148868306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The acute response of cytotoxic T cells following work-matched continuous moderate-intensity and high-intensity interval exercise in metastatic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a pilot study.","authors":"Hugo Parent-Roberge, Adeline Fontvieille, Laurence Poirier, Lee-Hwa Tai, Michel Pavic, Tamàs Fülöp, Eléonor Riesco","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0157","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor-bearing animal studies have suggested that aerobic exercise may acutely enhance anti-tumor immunity, partly by mobilizing effector cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) in the bloodstream during exercise. This acute immune response being strongly driven by intensity, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) might thus be a promising strategy to stimulate anti-cancer immunity in cancer patients. Yet, so far, the acute effects of moderate continuous (MOD) and HIIE on circulating T-cells remain unknown in patients receiving chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to characterise the acute CTLs response following a MOD and a HIIE trial in metastatic cancer patients (all solid cancer types) undergoing chemotherapy. Eleven participants (45-65 years old) underwent a block-randomized crossover trial with a MOD and a duration and work-matched HIIE trial. Blood draws were performed before, after, and 1 h after each trial. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained to identify naive, central memory, effector memory (EM) and TEMRA CTLs. EM and TEMRA were evaluated for their expression of CD28, PD-1, CD95, CXCR3, and CXCR4. Total, CD28^-, CD95⁺, and CXCR3⁺ TEMRA blood levels increased immediately following both trials and decreased back to baseline levels 1 h after exercise cessation (all <i>p</i> < 0.01). In metastatic cancer patients, a MOD and a work-matched HIIE session both induced the preferential blood mobilization and egress of CXCR3⁺ TEMRA cells. This is consistent with the hypothesis that exercise might be able to acutely stimulate tumoricidal cytotoxic immunity. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04715061.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148835174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle growth mediates the increases in muscle strength in untrained older women.","authors":"Witalo Kassiano, Natã Stavinski, Bruna Costa, Gabriel Kunevaliki, Felipe Lisboa, Vanessa Santos-Melo, Jarlisson Francsuel, Ricardo J Rodrigues, Alex S Ribeiro, Edilson S Cyrino","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0140","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the potential role of muscle size changes on changes in strength following regimented resistance training, 175 older women completed 12 weeks of no intervention time-matched control (Ctrl, <i>n</i> = 84) or resistance exercise training (RET, <i>n</i> = 91). One-repetition maximum (1RM) strength of knee extension exercise and muscle thickness of the anterior and lateral thigh (B-mode ultrasound) were assessed pre- and post-12 weeks. The effect of RET on muscle thickness relative to the Ctrl was significant for the anterior (β = 0.32 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.24, 0.41) cm) and lateral thigh (β = 0.23 (95% CI = 0.17, 0.30) cm). The effect of RET on 1RM knee extension relative to Ctrl was significant (β: 7.02 (95% CI, 6.01 to 8.04) kg; <i>P</i> < 0.001). There was evidence of mediation for the anterior thigh model, where 10.6% of the changes in 1RM knee extension were explained by changes in the anterior thigh muscle thickness (average causal mediation effect (ACME) = 0.74 (95% CI = 0.20, 1.35) kg, <i>P</i> = 0.002). Conversely, there was no significant effect of mediation for the lateral thigh model, evident by the ACME (0.45 (95% CI = -0.03, 1.10) kg, <i>P</i> = 0.066). The findings indicate that part of the effect of RET on increases in knee extension strength is mediated by anterior thigh muscle growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147313479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbohydrate mouth rinse increases total repetitions in intermittent upper-body endurance test for combat sports athletes: a randomized crossover trial.","authors":"Luiz Fernando Gomes da Silva Francelino, Luiz Eduardo Gualter Dos Santos, João Paulo Lopes-Silva, Victor José Bastos-Silva","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0434","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial investigated whether carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing enhances upper-body strength endurance during a sport-specific intermittent test in grappling combat athletes. Fourteen elite male judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (age 24.2 ± 3.5 years) performed three bouts of a judogi grip test, separated by 3 min rest intervals, under two conditions: CHO rinse (6.4% maltodextrin) or placebo. Solutions (25 mL) were administered pre-warm-up and before each bout. Primary outcomes included total repetitions and bout-specific performance; secondary measures were rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and maximal handgrip strength. CHO rinsing significantly increased total repetitions by 12.3% (17.35 ± 9.85 vs. 15.21 ± 8.53; <i>p</i> = 0.03, with no condition × bout interaction (<i>p</i> = 0.75), indicating uniform improvement across bouts. RPE increased progressively throughout exercise (<i>p</i> < 0.01) but did not differ between conditions (<i>p</i> = 0.14), and handgrip strength remained unchanged (<i>p</i> = 0.52). Repeated CHO mouth rinsing significantly improves intermittent upper-body endurance performance in grappling athletes without altering RPE. These findings support the use of CHO rinsing as a practical, non-caloric ergogenic aid for sustaining sport-specific performance during repeated high-intensity efforts. Trial registration: RBR-52bbrn8.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147596829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}