Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme最新文献

{"title":"Acylcarnitine concentrations increase in response to an extended energy deficit, but return to baseline concentrations following a 2-week recovery in male US Army Rangers.","authors":"Paul A Baker, Paul C Henning, Susan N Cheung, Barry A Spiering, William R Conkright, Martha A Smith, Indu Kheterpal, Bradley C Nindl, Ronald W Matheny, Claire E Berryman","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0089","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Energy deficit often occurs during military training and operations due to prolonged and strenuous physical exertion and limited access to food. During energy deficit, the body predominately relies on fat stores. This results in greater circulating acylcarnitine species as acyl groups are moved into the mitochondria for β-oxidation. Carnitine and acylcarnitine species have not been assessed during prolonged energy deficit and following a recovery period in healthy males undergoing strenuous military training. The objective of this study was to determine longitudinal changes in plasma carnitine and aclycarnitines following a prolonged and severe energy deficit and short-term recovery. This secondary analysis examined plasma carnitine and acylcarnitine concentrations before (PRE) and after (POST) 61-day U.S. Army Ranger training and following 2 weeks of recovery (REC). During training, participants (<i>n</i> = 22; mean ± standard deviation: 23.2 ± 2.8 years; 81.7 ± 9.3 kg; 16.5 ± 6.8% body fat) consumed ∼2200 kcal/day and were in an ∼1000 kcal/day energy deficit. Carnitine and acylcarnitine (C2-C22) concentrations were measured by tandem mass spectrometry. At POST, participants had increased concentrations of total short-chain acylcarnitines and 10 of 58 acylcarnitine species (C2, C5, C8-dicarboxylic acid (DC), C16:1, C16:1-hydroxyl group (OH), C18:1-OH, C18:1-DC, C18:2-OH, C20:2-OH, C22:3; <i>P</i> ≤ 0.05) compared to PRE. These acylcarnitine species returned to PRE concentrations following REC (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Greater bodyweight loss was associated with greater increases in short-chain acylcarnitine (<i>r</i> = -0.68; <i>P</i> = 0.0006), medium-chain acylcarnitine (<i>r</i> = -0.61; <i>P</i> = 0.0035), and long-chain acylcarnitine (ρ = -0.65; <i>P</i> = 0.0013) concentrations. Severe energy deficit incurred during strenuous military training increased 10 acylcarnitine species. However, 2 weeks of recovery was sufficient for acylcarnitine concentrations to return to baseline concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144850013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity related to intramyocellular lipid in young but not in older individuals.","authors":"Akito Yoshiko, Kana Shiozawa, Shiori Niwa, Hideyuki Takahashi, Teruhiko Koike, Kohei Watanabe, Keisho Katayama, Hiroshi Akima","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0272","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skeletal muscles contain lipids inside and outside cells, namely intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipids (EMCL), respectively; lipids have also been found to be interspersed between these muscles as adipose tissue, namely intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). Metabolized IMCL has been recognized as an important substrate for energy production and their metabolism is determined by the muscle oxidative capacity. Therefore, it has been speculated that muscle oxidative capacity is related to muscle lipid content. Excessive accumulation of EMCL and IMAT has been confirmed in older individuals, leading to metabolic disorders and a decline in muscle strength. However, whether EMCL and IMAT contribute to muscle lipid metabolism remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether muscle oxidative capacity is related to IMCL, EMCL, and IMAT in young and older individuals. A total of 18 young and 14 older individuals were included and their muscle oxidative capacity was assessed based on the recovery rate of muscle oxygen saturation after exercise, using near-infrared spectroscopy of the medial gastrocnemius. IMCL, EMCL, and IMAT were assessed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. A relationship between muscle oxidative capacity and IMCL was confirmed in young (<i>r</i> = -0.47, <i>P</i> < 0.05) but not older individuals (<i>r</i> = 0.22, <i>P</i> = 0.45). Muscle oxidative capacity was not related to EMCL or IMAT in either young or older individuals. These results suggest that IMCL in young individuals can contribute to muscle lipid metabolism, but not EMCL and IMAT, and this relationship differs with aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":"50 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143384346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The longitudinal evaluation of the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults: lessons learned and considerations for future research.","authors":"Kaitlyn D Kauffeldt, Amy E Latimer-Cheung, Guy Faulkner, Melissa C Brouwers, Rebecca Jones, Kirstin N Lane, Zachary J Weston, Tamara L Morgan, Olivia Varkul, Jennifer R Tomasone","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0348","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>National movement behaviour guidelines, in isolation, are unlikely to influence practice or policy unless accompanied by robust knowledge mobilization (KMb) strategies. However, without pairing KMb strategies with systematic evaluation, the impact of large-scale dissemination is unknown. The objectives of this study were to (1) systematically assess the dissemination of the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults Aged 18-64 Years and Adults Aged 65 Years or Older (24HMG) using the Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework and (2) provide recommendations to support the KMb and future impact of national movement behaviour guidelines. Intermediary organizations involved in the development and dissemination of the 24HMG were invited to participate in this study. A combination of methods-including cross-sectional surveys, media monitoring, and website content analysis-were performed at multiple timepoints over a 12-month period to assess the dissemination of the 24HMG. Findings suggest that the multi-pronged dissemination approach used for the 24HMG had a large reach to guideline target audiences (approximately 11.9 million) but resulted in low awareness and knowledge of the 24HMG among adults living in Canada (31.9% and 1.6%, respectively). Dissemination activities performed by intermediary organizations peaked in the first 4-months post-guideline release (76% of responding organizations), trending downwards over time (53% of responding organizations at 12 months). The complexity of disseminating national movement behaviour guidelines presents many challenges to systemic adoption. However, the impact of future national movement behaviour guidelines may be improved by augmenting current dissemination approaches to include coordinated, scalable, and capacity-building strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":"50 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143451289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute physiological and perceptual responses to three blood flow restricted interval exercise protocols: a randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Man Tong Chua, Alexiaa Sim, Stephen Francis Burns","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0423","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood flow restriction (BFR) may enhance the acute training stimulus of exercise. This study examined acute physiological and perceptual responses to three lower-limb BFR + interval exercise protocols. Twenty-four club/university male athletes (age 25 ± 3.5, V̇O_2max 47.0 ± 5.5 mL∙kg∙min^- ¹) completed four experimental conditions in a randomised crossover manner: (i) high-intensity control (HI) - 100% maximal aerobic power (W_max); (ii) high-intensity recovery occlusion (HIRO) - 100% W_max, 80% limb occlusion pressure (LOP) during rest; (iii) moderate-intensity low occlusion (MILO) - 70% W_max, 50% LOP during exercise; and (iv) moderate-intensity high occlusion (MIHO) - 70% W_max, 80% LOP during exercise. All interval exercise protocols were three sets of five × 30 s cycling, 30 s unloaded active recovery with 3 min seated rest between sets. During recovery, HIRO condition indicated lower tissue saturation index, higher deoxyhaemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin and total haemoglobin levels than other conditions (all <i>p <</i> 0.05). HIRO exhibited significantly higher heart rate (HR) from set 2 and blood lactate (bLa) at 5 min post-exercise than other conditions (all <i>p <</i> 0.05). Higher vastus lateralis muscle activity was exhibited on the last exercise repetition of HIRO than HI (<i>p <</i> 0.05). MIHO elicited significantly higher deoxygenation, lower muscle activation but similar HR and bLa than HI during exercise; and higher perceived pain and exertion than other conditions (all <i>p <</i> 0.05). Applying BFR during rest between high-intensity interval exercise sets increases physiological stresses without affecting exercise intensity or perceptual responses; applying BFR during moderate-intensity exercise may increase both physiological and perceptual responses beyond those of high-intensity exercise. <b>Study registration:</b> Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05835544).</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A descriptive study of the timing and type of physical activity that is being resumed in early postpartum.","authors":"Kelly-Anne Benoît, Audrey St-Laurent, Véronique Babineau, Stephanie-May Ruchat","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0283","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postpartum physical activity (PA) is an important component of the woman's health. Recently, more attention has been paid to develop guidance for safe return to PA after delivery, including return to running. Little is known about when women start PA after delivery and what type of PA they are practicing. The objectives were to (1) describe early postpartum PA (≤6 weeks), (2) compare women's characteristics between those who started any kind of PA and those who did not, and those who started and did not start running, and (3) explore predictors of PA and running. Ninety-one women, who were part of a longitudinal cohort study, were included. At 6 weeks postpartum, PA was assessed using a questionnaire. Predictors of PA and running were age, education, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, prenatal PA, gestational weight gain, prematurity, delivery mode, season, and breastfeeding. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Fischer's exact test, and logistic regression analyses were used. Eighty-five women (93%) resumed PA by 6 weeks postpartum. Walking was practiced by 92% of women for 127.0 ± 81.3 min/week. Running was the second most popular activity, practiced by 11% of women for 57.5 ± 31.8 min/week. Walking and running were started around 2.0 and 3.6 weeks after delivery, respectively. Women who delivered in spring or summer were more likely to resume PA by 6 weeks postpartum, and those who ran while pregnant had five-fold higher odds of starting to run by 6 weeks postpartum (OR:5.03, 95%CI 1.27; 19.92). These findings improve our understanding of PA practice, including running, in early postpartum.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":"50 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History and perspectives on interval training in sport, health, and disease.","authors":"Carl Foster, Arturo Casado, Daniel Bok, Peter Hofmann, Marius Bakken, Asle Tjelta, Juan Garcia Manso, Daniel Boullosa, Jos J de Koning","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2023-0611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exercise can be conducted as low-intensity continuous training (LICT) or a variety of higher intensity work/rest formats, collectively called interval training. Interval training was developed for athletes in the early 20th century. It was systemized in Sweden as <i>Fartlek</i>, and in Germany as <i>die interval Method</i>, in the 1930s. Most contemporary forms of interval training evolved from these progenitors. In essence, interval training allows a large volume of high-intensity or race specific training to be performed while controlling the development of fatigue. Adding interval training to LICT done by athletes adds about 2%-4% to performance achievable with LICT, which represents a competitively meaningful difference in performance (e.g., 4:25 vs. 4:00 over 1 mile). More recently, interval training has been applied to health- fitness participants and even to patients with health conditions. Studies indicate that a comparatively low volume of interval training can produce substantial improvement in physiologic capacity, in as little as 20% of training time versus LICT. There are data indicating that interval training can be reasonably pleasant, have good adherence, and is safe, even in patients. Although interval training was originally designed for athletics, the fundamental patterns of work versus recovery are remarkably similar in healthy adults and patients. Although the total volume of training and both absolute and relative intensity and magnitude of homeostatic disturbance are larger in athletes, the overall pattern of effort is the same in fitness participants and patients. Interval training can thus be characterized as an important step in the evolution of exercise training.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":"50 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144014820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carnosine-enriched functional food enhances micro- and macrovascular endothelium-independent vasodilation in competitive athletes-a randomized study.","authors":"Leon Perić, Ines Drenjančević, Ivana Jukić, Alina Boris, Petar Šušnjara, Nikolina Kolobarić, Zrinka Mihaljević, Zlata Kralik, Gordana Kralik, Manuela Košević, Olivera Galović, Ana Stupin","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0458","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This randomized interventional study aimed to investigate the effect of carnosine-enriched chicken meat consumption on systemic endothelium-dependent and -independent micro- and macrovascular reactivity in thirty-five healthy competitive male athletes. Both forearm skin micro- and macrovascular endothelium-independent vasodilation were increased, and diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (BP) were decreased in Carnosine group (<i>n</i> = 19) following the 3-week dietary protocol. Microvascular endothelium-dependent response (post-occlusion reactive hyperemia) was increased in the Carnosine group and significantly associated with decreased mean arterial BP level. Following dietary protocol, Controls (<i>n</i> = 16) had substantially higher urate (but still normal) levels than the Carnosine group. Carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food enhances endothelium-dependent and vascular smooth muscle-dependent vasodilation in peripheral micro- and microcirculation. Carnosine's effect on vascular endothelium could be attributed to its BP-lowering effect. Results suggest that carnosine has the potential to resist hyperuricemia in healthy individuals. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05723939).</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143473263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-processed food consumption: an exploration of social determinants among Black children of African and Caribbean descent in Ottawa.","authors":"Valérie Levacher, Malek Batal, Isabelle Giroux, Dia Sanou, Rosanne Blanchet","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0525","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is a growing concern due to its negative impact on diet quality and health outcomes. To our knowledge, no data on UPF consumption are available for specific racial/ethnic children, including Black children, in Canada. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the social determinants of UPF consumption among Black children of African and Caribbean descent in Ottawa. It included 174 mothers born in the Caribbean or Sub-Saharan Africa and their children aged 6 to 12. A survey was administered to assess demographic and socio-economic characteristics of mothers, children, and households. Children's dietary intakes were evaluated with a 24 h dietary recall to calculate the proportion of energy from UPF according to the NOVA food classification system. ANOVA and two-step cluster analysis were performed. Identified clusters were compared using chi-square and Student's <i>t</i> tests. Findings indicate that children whose mothers had been living in Canada longer (<i>p</i> < 0.001), whose mothers were family-class immigrants (<i>p</i> = 0.005), and whose households were food secure (<i>p</i> = 0.049), consumed more UPF than their respective counterparts. Cluster analysis revealed two profiles, named settling and established, reinforcing previous associations. Children in the established profile had a mean energy intake from UPF 9% higher than those in the settling profile (<i>p</i> = 0.006). This study provided initial findings on the social determinants of UPF consumption among Black children of African and Caribbean descent. It suggests that immigration-related factors and household food security status shaped UPF consumption of these children.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary creatine intake and all-cause mortality among U.S. adults: a linked mortality analysis from the NHANES study.","authors":"Sergej M Ostojic","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0001","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence linking dietary creatine intake with mortality remains scarce and inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between creatine consumption and all-cause mortality, as well as to evaluate the potential impact of meeting the recommended dietary creatine intake of ≥1 g per day in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. We evaluated creatine intake, estimated from a single 24 h dietary recall in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with mortality follow-up extending through 2019. Of the 4041 participants enrolled at baseline, 858 deaths were recorded over a median follow-up period of 19.8 years. Creatine as a continuous variable (grams per day) had inverse association with all-cause mortality (<i>B</i> = -0.094; <i>P</i> = 0.04). The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.72-1.00) for participants consuming at least 1 g of creatine per day, compared to those consuming less than 1 g/day (<i>P</i> = 0.05), suggesting that individuals meeting the recommended creatine intake had a significantly lower risk of early mortality compared to those with suboptimal intake. Proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that this association remained robust after adjusting for certain covariates, such as dietary macronutrients (<i>B</i> = -0.234; <i>P</i> = 0.01) and physical examination measures (<i>B</i> = -0.206; <i>P</i> = 0.02); however, it weakened when demographic and lifestyle factors were included in the model. In this sample of U.S. adults, higher creatine intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality; however, this relationship may be influenced by other contributing factors. These findings underscore the need for further research on the relationship between dietary creatine intake and mortality outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Context-dependent trade-offs in body size among Olympic sports.","authors":"Shalaya Kipp, Martin Husen, Chad C Wiggins, Ellen K Gorman, Andrew J Clayburn, Michael J Joyner, Jonathon W Senefeld","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0021","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a context-dependent trade-off in body size of elite runners, such that smaller body sizes are observed among longer distance runners. However, it is unclear whether this trade-off in body size is observed in other Olympic sports, such as cycling and swimming. To understand the association between body size and athletic competition, we examined metrics of body size from male and female Olympic athletes competing in swimming, running, and cycling. We collected standard anthropometrics (height, mass, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area) of elite male and female athletes competing in the London 2012 Summer Olympics from a public repository. Anthropometric data were compared between sexes (male and female); between sports (swimming, running, and cycling); and between distances within sports (shorter and longer distance). Males were taller (<i>P</i> < 0.001), heavier (<i>P</i> < 0.001), and had a larger BMI (<i>P</i> < 0.001) compared to females. Relative to athletes competing in longer distance events, athletes competing in shorter distance were generally taller (running: <i>P</i> < 0.001, swimming: <i>P</i> ≤ 0.014) and heavier (running: <i>P</i> < 0.001, swimming: <i>P</i> = 0.002 (males) and <i>P</i> = 0.148 (females), cycling: <i>P</i> < 0.001) for both males and females. Height was not different between shorter and longer distance cyclists. There was a trade-off between body size and distance for each of the three Olympics sports, such that smaller athletes were observed in longer distance events. Although there were large sex-based differences in body size, similar trade-offs in size and event were observed for both males and females. These data suggest that there is an optimal combination of skeletal muscle mass and body size to optimize movement economy that is generally preserved across different modes of human locomotion.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}