Daniel A Zaltz, Mavra Ahmed, Laura Vergeer, Alyssa Schermel, Mary R L'Abbé
{"title":"Free sugars in the Canadian diet: a research summary and future directions for food policy.","authors":"Daniel A Zaltz, Mavra Ahmed, Laura Vergeer, Alyssa Schermel, Mary R L'Abbé","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0632","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2023-0632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Until recently, most dietary guidelines and related food policies in Canada focused on total sugars, but recent evidence suggests that free sugars are of greater public health concern. Starting in 2017, our research group received federal funding to fill critical gaps related to free sugars and health. In this commentary, we describe our work related to tracking free sugars in the Canadian food supply and simulating the diet and health impacts of product reformulation. We then summarize how our work has influenced policymaking in Canada with examples of our knowledge translation efforts, and provide a future research and policy agenda based on our findings. Overall, there is significant room for Canadian food policies to target free sugars reductions in food and diets to address overconsumption of this nutrient of public health concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142482825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hubert Bourgeois, Pénélope Paradis-Deschênes, François Billaut
{"title":"High-intensity interval training with blood-flow restriction enhances sprint and maximal aerobic power in male endurance athletes.","authors":"Hubert Bourgeois, Pénélope Paradis-Deschênes, François Billaut","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0378","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can improve endurance performance. We investigated the concurrent impact of HIIT and blood-flow restriction (BFR) as a novel approach to further enhance maximal aerobic and anaerobic physiology and performances in trained athletes. In a randomized controlled trial, eighteen endurance-trained males ( <math><mover><mi>V</mi> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O<sub>2peak</sub> 65.6 ± 5.1 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.kg<sup>-1</sup>) included three sessions of HIIT per week (sets of 15 s efforts at 100% maximal aerobic power, interspersed by 15 s recovery) into their usual training for 3 weeks, either with restriction imposed on both lower limbs at 50%-70% of arterial occlusion pressure (BFR group, <i>n</i> = 10) or without (CTL group, <i>n</i> = 8), and were tested for sprint and endurance exercise performance. The total mechanical work developed during a 30 s Wingate test increased only in BFR (3.6%, <i>P</i> = 0.02). During the Wingate, changes in near-infrared spectroscopy-derived vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (Δ(deoxy[Hb + Mb]), % arterial occlusion) were attenuated after BFR training (-8.8%, <i>P</i> = 0.04). The maximal aerobic power measured during an incremental cycling test increased only in BFR (4.5%, <i>P </i>= 0.0004), but there was no change in <math><mover><mi>V</mi> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O<sub>2peak</sub> among groups. Both groups improved 5 km cycling time trial performance, but BFR displayed a concomitant greater elevation in [H<sup>+</sup>] (11%, <i>P</i> = 0.02). Changes in other blood variables (e.g., pH, lactate, bicarbonate and potassium ion concentration, and hemoglobin) were not different between groups. Combining short-duration HIIT performed at 100% aerobic power with BFR elicited greater changes in sprint performance and maximal aerobic power in endurance athletes, associated with locomotor muscle metabolic adaptations but no meaningful effect on cardiorespiratory fitness.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victor Vieira-Cavalcante, Julio Cezar Schamne, Felippi Gonçalves, Romulo Bertuzzi, Anna Paola Trindade Rocha Pierucci, Daniel Boari, Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva, Renata Gonçalves Silva
{"title":"Different doses of theacrine do not improve 4 km cycling time trial performance.","authors":"Victor Vieira-Cavalcante, Julio Cezar Schamne, Felippi Gonçalves, Romulo Bertuzzi, Anna Paola Trindade Rocha Pierucci, Daniel Boari, Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva, Renata Gonçalves Silva","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0442","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the present study was to test the effects of different doses of anhydrous theacrine (3 and 6 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> of body mass) on 4 km cycling time trial performance. Nineteen (11 men and 8 women) cyclists (30.8 ± 10.0 years, 71.7 ± 11.8 kg, 170.1 ± 9.0 cm, and 17.0 ± 6.2% of body fat) completed three 4 km cycling time trials after ingesting either placebo, or 3 or 6 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> of body mass of theacrine. No significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) were observed in time to cover the 4 km cycling time trial between the placebo, 3 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> of theacrine, and 6 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> of theacrine conditions. However, the intake of theacrine at the dose of 6 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> increased resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Some side effects, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, perception of tachycardia, dizziness, headache, head pressure, hand tremor, and lack of disposition were reported after the ingestion of either 3 or 6 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> of body mass of theacrine. In conclusion, theacrine supplementation does not improve endurance performance and provokes side effects that might restrict its use as a supplement.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dianna A Dandeneau, Silvia J Leon, Margherita Cameranesi, Mackenzie R Alexiuk, Jennifer L P Protudjer, Clara J Bohm, Michelle S J DiNella, Carrie K Solmundson, Melanie Talson, Haizhou Wang, Reid H Whitlock, Claudio Rigatto, Rebecca C Mollard
{"title":"Evaluation of an online cardiometabolic and weight loss program: a mixed methods study.","authors":"Dianna A Dandeneau, Silvia J Leon, Margherita Cameranesi, Mackenzie R Alexiuk, Jennifer L P Protudjer, Clara J Bohm, Michelle S J DiNella, Carrie K Solmundson, Melanie Talson, Haizhou Wang, Reid H Whitlock, Claudio Rigatto, Rebecca C Mollard","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0190","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Risk factors contributing to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) can be addressed through behavior modification, including changes in diet and physical activity. In 2021, The Wellness Institute (WI), located at Seven Oaks General Hospital, created a virtual cardiometabolic risk reduction program in response to COVID-19 pandemic public health restrictions, encompassing virtual health coaching and lifestyle education. The objective was to evaluate the acceptability, adherence, efficacy, and engagement of the WI online cardiometabolic and weight loss program. The study followed a mixed methods quasi-experimental design. A total of 93 participants enrolled. Quantitative measures including anthropometrics, blood chemistry, and lifestyle were assessed for changes via paired <i>t</i> tests at baseline and 16 weeks. Qualitatively, short answer questionnaires and three focus groups were completed to understand participants' experiences and program acceptability. We combined qualitative and quantitative data for analysis. Seventy-three participants (64 females, 87.7%) completed the final study visit (age 58 ± 11 years, weight 98 ± 20.9 kg). Of those, 98% attended all coaching sessions, would recommend the program, and reported the coaching sessions helped them stay motivated. A reduction in weight (5 ± 9 kg, <i>p</i> < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (6 ± 10 mmHg, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (4 ± 8 mmHg, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were observed. Lifestyle factors also improved, including increases in physical activity (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Most participants adhered to the program and found it acceptable. Completion was associated with an improvement in weight and blood pressure. These findings highlight the potential of virtual programming to contribute to improving lifestyle and health. Clinicaltrials.gov (ID# NCT04784624CT).</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retraction: Magnesium-zinc-calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation improves glycemic control and markers of cardiometabolic risk in gestational diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","authors":"","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2025-0087","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":"50 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael R Perlet, Miranda K Traylor, Kyndall V Ransom, Genevieve B Batman, Ethan C Hill, Joseph P Weir, Joshua L Keller
{"title":"Contributions to forearm desaturation during transient ischemia in healthy adult males and females across the lifespan.","authors":"Michael R Perlet, Miranda K Traylor, Kyndall V Ransom, Genevieve B Batman, Ethan C Hill, Joseph P Weir, Joshua L Keller","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0320","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation (StO<sub>2</sub>) desaturation in males and females across the adult lifespan. One hundred-two individuals (51 females) of 41 young, 34 midlife, and 27 older adults completed a vascular occlusion test with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS + VOT). This included five minutes of arterial occlusion, inducing transient ischemia in the forearm flexor muscle group while recording StO<sub>2.</sub> The magnitude of desaturation (StO<sub>2mag</sub>) was quantified as the difference between baseline StO<sub>2</sub> and the minimum StO<sub>2</sub> value observed during ischemia. The rate of desaturation was also examined. Forearm adipose tissue thickness (ATT), forearm lean mass, and handgrip muscular strength were measured. A <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Two-way between factor Analysis of variance (ANOVAs) indicated that males exhibited significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.001) less ATT than females (collapsed across age) and that forearm lean mass (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and muscular strength (<i>p</i> < 0.001) decreased across the lifespan independent of sex. Bivariate analyses revealed significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) associations for sex, age, ATT, forearm lean mass, and muscular strength with the desaturation metrics. The ATT values demonstrated the strongest relations with StO<sub>2mag</sub> and desaturation rate (<i>r</i> = -0.620 and 0.618). Using a model comparison approach, ATT plus age offered the best predictive power for StO<sub>2mag</sub> and desaturation rate (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.456 and 0.438) such that the inclusion of sex did not improve the models. These findings suggested differences in desaturation were primarily explained by variations in ATT and, to a lesser extent, age, but biological sex had no meaningful effect. Future studies must determine what other factors influence desaturation during ischemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1740-1748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142334224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phillip J Wallace, Geoffrey L Hartley, Stephen S Cheung
{"title":"Determining cold strain in cold air: a comparison of two methods of partitional calorimetry to calculate heat storage and debt in cold air with mild hypothermia.","authors":"Phillip J Wallace, Geoffrey L Hartley, Stephen S Cheung","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0204","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We compared two methods of partitional calorimetry to calculate heat storage and heat debt during cold air (0°C) exposure causing mild core cooling. Twelve participants performed a 5 min baseline in thermoneutral conditions (∼22.0°C, ∼50% relative humidity) followed by cold air exposure (∼0°C) until rectal temperature was reduced by ∆-0.5°C. Partitional calorimetry was used to calculate avenues of heat exchange (radiative, convective, and evaporative), heat storage, and heat debt continuously throughout cold exposure. We compared deriving these variables using prediction equations based on environmental and participant characteristics (PCAL<sub>Equation Method</sub>) versus using measurement tools such as humidity sensors and heat flux discs (PCAL<sub>Heat Flux Method</sub>). There were significant differences between methods (all <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001) for determining heat exchange, heat storage, and heat debt. At ∆-0.5°C, PCAL<sub>Heat Flux Method</sub> had greater levels of radiative and convective heat exchange (PCAL<sub>Heat Flux Method</sub>: -143.0 ± 16.8 W∙m<sup>2</sup> vs PCAL<sub>Equation Method</sub>: -123.0 ± 12.9 W∙m<sup>2</sup>, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), evaporative heat exchange (PCAL<sub>Heat Flux Method</sub>: -9.0 ± 1.7 W∙m<sup>2</sup> vs PCAL<sub>Equation Method</sub>: -4.1 ± 0.0 W∙m<sup>2</sup>, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), heat storage (PCAL<sub>Heat Flux Method</sub>: -15.0 ± 31.0 W∙m<sup>2</sup> vs PCAL<sub>Equation Method</sub>: +6.0 ± 25.9 W∙m<sup>2</sup>, <i>p</i> = 0.020), and heat debt (PCAL<sub>Heat Flux Method</sub>: -692.0 ± 315.0 kJ vs PCAL<sub>Equation Method</sub>: -422.0 ± 136.0 kJ, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). Overall, this study found the largest discrepancies between the two methods were when the environmental conditions and skin temperature were in high flux, as well as when core temperature was reduced by ∆-0.5°C. The use of PCAL<sub>Heat Flux Method</sub> may be more advantageous to use in the cold to provide a higher resolution measurement of cold strain.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1749-1762"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141984109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Min-Jyue Huang, Trevor C Chen, Favil Singh, Dennis R Taaffe, Kazunori Nosaka
{"title":"Acute effects of eccentric versus concentric exercise on executive function and attention of older adults.","authors":"Min-Jyue Huang, Trevor C Chen, Favil Singh, Dennis R Taaffe, Kazunori Nosaka","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0242","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive function is improved acutely after aerobic and/or resistance exercise, but it is unclear if the types of muscle contraction can influence this effect. This study tested the hypothesis that undertaking an acute bout of exercise with eccentric than concentric contractions would be more beneficial for improving cognitive function post-exercise in older adults. Twenty healthy older adults (66-75 years) performed descending stair walking (DSW), ascending stair walking (ASW), and resistance exercise of the knee extensors with eccentric-only (RE-ECC) or concentric-only contractions (RE-CON) for ∼20 min each with a week between exercises in a randomized order. The Stroop tests of color naming (STCN) and conflicting color words (STCC), symbol digit modalities test, digit span test (DST), and two types of the trail making test (TMT-A, TMT-B) were assessed before and after sitting for 20 min (control session), and each exercise. A significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) improvement in the baseline test scores was found from the control session to the fourth exercise session. Time to complete the tests was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) reduced from pre- to post-exercise as well as after sitting for 20 min for STCN (-5.9 ± 7.4 s, Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.79), STCC (-8.9 ± 11.1 s, <i>d</i> = 0.80), TMT-A (-22.6 ± 9.7 s, <i>d</i> = 2.34) and TMT-B (-23.1 ± 13.7 s, <i>d</i> = 1.69) without significant difference among the four exercise conditions. A significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) improvement of DST score was found from pre- to post-exercise for DSW (9.0 ± 17.6%, <i>d</i> = 0.51) and RE-ECC (6.5 ± 10.6%, <i>d</i> = 0.61), but not for ASW and RE-CON. These results partially supported the hypothesis that eccentric exercise could affect acute changes in cognitive function greater than concentric exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1701-1711"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Vergeer, Carolina Soto, Mariangela Bagnato, Elise Pauzé, Ashley Amson, Tim Ramsay, Dana Lee Olstad, Vivian Welch, Monique Potvin Kent
{"title":"The relationship between youth's exposure to unhealthy digital food marketing and their dietary intake in Canada.","authors":"Laura Vergeer, Carolina Soto, Mariangela Bagnato, Elise Pauzé, Ashley Amson, Tim Ramsay, Dana Lee Olstad, Vivian Welch, Monique Potvin Kent","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0224","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is limited evidence on how exposure to digital marketing of unhealthy foods affects youth's dietary behaviours. This study therefore aimed to examine the association between youth's self-reported digital food marketing exposure and dietary intakes, and explore predictors of frequent unhealthy food consumption. A survey was conducted among 1075 youth in Canada (aged 10-17 years) in April 2023. Proportional odds models examined associations between frequency of exposure to digital marketing of unhealthy foods and frequency of consumption of those foods, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and digital device usage. Compared with participants reporting no exposure to digital fast-food marketing in the past week, those exposed ≥4 times per week were more likely to consume fast food more frequently. Youth exposed to digital marketing of sugary drinks and salty/savoury snacks ≥1 time(s) in the previous week were more likely to consume these foods on a greater number of days, compared with those reporting no exposure to this marketing in the past week. Reporting exposure to digital marketing of desserts/sweet treats every day or more than once a day was associated with more frequent consumption of desserts/sweet treats. Province of residence (Ontario/Quebec) and total daily time spent online predicted more frequent consumption of fast food, sugary drinks, salty/savoury snacks, and desserts/sweet treats. Overall<b>,</b> more frequent self-reported exposure to digital marketing of unhealthy foods is associated with more frequent consumption of these foods by Canadian youth. Regulations are needed to help protect youth from digital food marketing, which may help reduce their unhealthy food consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1678-1691"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eric Tsz-Chun Poon, Jaclyn Hei Tsang, Fenghua Sun, Ajmol Ali, Ian Rollo, Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
{"title":"Exploring the ergogenic potential of carbohydrate-caffeine combined mouth rinse on exercise and cognitive performance: a systematic review.","authors":"Eric Tsz-Chun Poon, Jaclyn Hei Tsang, Fenghua Sun, Ajmol Ali, Ian Rollo, Stephen Heung-Sang Wong","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0228","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsing have been independently reported to benefit sport performance. The proposed mechanisms by which mouth rinsing CHO exerts an influence are reported to be different from those for mouth rinsing CAF. However, the potential ergogenic effects of combining CHO and CAF in a single mouth rinse solution, are unclear. This study aimed to review the available evidence of CHO-CAF combined mouth rinse on exercise and cognitive performance in human participants. A systematic literature search was conducted using five databases until April 2024, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Among the nine randomized crossover studies included, only one study showed significant improvements in lower-body muscular endurance with CHO-CAF mouth rinse (effect size (ES): 0.48; <i>p</i> < 0.05), while two studies reported non-statistically significant improvements in repeated sprint performance compared to other mouth rinse and placebo conditions (ES: 0.20-0.81; <i>p</i> = 0.07-0.18). However, for other performance measures, including repeated jumps, upper-body strength and endurance, endurance cycling, and intermittent recovery run, most evidence (five studies) did not demonstrate significant ergogenic effects. Notably, of the two studies that examined cognitive performance, both reported significant improvements with CHO-CAF mouth rinse compared with the placebo condition (ES: 0.45-3.45; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Overall, a synergistic influence of CHO-CAF mouth rinse on physical exercise performance is not evident, but preliminary evidence suggests potential benefits on cognitive performance. Future studies are required to address various methodological issues identified in this review, while practitioners and athletes should exercise caution when considering this novel nutritional strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1611-1621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}