Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme最新文献

{"title":"Feet-heating and calf-heating have opposing effects on glucose tolerance and heart rate variability: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial.","authors":"Gabriele Sanchez, Dena Prince, Shelby Glasser, Michael Buono, Jochen Kressler, Jeff M Moore","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0265","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heat exposure's effect on glucose tolerance depends on the amount of body exposed, likely relating to autonomic nervous system balance. We assessed how partial-body heat exposure at two different levels of the lower extremities affects glucose tolerance and autonomic nervous system balance, measured via heart rate variability. We hypothesized feet-heating would improve glucose tolerance without affecting heart rate variability, while calf-heating would worsen glucose tolerance and decrease heart rate variability compared to a thermoneutral control condition. In a randomized, controlled, crossover trial, healthy participants' (<i>N</i> = 31, 23(3) years, 45% male) glucose tolerance was measured in (A) thermoneutral; (B) feet-heating; and (C) calf-heating conditions. Every 30 min for 2 h, blood glucose, heart rate, heart rate variability, tympanic temperature, thermal comfort scores, and blood pressure were measured. There were significant interactions between condition and time for blood glucose (<i>F</i> (4.6,72.6) = 2.6, <i>p</i> = 0.036), heart rate (<i>F</i> (3.4, 54.5) = 3.5, <i>p</i> = 0.017), heart rate variability (<i>F</i> (4.3,63.2) = 7.5, <i>p</i> < .0001), tympanic temperature (<i>F</i> (8, 268) = 2.4, <i>p</i> = 0.014), and thermal comfort scores (<i>F</i> (8, 248) = 22.1, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Calf-heating increased 90 min glucose (+12 (95% confidence interval, CI: 3-21) mg/dL, <i>p</i> = 0.013) and decreased heart rate variability throughout (mean decrease: 13%-22%, <i>p</i> < 0.007), while feet-heating lowered 90 min glucose (-7 (95% CI: -16 to +1) mg/dL, <i>p</i> = 0.090) without affecting heart rate variability (<i>p</i> = 0.14-0.99). Blood pressure and body temperature were similar between conditions, but heart rate and thermal comfort scores increased with heating. Calf-heating worsens, while feet-heating may improve, glucose tolerance. Changes in heart rate variability coincided with changes in glucose tolerance despite unchanged body temperature. Whether heart rate variability can be used to monitor autonomic nervous system balance during heating to optimize its acute effect on glycemic indices should be further explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of consuming a sucrose-containing sports drink on acute kidney injury risk during a 4 h simulated occupational heat stress.","authors":"Maxime Jeanovitch Lignier, Hayden W Hess, Jessica A Freemas, Blair D Johnson, David Hostler, Zachary J Schlader","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0261","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Occupational heat stress increases acute kidney injury risk. Drinking a soft drink sweetened with high fructose corn syrup further elevates this acute kidney injury risk. However, the impact of sucrose, another fructose-containing sweetener, on acute kidney injury risk remains unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that drinking a sucrose-containing sports drink increases acute kidney injury risk when compared to drinking a sugar-free sports drink during 4 h of simulated occupational heat stress. Ten healthy adults consumed a sucrose-containing or sugar-free sport drink ad libitum during 4 h exposures to wet bulb globe temperatures of ∼28 °C. Thirty min of work and 30 min of rest were completed each hour. Work involved treadmill walking at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production (sucrose-containing: 6.0 ± 1.2 W/kg, sugar-free: 5.5 ± 0.9 W/kg, <i>p</i> = 0.267). The product of urinary insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, normalized to urine specific gravity ([IGFBP7·TIMP-2]_USG), provided an acute kidney injury risk index. Mean core (intestinal: <i>n</i> = 13, rectal: <i>n</i> = 7) temperature (sucrose-containing: 37.5 ± 0.1 °C, sugar-free: 37.5 ± 0.3 °C; <i>p</i> = 0.914), peak core temperature (sucrose-containing: 37.8 ± 0.2 °C, sugar-free: 37.9 ± 0.3 °C; <i>p</i> = 0.398), and percent changes in body mass (sucrose-containing: -0.5 ± 0.4%, sugar-free: -0.3 ± 0.6%; <i>p</i> = 0.386) did not differ between groups. [IGFBP7∙TIMP-2]_USG increased in both groups (time effect: <i>p</i> = 0.025) with no drink (<i>p</i> = 0.675) or interaction (<i>p</i> = 0.715) effects. Peak change [IGFBP7∙TIMP-2]_USG did not differ between sucrose-containing (median 0.0116 [-0.0012, 0.1760] (ng/mL)²/1000) and sugar-free (median 0.0021 [0.0003, 0.2077] (ng/mL)²/1000; <i>p</i> = 0.796). Sucrose-containing sports drink consumption during simulated occupational heat stress does not modify acute kidney injury risk when compared to sugar free-sport drink consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142482826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of daylong exposure to indoor overheating on enterocyte damage and inflammatory responses in older adults: a randomized crossover trial.","authors":"Ben J Lee, Robert D Meade, Sarah L Davey, Charles D Thake, James J McCormick, Kelli E King, Glen P Kenny","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0368","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We evaluated enterocyte damage (IFABP), immune activation (sCD14), and inflammatory responses (TNF-α, IL-6, CRP) in 16 older adults (66-78 years) during 8 h rest in conditions simulating homes maintained at 22 °C (control), the 26 °C indoor temperature upper limit proposed by health agencies, and homes without air-conditioning during heatwaves (31 °C, 36 °C). Relative to 22 °C, IFABP was elevated ∼181 pg/mL after exposure to 31 °C (<i>P</i> = 0.07), and by ∼378 pg/mL (<i>P</i> < 0.001) after exposure to 36 °C. No differences were observed for sCD14, TNF-α, IL-6, or CRP (all <i>P</i> ≥ 0.26). Our data support recommendations to maintain indoor temperatures ≤ 26 °C to preserve gastrointestinal barrier integrity in heat-vulnerable persons.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma and fecal bioactive mediators in relation to the prevention of atherogenesis in LDL-r-KO mice: insights from an African staple food.","authors":"Ramandeep Kaur, Rosemary Kobue-Lekalake, Kabo Masisi, Harold M Aukema, Mohammed H Moghadasian","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0328","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our previous study revealed a significant anti-atherosclerotic effect of Kgengwe seed powder (KSP) in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDL-r-KO) mice. The importance of various lipid and protein metabolites, including certain amino acids and fatty acids on atherogenesis has been well established. Thus, we used plasma and fecal samples from our previous study to further study the association of such metabolites with atherosclerotic lesion development. Male LDL-r-KO mice were provided with an atherogenic diet supplemented with (treated, <i>n</i> = 10) or without (controls, <i>n</i> = 10) 10% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) KSP for 20 weeks. The treated group showed significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.05) higher plasma levels of many amino acids plus propionic acid, indoleacetic acid, pyruvic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, trimethylamine N-oxide, LYSOC16:0, LYSOC18:0, and LYSOC18:2, as compared with those of the control group. Similarly, several oxylipins, including 15-keto prostaglandin E₂, 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-octadecenoic acid, and 12,13-epoxy-octadecenoic acid increased by approximately 2.0 log₂ folds (<i>P</i> < 0.05) in the plasma of the treated group. Other oxylipins, including 15,16-epoxy-octadecadieonic acid, 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid, and prostaglandin E₂ showed also an increased level, but to a lesser extent. Furthermore, our findings showed a significant positive correlation between plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E₂ and IL-10 in the treated mice. We also observed a significant negative association between atherosclerotic lesion size and plasma levels of citrulline, lysine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, and 15,16 epoxy-octadecadienoic acid. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of such associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on interval training for health and performance.","authors":"Jonathan P Little, Martin J Gibala","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2025-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2025-0061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":"50 ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute high-intensity exercise enhances T cell proliferation compared to moderate-intensity exercise.","authors":"Jacob A Siedlik, Jake A Deckert, Amanda J Dunbar, Anuja Bhatta, Nicole M Gigliotti, Marcia A Chan, Stephen H Benedict, Matthew Bubak, John P Vardiman, Philip M Gallagher","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0420","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conventional belief is that high-intensity (HI) exercise inhibits immune function; however, recent work challenges this position. The purpose of this was to quantify changes in T cell proliferative capacity following either a HI or moderate-intensity (MI) exercise. Sixteen males were randomly selected to a HI or MI exercise group. Blood was obtained baseline and immediately, 1, 4, and 6 h post-exercise for analyses of CD3⁺ T cell proliferation (co-stimulation via phytohaemagglutinin or CD3 + CD28). The proliferative response increased in T cells in the HI group and remained significantly elevated up to 6 h post-exercise in both co-stimulation conditions. In contrast, the MI group saw no change proliferative ability following exercise. Analyses of serum stress hormones, and immunomodulatory cytokines failed to reveal any correlated variations that could clarify the T cell findings. We suggest the increase in proliferative capacity following HI exercise is indicative of an exercise-induced activation that provides for enhanced functional responses to stimuli. Moreover, this study shows that HI exercise increases T cell processes, effectively priming them for activation in response to stimuli. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06638684).</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143416583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The physiological consequences of and recovery following the Australian Special Forces Selection Course.","authors":"Angela C Uphill, Kristina L Kendall, Bradley A Baker, Stuart N Guppy, Hannah M Brown, Michael Vacher, Bradley C Nindl, G Gregory Haff","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0117","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine the energy requirements, physiological consequences, and recovery rate from the Australian Special Forces Selection Course. Ninety-three male soldiers (mean ± SD, 28.1 ± 3.6 years, 1.81 ± 0.1 m, 85.1 ± 8.1 kg) volunteered for this study. Body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, hormones and resting metabolic rate were assessed before, immediately after, and at 1, 3, 5, and 8 weeks post-course. Energy expenditure, assessed via doubly-labelled water during the first 10 days of the course significantly exceeded energy intake (expenditure: 7680 ± 1095 kcal^.day^-1, intake: 3859 ± 704 kcal^.day ^{^-1}). Body mass (Δ -6.8 ± 1.9 kg, <i>p <</i> 0.01), fat mass (Δ -4.2 ± 1.0 kg, <i>p <</i> 0.0001) and lean mass (Δ -3.0 ± 1.7 kg, <i>p <</i> 0.0001) were significantly reduced in response to the course and returned to baseline 1-3 weeks post-course. Total testosterone, free testosterone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and insulin like growth factor-1 significantly (<i>p <</i> 0.001) declined following the course, while cortisol and sex hormone binding globulin increased (<i>p <</i> 0.001). All hormones, except insulin like growth factor-1, returned to baseline concentrations within 1-3 weeks post-course. Resting metabolic rate decreased (<i>p <</i> 0.01) in response to the course, and subsequently rebounded above baseline levels at 1 week post-course. The Special Forces Selection Course involved high energy output and a substantial caloric deficit, resulting in body mass loss and significant hormonal disruption that took weeks to recover. These results highlight the energy requirements, physiological consequences, and recovery processes from the Australian Special Forces Selection Course.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142086465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of critical power and the respiratory compensation point at slower and faster pedaling cadences.","authors":"Lorenzo Micheli, Massimo Teso, Nasimi A Guluzade, Matteo Rizzo, Carlo Ferri Marini, Francesco Lucertini, Daniel A Keir, Silvia Pogliaghi","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0042","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated whether pedal cadence (60 vs. 100 rpm) affects oxygen uptake (V̇O₂) and power output (PO) at two indexes of the heavy-to-severe-intensity domain boundary (i.e., critical power (CP) and respiratory compensation point (RCP)) and their correspondence. Fourteen adults (7 females, 23 ± 2 years) cycled at 60 and 100 rpm during: (i) a \"step-ramp-step\" protocol to identify V̇O₂ and PO at RCP; (ii) 4-5 exhaustive constant-PO bouts for CP identification; and (iii) a constant-power bout at CP to identify V̇O₂ at CP. Separate two-way repeated measures Analysis of variance assessed whether V̇O₂ and PO were affected by index (CP vs. RCP) and cadence (60 vs. 100 rpm). The V̇O₂ was not affected by index (mean difference (MD) = 73 ± 197 mL·min^-1; <i>p</i> = 0.136) but there was an index × cadence interaction (<i>p</i> = 0.014), such that V̇O₂ was higher at 100 versus 60 rpm for CP (MD = 142 ± 169 mL·min^-1; <i>p</i> = 0.008), but not RCP (<i>p</i> = 0526). The PO was affected by cadence (MD = 13 ± 9 W; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and index (MD = 8 ± 11 W; <i>p</i> = 0.016), with no cadence × index interaction (<i>p</i> = 0.168). The systematic bias in PO confirms cadence-specificity of CP and RCP. The relationship between these indexes and their change in unison in PO suggests a mechanistic link between these two heavy-to-severe domain boundary candidates.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative review of velocity-based training best practice: the importance of contraction intent versus movement speed.","authors":"David G Behm, Andreas Konrad, Masatoshi Nakamura, Shahab Alizadeh, Robyn Culleton, Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar, Liam T Pearson, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Digby G Sale","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0136","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Explosive movements requiring high force and power outputs are integral to many sports, posing distinct challenges for the neuromuscular system. Traditional resistance training can improve muscle strength, power, endurance, and range of motion; however, evidence regarding its effects on athletic performance, such as sprint speed, agility, and jump height, remains conflicting. The specificity of resistance training movements, including velocity, contraction type, and joint angles affects performance outcomes, demonstrates advantages when matching training modalities with targeted sports activities. However, independent of movement speed, the intent to contract explosively (ballistic) has also demonstrated high velocity-specific training adaptations. The purpose of this narrative review was to assess the impact of explosive or ballistic contraction intent on velocity-specific training adaptations. Such movement intent may predominantly elicit motor efferent neural adaptations, including motor unit recruitment and rate coding enhancements. Plyometrics, which utilize rapid stretch-shortening cycle movements, may augment high-speed movement efficiency and muscle activation, possibly leading to improved motor control through adaptations like faster eccentric force absorption, reduced amortization periods, and quicker transitions to explosive concentric contractions. An optimal training paradigm for power and performance enhancement might involve a combination of maximal explosive intent training with heavier loads and plyometric exercises with lighter loads at high velocities. This narrative review synthesizes key literature to answer whether contraction intent or movement speed is more critical for athletic performance enhancement, ultimately advocating for an integrative approach to resistance training tailored for sports-specific explosive action.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partial involvement of nitric oxide synthase in increased pilocarpine-induced sweating in exercise-trained men.","authors":"Yumi Okamoto, Junto Otsuka, Tatsuro Amano","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0285","DOIUrl":"10.1139/apnm-2024-0285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The physiological mechanisms involved in augmented cholinergic agonist-induced sweating in exercise-trained individuals remain unclear. This study hypothesizes that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) contributes to augmented pilocarpine-induced sweating in habitually exercise-trained individuals. Endurance-trained and untrained men (<i>n</i> = 15 each) iontophoretically received 1% L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor, and saline (control) in the forearm and then administered 0.001% and 1% pilocarpine to evaluate sweat rate. L-NAME administration attenuated pilocarpine-induced sweating by 10% in the exercise-trained (<i>P</i> = 0.004) but not in untrained (<i>P</i> = 0.764) groups independent of pilocarpine concentrations. Results indicate that NOS partially contributes to increased cholinergic sweating in exercise-trained men.</p>","PeriodicalId":93878,"journal":{"name":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}