ACS agricultural science & technology最新文献

{"title":"Novel Strategy for Alleviating Imazethapyr Phytotoxicity in Subsequent Wheat Seedlings: Insights into Multifunctional Mechanisms of Phosphorus-Doped Biochar","authors":"Jiawen Li,&nbsp;Haonan Zhang,&nbsp;Congling Xu,&nbsp;Qingqing Fan,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Xing,&nbsp;Yong Yang,&nbsp;Caixia Wang,&nbsp;Qingming Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00535","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Imazethapyr is a widely used persistent herbicide that causes severe phytotoxicity to rotational crops and threatens soil ecosystem health and agricultural sustainability. Although pristine biochar has been explored for pesticide-contaminated soil remediation, its low adsorption capacity and limited efficiency restrict practical application. Phosphorus (P)-doped biochar exhibits enhanced sorption ability toward organic pollutants, yet its effects and mechanisms in alleviating imazethapyr-induced soil toxicity remain largely unknown. This study systematically compared the remediation performance of P-doped corn straw biochar (PBC-500) and pristine biochar (BC-500) in imazethapyr-contaminated soil using a multimethod approach including herbicide residue analysis, wheat seedling growth assessment, soil microbial community profiling, and wheat root metabolomics. Results showed that by day 4 of the incubation, PBC-500 reduced imazethapyr concentrations in soil and pore water by 82.3%, significantly higher than the 46.1% reduction achieved by BC-500. PBC-500 effectively mitigated herbicide-induced phytotoxicity, improved wheat growth and chlorophyll content, and suppressed ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation. It was also associated with stabilization of the soil microbial community structure and changes of root metabolic pathways. Metabolomic analysis further showed that PBC-500 alleviated specific imazethapyr-induced metabolic perturbations at the pathway level based on candidate metabolites (screened without FDR correction), although substantial differences between IMTPBC and the control remained, indicating that the observed metabolic changes partly reflect the biochar’s own effects. However, because the experimental design lacked biochar-only controls, these microbial and metabolic effects should be interpreted as changes co-occurring with PBC-500 amendment, and their specific driver cannot be definitively isolated under the current design. Overall, P-doped biochar efficiently reduces imazethapyr bioavailability and alleviates phytotoxicity, providing a promising eco-friendly material for remediation of imazethapyr-contaminated agricultural soils, with potential for integration into rotational cropping systems to protect subsequent sensitive crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 8","pages":"1623–1635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Seed to Leaf: Differential Modulation of Wheat Growth and Yield by Lignin-Encapsulated Auxin Depends on Delivery Route","authors":"Rodrigo Faleiro,&nbsp;Anderson do Espírito Santo Pereira,&nbsp;Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto,&nbsp;Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00246","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising strategy to improve the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural inputs; however, biological responses to nanoformulations remain strongly influenced by operational factors, such as application method. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are widely employed to improve crop performance, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the most important hormones regulating plant growth and development. Nanoencapsulation can enhance the stability and delivery efficiency of bioactive compounds, such as PGRs, by protecting them from degradation and enabling controlled release. Among the available nanocarriers, lignin nanoparticles are particularly attractive due to their biodegradability and suitability for controlled-delivery systems. Therefore, we evaluated how different application routes modulate the biological effects of IAA applied either in its free form or encapsulated in lignin nanoparticles during wheat development. Treatments were applied through seed treatment or foliar spraying, and plant responses were assessed across vegetative and reproductive stages. Our results demonstrate that the application method plays a decisive role in determining plant responses. While seed treatment with IAA-loaded lignin nanoparticles resulted in reduced vegetative and reproductive performance, foliar application of the same formulation significantly enhanced reproductive traits, including grain number per spike and other yield-related parameters, without inducing phytotoxic effects. Lignin nanoparticles were successfully visualized within leaf tissues, particularly in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. These findings demonstrate that the biological behavior of lignin nanoparticles is not solely determined by their intrinsic physicochemical properties or chemical composition but is strongly influenced by the application strategy employed.</p>","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 8","pages":"1521–1533"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein Biosynthesis Is Associated with Ionome Composition in Soybean Seeds","authors":"Gabriel Sgarbiero Montanha,&nbsp;Lucas Coan Perez,&nbsp;Andrea Lepri,&nbsp;Chiara Longo,&nbsp;Davide Marzi,&nbsp;Eduardo Santos,&nbsp;Felipe Sousa Franco,&nbsp;Gustavo Paparotto Lopes,&nbsp;Nicolas Gustavo Da Cruz Da Silva,&nbsp;João Paulo Rodrigues Marques,&nbsp;Eduardo De Almeida,&nbsp;Alex Virgilio,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Pérez,&nbsp;Paola Vittorioso,&nbsp;Sabrina Sabatini,&nbsp;Francisco Scaglia Linhares,&nbsp;Hudson Wallace Pereira De Carvalho","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.5c01032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.5c01032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soybean seeds are a significant source of protein for human and animal nutrition, primarily due to seed storage proteins (SSPs) from the albumin and globulin families, which are predominantly located in protein storage vacuoles within cotyledon cells. This study characterized the dynamics of protein and mineral nutrient accumulation in four soybean genotypes with contrasting protein content—two transgenic (<em>tg1</em> and <em>tg2</em>) and two conventional (<em>ct1</em> and <em>ct2</em>)—from the beginning of seed filling (R_5.5) through to maturity (R₈) under field conditions. Profiles of globulin SSPs (glycinin and β-conglycinin), as well as the protein and elemental distribution in mature seed cotyledons, were examined. The results revealed that genotypes with higher protein content showed increased S and Zn concentrations and a higher glycinin:β-conglycinin ratio. Subcellular analyses further indicated co-localization of proteins and Zn within cotyledon cells. These findings depict the profile of mineral nutrients and protein accumulation and distribution in soybean seeds, revealing a complex genotypic association between S and Zn accumulation and SSPs’ biosynthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 8","pages":"1413–1423"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin–Metal Synergy: Folic-Acid-Based Carbon Nanoassemblies for Optimized Plant Growth","authors":"Konstantinos T. Kotoulas,&nbsp;Sameer Hassan,&nbsp;Ioannis Pagonis,&nbsp;Konstantinos Spyrou,&nbsp;Kerry Worton,&nbsp;James Hall,&nbsp;Robert H. Morris,&nbsp;William Cheung,&nbsp;Yunhong Jiang,&nbsp;Danny Arends,&nbsp;Andrew D. Burrows,&nbsp;Gareth W. V. Cave,&nbsp;Ming Xie","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Developing sustainable strategies to enhance crop yields is critical to meeting global food demands under intensifying climate stress. This study investigates the synthesis and application of folic-acid-based carbon nanoassemblies (FA-CNAs) that integrate magnesium (Mg) or manganese (Mn) as precision nanobionic tools for agricultural enhancement. The produced materials were selected for photosynthetic enhancement due to their biofortification potential and their ability to expand the usable solar spectrum by harvesting underutilized UV-A wavelengths. In greenhouse trials with <em>Raphanus sativus</em>, FA-CNA-Mg treatment achieved significant biostimulation, resulting in a 13% increase in foliar dry mass, a 19% boost in chlorophyll concentration, and a 22% improvement in ascorbic acid content. Conversely, while FA-CNA-Mn facilitated exceptional systemic translocation (up to a 306% increase in root Mn concentration), it displayed inhibitions in the rate of the Hill reaction by 36%. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that the superior performance of FA-CNA-Mg is underpinned by systemic metabolic reprogramming, characterized by the upregulation of vitamin B₅ and an accelerated flux of essential amino acids and nitrogen-rich ureides. These results highlight the potential of vitamin–metal synergy for developing high-efficiency, sustainable alternatives to conventional fertilizers that optimize both photosynthetic integrity and harvestable yield.</p>","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 8","pages":"1615–1622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Curiosity to Impact: A Practical Guide to Translating a Research Idea into a Real-World Product","authors":"Ramesh Raliya","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00660","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 8","pages":"1394–1397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Application of an Antitranspirant to Grape Bunches Affects the Composition of Primary and Specialized Metabolites Related to Berry Quality","authors":"Andrea Cabodevilla,&nbsp;Fermín Morales,&nbsp;Johann Martínez-Lüscher,&nbsp;Inmaculada Pascual","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.5c01144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.5c01144","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change accelerates grape ripening, with bunch transpiration contributing to faster sugar accumulation. This study aimed to determine how bunch transpiration influences the response of grape primary and specialized metabolites to projected temperature and relative humidity (RH) changes. Fruit-bearing cuttings of cv. Tempranillo grew in greenhouses under two conditions: 24/14 °C with 55/70% RH (T) and 28/18 °C with 43/58% (T+4). At veraison, T+4 plants were split into untreated and antitranspirant-treated (AT+4) groups. T+4 reduced amino acids, anthocyanins, and hydroxycinnamic acids while increasing acylated anthocyanins as well as caftaric acid abundance. AT+4 further decreased amino acids, notably proline and aroma precursors, as well as yeast-assimilable nitrogen, and amplified the T+4-driven decline in anthocyanins. Under elevated temperature and low RH, reducing transpiration alters berry composition, highlighting berry transpiration as a critical mechanism for maintaining metabolic balance in warming climates. Factors related to the antitranspirant application may have contributed to these observed changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 8","pages":"1424–1433"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Airflow, Voltage Polarity, Liquid Pressure, and Electrode Position on the Charge-to-Mass Ratio of Induction-Charged Spray Droplets","authors":"Kemal Amaya,&nbsp;Ali Bayat","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.6c00194","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent research has focused on integrating induction-charging electrodes directly with the existing hydraulic nozzles of air-assisted orchard sprayers. This study evaluated the effects of airflow, applied voltage, voltage polarity, liquid pressure, and electrode position on the charge-to-mass ratio (CMR) and charging stability of an induction electrostatic charging system. Airflow reduced electrode wetting and extended the stable operating voltage range, thereby allowing operation at higher applied voltages. Voltage polarity did not significantly affect the absolute CMR values, indicating that the magnitude of droplet charging was not governed by polarity under the tested conditions. Liquid pressure and electrode position strongly influenced CMR; moderate pressure improved droplet chargeability, whereas further pressure increases did not continuously enhance CMR. The highest CMR in the pressure–electrode position experiment was obtained at 600 kPa and an electrode distance of 28 mm. Overall, the highest CMR observed in the study was 0.523 mC kg^–1 at an air velocity of 27 m s^–1 and an applied voltage of 8 kV. These findings indicate that airflow, pressure, and electrode position should be optimized together to improve induction charging stability and droplet chargeability in air-assisted orchard sprayer applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 8","pages":"1513–1520"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Sustainable Biostimulant Strategy for Producing Vigorous Black Pepper Seedlings: Combining Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Seaweed Extract","authors":"Thiago Cunha Silvério,&nbsp;Norma Gouvêa Rumjanek,&nbsp;José Guilherme Marinho Guerra,&nbsp;Janaina Ribeiro Costa Rouws,&nbsp;Luiz Fernando de Sousa Antunes,&nbsp;Gustavo Ribeiro Xavier","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.5c01181","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsagscitech.5c01181","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Black pepper (<em><em>Piper nigrum</em> L.</em>) requires vigorous seedlings for reliable field establishment. We evaluated whether inoculation with <em><em>Azospirillum brasilense</em></em> (AbV5), <em><em>Bacillus subtilis</em></em> (BV09), or <em><em>Trichoderma asperellum</em></em> (BV10), alone or in consortium, combined with <em><em>Ascophyllum nodosum</em></em> extract, improves seedling performance. A randomized block trial used a 2 × 4 factorial (seaweed: yes/no × inoculant) plus five controls (total 13 treatments). Plant height, shoot and root dry mass, and leaf macro- and micronutrients were measured at 120 days. Significant interactions occurred for height and root biomass. <em><em>A. brasilense</em></em> with seaweed achieved the greatest height (28.08 cm) and root mass (1.06 g), whereas <em><em>B. subtilis</em></em> alone maximized shoot mass (13.67 g). Seaweed increased foliar P (+49%), K (+55% with <em><em>B. subtilis</em></em>), Fe (+63.5% with <em><em>A. brasilense</em></em>) and B (+125.1% in the consortium). The consortium under seaweed underperformed for some traits, suggesting antagonism. Targeted single inoculants, especially <em><em>A. brasilense</em></em> or <em><em>B. subtilis</em></em>, combined with <em><em>A. nodosum</em></em> extract, are a promising, sustainable approach to produce more vigorous, nutritionally balanced seedlings.</p>","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 7","pages":"1243–1253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148634042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stage-Specific Adaptive Responses of Quinoa to Salinity Based on Morphometric, Ionomic, and Genetic Responses","authors":"Gulom Bekmirzaev,&nbsp;Kyle Cheng,&nbsp;Clarissa Buarque Vieira,&nbsp;Walter Quadros Ribeiro Junior,&nbsp;Jorge F.S. Ferreira,&nbsp;Devinder Sandhu","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.5c01059","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsagscitech.5c01059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although quinoa (<em><em>Chenopodium quinoa</em></em> Willd.) is generally considered a salt-tolerant crop, the literature lacks data on the effect of saline irrigation applied at different stages of the crop. Treatments consisted of low-salinity water (LSW, EC_w = 1.46 dS m⁻¹) and high-salinity water (HSW, EC_w = 25 dS m⁻¹) applied for different durations at four different crop stages compared to control (T0, LSW for 100% of crop cycle): seedling (T1, HSW at 2 weeks after germination - 2 WAG), vegetative (T2, HSW at 6 WAG), flowering (T3, HSW at 10 WAG), and grain filling (T4, HSW at 14 WAG). Evaluation included quinoa’s morphometrical, ionomic, and molecular responses. Early-applied salinity (T1) sharply curtailed growth: plant height diverged within ∼3 weeks in T1 and T2, shoot dry biomass fell 46% in T1 (but not in T2−T4), and root biomass declined across all salinity treatments, indicating stronger root damage. Grain yield was strongly dependent on duration of exposure and developmental stage. Relative to T0, grain yield dropped 64.4% (T1), 60.2% (T2), and 29.2% (T3), while T4 was unaffected, likely due to shorter salinity stress duration. The ionomic profile showed substantial leaf Na and Cl accumulation in T1−T3 but ∼50% lower values when salinity began at grain filling (T4). Under salt, plants maintained homeostasis of N, K, and Ca, with leaf-K being about 10-fold higher than in roots and increased P and S under T1 and T2. Ion partitioning favored Na sequestration in roots and K retention in leaves. Gene expression was also contingent on growth stages. Early salinity (T1) elicited the broadest root response, upregulating chloride-transport genes (<em>ALMT9</em>, <em>CLCc</em>, <em>CLCg</em>, <em>NPF2.4</em>, <em>NPF2.5</em>) and Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis genes (<em>NHX1/2</em>, <em>SOS1</em>, <em>SOS2</em>, <em>AKT1</em>) relative to T0. Later treatments (T2−T4) produced narrower, weaker root responses. In leaves, <em>SOS2</em> and <em>SOS3</em> responded more strongly under early/prolonged stress, while <em>CLCc</em> was consistently induced across T1−T4. Upregulation of <em>ALMT9</em>, <em>NHX2</em>, <em>SOS1</em>, and <em>CLCg</em> in leaves under T3 and T4 likely reflects recency of induction rather than greater late-stage reactivity. Overall, quinoa was highly vulnerable to HSW when applied at seedling/vegetative stages but remained productive when HSW began at ∼85% of the growth cycle. This finding can guide irrigation timing in salt-affected regions and inform breeders of genes involved in improved salt tolerance in quinoa.</p>","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 7","pages":"1157–1169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148624756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Dimorphism of Chloroplast Proteome Responses to Manganese Stress in Poplar Female and Male Sibling Lines","authors":"Fugui Chen,&nbsp;Mengli Wu,&nbsp;Yue Zhang,&nbsp;Guoping Zhu","doi":"10.1021/acsagscitech.5c00956","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsagscitech.5c00956","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Manganese (Mn), an essential micronutrient, becomes toxic to plants in excess. The molecular mechanism underlying sex-specific responses of dioecious plants to Mn toxicity remains unclear. Here, we used chloroplast proteomics to explore physiological and molecular differences in Mn stress responses between female and male sibling lines of <em>Populus euramericana</em>, exposed to high Mn for four weeks. Females showed more severe leaf damage, reduced shoot growth, and decreased net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll content, and peroxidase (POD) activity, with 76% of Mn sequestered in roots. In contrast, males maintained stable photosynthesis and POD activity, allocating 24% of Mn to leaves. Chloroplast proteomics identified 50 female-specific differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) enriched in pigment biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and stress responses, while males had 35 specific DEPs involved in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and protein refolding. Males uniquely upregulated key proteins (chlNADP-MDH, PRK, and FBPase-like) linked to photosynthetic efficiency, whereas these pathways were repressed in females. Our findings revealed that females are more susceptible to Mn stress, while males exhibit greater tolerance via distinct Mn allocation and chloroplast proteomic adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93846,"journal":{"name":"ACS agricultural science & technology","volume":"6 7","pages":"1081–1092"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148666327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}