Canadian journal of microbiology最新文献

{"title":"AcsS inhibits the hemolytic activity and thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) gene expression in <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i>.","authors":"Bin Ni, Zhukang Tian, Jingyang Chang, Yining Zhou, Xue Li, Miaomiao Zhang, Wanpeng Li, Nan Zhang, Xi Luo, Yiquan Zhang, Renfei Lu","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0114","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> produces a key virulent factor known as thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH). TDH exhibits diverse biological activities, including hemolytic activity. The β-type hemolysis observed on Wagatsuma agar due to TDH is recognized as the Kanagawa phenomenon (KP). The <i>tdh2</i> gene is primarily responsible for TDH production and the associated KP. AcsS was originally identified as an activator of swimming and swarming motility in <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i>. However, its potential roles in other cellular pathways remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory effects of AcsS on the hemolytic activity and <i>tdh2</i> expression in <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i> using phenotypic tests for KP, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, LacZ fusion, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The data showed that <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i> hemolytic activity and <i>tdh2</i> transcription were under the negative control of AcsS. Additionally, in-vitro binding assays revealed that His-AcsS could not bind to the regulatory DNA region of <i>tdh2</i>. However, overexpression of AcsS in an <i>Escherichia coli</i> strain suppressed the expression of <i>tdh2</i>. Collectively, these results suggested that AcsS suppresses the hemolytic activity of <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i> through the downregulation of <i>tdh2</i> transcription. The data enhanced our understanding of the regulatory networks governing <i>tdh2</i> expression and the roles of AcsS in this bacterium.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142615299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic characterization of pathotype diversity and drug resistance among generic <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolated from broiler chickens in Canada.","authors":"Rhiannon L Wallace, Shawn Hoogstra, David Mahoney, Mark Lubberts, Richard Reid-Smith, Tara Signorelli, James Robertson, Shannon H C Eagle, Emil Jurga, John Nash, Edward Topp, Catherine Carrillo","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0209","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Escherichia coli</i> is a Gram-negative bacterium that is ubiquitous in animals and humans, with some strains capable of causing disease. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative genomic analysis of 2732 generic <i>E. coli</i> isolates that were recovered from poultry samples collected from six regions in Canada as part of the National Microbiological Baseline study in Broiler Chicken. Isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing and a subset (1122/2732) were tested for phenotypic resistance to 15 antimicrobials. These <i>E. coli</i> isolates were highly diverse, representing 376 serotypes, 236 sequence types and 21 pathotypes, of which 19 were hybrid pathotypes. A high concordance (>85%) between resistance phenotype and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and point mutations (resistance determinants) was observed for 13/15 antimicrobials. Over 95% of the β-lactam, fluoroquinolone, and phenicol resistance genes were predicted to be plasmid-borne. The number of resistance determinants per genome was highest in Quebec, while resistance genes associated with β-lactam resistance were more frequently detected in isolates from British Columbia. Generic <i>E. coli</i> in Canadian poultry are highly diverse, can carry pathotype-associated virulence factors and resistance determinants of clinical significance with a risk of emerging into pathogenic strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143000704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular epidemiology and in silico prediction of ciprofloxacin resistance in <i>Salmonella enterica</i> in Canada, 2017-2022.","authors":"MacKenzie A P Wilke, Ketna Mistry, David Thumbi, Xiao Rui Li, Audrey Charlebois, Ashley C Cormier, Katrina Mickanuck, Brent P Avery, Colleen Murphy, Anne E Deckert, Ashley Kearney, Jennifer Campbell, Sara Christianson, David C Alexander, Sameh El Bailey, Sadjia Bekal, Linda Chui, Xiaofeng Ding, Tanis C Dingle, David Haldane, Linda Hoang, Jessica Minion, Samir Patel, George Zahariadis, Celine Nadon, Michael R Mulvey, Carolee A Carson, Richard J Reid-Smith, Amrita Bharat","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0118","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ciprofloxacin is important for treatment of severe or invasive <i>Salmonella</i> infections in humans. As laboratories transition from phenotypic to genomics-based methods for determining ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility, it is important to define the correlation between genetic determinants of resistance and phenotypic outcomes. Here, we examined ciprofloxacin resistance mechanisms in <i>Salmonella</i> and tested the hypothesis that isolates containing only one mechanism had intermediate resistance while isolates containing two or more mechanisms had full resistance according to breakpoints from the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Among 13 750 human and food/animal <i>Salmonella enterica</i> isolates, 2325 were predicted to be non-susceptible to ciprofloxacin using whole genome sequencing and Staramr. The most common mechanisms of resistance were mutations in <i>gyrA</i> (especially S83F and D87N/D87Y) and the <i>qnrB19</i> allele. Only 28% of ciprofloxacin resistant isolates had two or more resistance mechanisms; the remainder contained only one mechanism. Of isolates with two or more mechanisms, only 63% were resistant. Thus, the number of genetic determinants of ciprofloxacin resistance in an isolate could not reliably differentiate the ciprofloxacin intermediate or resistant categories when using North American breakpoints. Predicting ciprofloxacin intermediate/resistant as a single non-susceptible category would facilitate global standardization of data to inform public health surveillance, treatment guidelines, and stewardship.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of shrub willow chip organic amendments impacts soil microbial community dynamics.","authors":"Yvonne Uwituze, Judith Nyiraneza, Kyra Dougherty, Cameron Wagg, Yefang Jiang, Jacynthe Dessureaut-Rompré, Fatima Mitterboeck, Tandra D Fraser","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0110","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Incorporating shrub willow chips into soil may improve the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soils with low organic matter but the impact on soil microbial communities and their dynamics is not known. We assessed changes in the soil microbial communities in response to willow chip applied at increasing rates (0, 20, 40, and 60 Mg ha^-1) in a potato-barley cropping system. Bacterial and fungal community diversity, relative abundance, and potential functions were assessed using amplicon sequencing of 16S and ITS rRNA genes at six time points. High rates (40 and 60 Mg ha^-1) of willow chips had no effect on bacterial alpha diversity but significantly decreased fungal alpha diversity (Shannon) while increasing fungal richness (Chao-1). At rates of 40 Mg ha^-1 and higher, the relative abundance of copiotrophic bacterial groups increased, while that of copiotrophic fungal groups decreased. The relative abundance of the most dominant microbial phyla and genera varied over time, with copiotrophic groups declining and oligotrophic groups increasing. High willow chip application rates increased bacterial molecular markers related to carbon fixation and degradation, nitrogen fixation, and phosphorus solubilization, while decreasing markers related to cellobiose transport and denitrification. This study demonstrates the ability of willow chips to influence the microbial community composition and potential function over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative metagenomics reveals limited differences in antimicrobial resistance gene abundance across conventional and natural livestock production systems.","authors":"Catrione Lee, Rahat Zaheer, Krysty Thomas, Dominic Poulin-Laprade, Guylaine Talbot, Moussa S Diarra, Gary Van Domselaar, Athanasios Zovoilis, Tim A McAllister","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0191","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The livestock industry has been a source of concern in terms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development and spread, especially from a One Health perspective. Raising livestock without antimicrobials, so called natural (NAT) production, is an increasingly popular practice. This study used metagenomics to compare this practice to conventional (CONV) antimicrobial use (AMU) on the microbiome and resistome in the feces of beef cattle and swine and the cecal contents of broiler chickens. In cattle, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, and Spirochaetes were more abundant (<i>q</i> < 0.01) in CONV than NAT systems, with no differences (<i>q</i> > 0.05) in bacterial profiles in either swine or chickens. Classes of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARG) were not impacted regardless of AMU in any of the livestock species. However, many tetracycline resistance genes were more abundant in CONV as compared to NAT swine (<i>q</i> < 0.05), but this difference was not observed in cattle or chickens. This study confirmed that elimination of AMU does not necessarily result in an immediate decline in the abundance or diversity of ARGs within a single livestock production cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VeA is involved in anti-tumor activity by regulating adenylosuccinate lyase to mediate the synthesis of Acadesine in endophytic <i>Fusarium solani</i>.","authors":"Rongfei Liu, Wen Zheng, Lu Cai, Qing Xiao, Guihua Liu, Yuling Jiang, Zhangjiang He, Jichuan Kang","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2024-0073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acadesine (AICAR) is a promising candidate for new drugs in Phase III clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to analyse the steps in the biosynthesis pathway of AICAR. Our previous study found that overexpression of <i>veA</i>, a gene encoding a global regulator, significantly increased AICAR production of endophytic <i>Fusarium solani</i> HB1-J1 and the anti-tumor activity of its extracts. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of FsveA^OE14, a <i>veA</i> overexpressing <i>F. solani</i> strain, revealed a 10-step AICAR synthesis pathway, with adenylosuccinate lyase PurB as a key enzyme. Generally, overexpressing <i>purB</i> (the gene encoding adenylosuccinate lyase) enhances AICAR synthesis. However, in FsveA^OE14, despite down-regulation of <i>purB</i>, AICAR content increased, which is contradictory. Further studies revealed that expression levels of <i>purB</i> homologs gene, <i>pro06469</i> and <i>pro10879</i>, were upregulated in FsveA^OE14. This suggests that although <i>veA</i> overexpression leads to <i>purB</i> down-regulation, their up-regulation may compensate for the reduction of <i>purB</i>, thus affecting AICAR synthesis. Additionally, compared to the wild type, overexpressing <i>purB</i> significantly enhances the inhibitory activity of the strain's extracts against the nonsmall-cell lung cancer cell line A549. Furthermore, it also increases the metabolic levels of other anti-tumor compounds, including 3-methyladenine, taurine, and others. These results indicate that VeA regulates AICAR biosynthesis via key enzymes like PurB, enhancing AICAR and other anti-tumor compound production, thus increasing the anti-tumor activity of <i>F. solani</i> extracts<i>.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":"71 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144552317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disruption of MAPK signalling and amino acid biosynthesis underlies the antifungal biocontrol mechanism of <i>Coniochaeta velutina</i> against <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i>: a transcriptome and metabolome analysis.","authors":"Wei Zheng, Chunling Yang, Chengbo Zhou, Tianxiao Ma, Qingsong Zhu, Zhuoqi Li","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2023-0223","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2023-0223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> is a destructive pathogen that causes significant economic and ecological losses in agricultural and forestry production. In search of effective biocontrol agents, this study isolated an endophytic fungus, <i>Coniochaeta velutina</i>, from healthy <i>Camellia oleifera</i> leaves and investigated its in vitro inhibitory mechanism on <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> using transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses. These findings were used to evaluate the differences in gene expression and metabolite content between the treatment (<i>Coniochaeta velutina</i>-treated <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i>) and control (untreated <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i>) groups. The transcriptomic analysis detected a total of 15 310 expressed genes, with 3938 showing significant differential expression (<i>p</i> < 0.05) (2093 upregulated and 1845 downregulated genes). These genes were enriched primarily in the following pathways: mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, antibiotic biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, carbon metabolism, and peroxidase pathways. Metabolomic analysis revealed 452 metabolites in both groups, with 138 showing significant differences. These genes were enriched mainly in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Transcriptome and metabolome association analyses, along with qRT-PCR results, revealed that the levels of intracellular pectolinarigenin metabolites significantly increased in the treatment group, leading to disrupted MAPK signalling and reduced amino acid biosynthesis, which are essential for maintaining normal cell growth. Notably, the decrease in terpenoid compounds was the primary reason that <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> was inhibited by the biocontrol fungus <i>Coniochaeta velutina.</i> Therefore, these findings provide valuable insights into the biocontrol mechanisms of <i>Coniochaeta velutina</i> against <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> and offer a promising foundation for the development of new anthracnose prevention and control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144118842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, identification, and community study of root fungal isolates from disturbed and undisturbed Arctic and alpine tundra habitats in Northern Quebec, Canada.","authors":"Léonie Côté, Godar Sene, Marie-Eve Beaulieu, Stéphane Boudreau, Damase P Khasa","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0211","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2024-0211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In northern ecosystems such as the subarctic tundra, mining activities increase stress to a point where actions are needed to promote site reclamation. Ecological restoration of these mining-impacted sites with beneficial microorganisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, is considered necessary and useful for the growth and survival of their host plants, but also for their tolerance to poor and contaminated environments, such as mine tailings. Here, we are interested in root symbionts associated with plants from the Schefferville mining site in northern Quebec. Very few studies of root fungal communities have been conducted in such a northern environment. The spatial and host plant variation of root fungal isolates was investigated. A total of 456 culturable fungi were isolated, of which 376 were successfully identified and assigned to 106 taxa based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer analysis using ITSF-1 and ITS-4 primers. The most commonly isolated fungi belonged to three genetically related groups: the <i>Rhizoscyphus ericae</i> aggregate, the dark septate endophytes, and <i>Umbelopsis rammaniana</i> and <i>Mortierella</i> sp., which are known to be genetically very close and often misclassified as one another. These groups were present on both disturbed and natural sites, but it appears that plants from disturbed sites had a greater affinity for dark septate endophytes. This study is the first step in the development of a restoration plan for the Schefferville mining site, and the baseline data obtained open new avenues for future studies, including the use of indigenous mycorrhizal-based biofertilizers to implement ecological revegetation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated genomic approaches improve <i>Treponema pallidum</i> phylogenetics and lineage classification.","authors":"George S Long, Nishant Singh, Samir N Patel, Thomas Braukmann, Raymond S W Tsang, Venkata R Duvvuri","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0021","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Syphilis cases have been consistently rising since its near elimination in the late 1990s. This resurgence, along with increasing rates of macrolide resistance and congenital syphilis, has triggered renewed efforts to better understand and control the disease. We analyzed 827 <i>Treponema pallidum</i> genomes and created a new genome-based hierarchical lineage framework, recapitulating the major <i>T. pallidum</i> lineages and characterizing sub-lineages. An updated pangenome was constructed, revealing that <i>T. pallidum</i> subsp. <i>pallidum</i> lineages are determined by a single hypothetical major outer sheath C-terminal domain-containing gene, while no significant genetic difference was observed between <i>T. pallidum</i> subsp. <i>pertenue</i> and <i>T. pallidum</i> subsp. <i>endemicum</i>. This study introduces an integrated genomic approach to characterize <i>T. pallidum</i> and highlights the significance of pangenomes in supporting public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Somatic coliphages as bioindicators of contamination in Lake Guamuez, Colombia.","authors":"Mario Andres Pantoja-España, Miller Cerón Gómez, Eddy Patricia López Molano, Raúl Mauricio Insuasty, Eduardo Ibarguen-Mondragón, María Alejandra Mármol Martínez, Deisy Lorena Guerrero-Ceballos, Jenny Dimelza Gómez Arrieta, Juan Camilo Paz García, Pablo Heyman Fernández Izquierdo, Arsenio Hidalgo Troya, Sandra Jaqueline Mena-Huertas, Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki, Gislene Mitsue Namiyama, Edith Mariela Burbano-Rosero","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2023-0147","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2023-0147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lake Guamuez is the second largest lake in Colombia and economically supports hundreds of families in the area. The main activities carried out in the region have focused on tourism, agriculture, livestock, and rainbow trout production; however, these activities have been associated with contamination of the lake. This research aimed to evaluate the water quality of Lake Guamuez using somatic coliphages (SCs) as bioindicators. For this purpose, periodic sampling was carried out for 6 months at nine strategic points of the lake. For the detection of SCs, the method described in 9211 D of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater was used. The genomic variability and presence of virulence genes in the isolated SCs were determined. Water contamination in the lake is evident, and the SCs titer is greater in areas with a high flow of anthropogenic activities. An important degree of genetic diversity and a high prevalence of virulence genes could be observed among the SCs analyzed. The results when compared with guidelines and water quality standards from various countries showed concentrations of SCs higher than those allowed. The high prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases in the region suggests a link to water contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}