Canadian journal of microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Development of metals as antimicrobials: knowledge gaps and future directions.","authors":"Raymond J Turner","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0316","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We now find ourselves in the antimicrobial resistance era, where antibiotic-resistant bacteria are of increasing concern, leading to a need for new and novel antimicrobial agents. Unfortunately, interest in developing new antibiotics in the pharmaceutical industry has dwindled over the decades. Regardless, academic researchers over the past decade have made strides in exploring alternative options, and out of this, we see the field revisiting historical infection control agents. From this, we now see a field of research exploring the efficacy of metal-based antimicrobials (MBAs) and metalloantibiotics. These antimicrobial agents are formulated as metal salts, alloys, metal complexes, organometallics, and nanomaterials. Many effective formulations have been developed for various applications in which metals are used as antimicrobials that are effective against antibiotic-resistant strains. This critical opinion focuses on the use of metal salts as antimicrobial and antibiofilm treatments. The review identifies potential misinterpretations of mechanisms, knowledge gaps, areas that have been overlooked, and potential ideas to move forward. The goal here is to understand the challenges of dissecting the primary and secondary modes of action of MBAs to formulate effective antimicrobials containing metal elements. Finally, parameters that metal formulations must meet to become successful treatments without falling to the same fate as antibiotics are suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of non-O1 and non-O139 <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> from seafood in Atlantic Canada.","authors":"Bojan Shutinoski, Sandeep Tamber, Swapan Banerjee, Sabah Bidawid","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0098","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reports on a comprehensive genomic analysis of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> strains isolated from shellfish grown in Atlantic Canada, specifically the non-choleragenic non-O1/non-O139 serogroups (NOVC), with the aim to provide a baseline in research of these bacteria and inform risk characterization to human exposure. Seafood homogenates were enriched using both standard saline and modified salt-free protocols, for recovery of <i>V. cholerae</i>. Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), and relatedness was assessed using composite correlation index (CCI) analysis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Genomic characterization through whole-genome sequencing revealed that Canadian NOVC isolates cluster with environmental strains previously reported from coastal New Hampshire, USA, while CCI and MLST analyses confirmed that the isolates are closely related to each other, with several representing novel sequence types. Bioinformatic screening identified gene clusters encoding secretion systems, adherence factors, and accessory toxins, although cholera toxin genes (<i>ctx</i>) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (<i>tcp</i>) were absent. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that all isolates were sensitive to the antibiotics tested and exhibited β-hemolysis. In light of the evidence of increase in sea surface water temperature, these findings provide the first comprehensive genomic and phenotypic baseline of NOVC strains from Canadian shellfish and underscore the importance of continued surveillance as a potential increase in NOVC prevalence and human exposure risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148210243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic characterization of four novel Twort-group bacteriophages infecting <i>Staphylococcus hyicus</i>.","authors":"Mousumi Sarker Chhanda, Eya Ladhari, Valérie E Paquet, Rébecca E St-Laurent, Audrey Turmel, Martine Denicourt, Marie-Ève Lambert, Antony T Vincent, Steve J Charette","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2026-0078","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2026-0078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exudative epidermitis (EE) in piglets, caused by the bacterium <i>Staphylococcus hyicus</i>, remains a major concern for the swine industry, particularly due to antimicrobial resistance. Bacteriophages represent a promising alternative treatment. This study aimed to isolate and characterize phages infecting <i>S. hyicus</i> from EE-affected swine farm environments in Quebec. Four novel phages (BQE1, BQE4, BQE7, BQL4) were isolated from water and manure samples. All produced clear plaques (<1 mm) and reached titers of 10⁸-10¹⁰ PFU/mL. Electron microscopy revealed myovirus morphology. Their genomes (115.4-134.5 kb) are closely related to the already described Twort phage but distinct from other <i>S. hyicus</i> phages. No virulence or antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in their genome. Host range analysis across 58 staphylococcal strains showed broad activity against <i>S. hyicus</i> (77%-80% susceptibility), whereas the Twort phage was largely ineffective (4%). Adsorption and growth assays indicated efficient infection, with latent periods of ∼50 min and burst sizes of 10-13 PFU/cell. Phages remained stable at 4 °C and room temperature but were less stable at 31 °C. Overall, these Twort-like phages display strong lytic activity and favorable genomic and biological characteristics, supporting their potential as targeted alternatives to antibiotics for controlling EE in swine production.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":"72 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148872739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The infection-exclusive proteome of murine extracellular vesicles defines <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>-induced immune response signatures.","authors":"Effie Honeywell, Brianna Ball, Arjun Sukumaran, Benjamin Muselius, Gisela Ströhle, Huiyan Li, Jennifer Geddes-McAlister","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0043","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, lipid bi-layered structures released from various cell types throughout the body. These structures are responsible for the delivery of proteins, compounds, and communication signals across spatial distances. EVs are highly important to diverse biological processes within mammalian systems, including roles in cellular maintenance and homeostasis of physiological conditions and response to infection, and they have the potential to serve as diagnostic hallmarks of infection. Despite these advances and promise, knowledge of the dynamics of EV production and composition during bacterial infection is limited. In this study, we characterize phenotypic traits and proteome remodeling of host EVs derived from murine models during a state of infection by the bacterial pathogen, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, compared to an uninfected control. Phenotypic profiling defines consistent size, diameter, and number of EVs from samples across infectious states, whereas a closer look into molecular regulation at the protein level defines core and infection-exclusive proteomes. Within the core proteome (i.e., protein detection common between plasma from uninfected vs. infected samples) clustering based on infectious state was observed and significant increase (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in fibrinogen production upon infection were reported. Conversely, assessment of the infection-exclusive EV proteome supported detection of EVs by Gene Ontology Cellular Component classification revealed an enrichment of proteins associated with blood microparticles, membrane-bound, and the extracellular region, and highlighted the production of immune-associated proteins classified by Gene Ontology Biological Processes. Overall, this study emphasizes complex reprogramming of the host EV proteome upon exposure to <i>K. pneumoniae</i> within a murine model of infection and proposes protein-level signatures indicative of bacterial infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145997369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No evidence of influenza A virus infection in marine mammals stranded in Basque Country coast (Northern Spain) in the context of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b expansion.","authors":"Ane López-Morales, Denis Benito, Xeider Gerrikagoitia, Vega Alvarez, Xabier Lekube, Urtzi Izagirre, Manu Soto, Jose Luis Lavín, Marta Barral","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0211","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza A infection is frequently detected in marine mammals causing mortality events of different magnitude. In recent years, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) has been rapidly expanding and infecting a new variety of avian and mammalian species, including marine mammals. Given this new epidemiological context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influenza A virus infection of marine mammals stranded on the Basque Country coast. 38 marine mammals were studied (2012-2024), most of them (79%) being dolphins (striped dolphin, common dolphin, and common bottlenose dolphin). At necropsy, samples were collected from lung, intestine, and central nervous system when possible. During 2024, serum samples and oropharyngeal, nasal, and faeces/rectum swabs were also collected. Real-time RT-qPCR was applied for influenza A virus detection in tissue and swab samples, and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies against influenza A viruses. All samples tested negative by PCR and ELISA. Despite the negative results obtained, we consider the continuation of the monitoring of influenza viruses in marine mammals essential by establishing collaboration networks and standardized protocols that allow us to gain insight into the epidemiology of influenza viruses in these species.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147347349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic suppression of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> virulence: growth kinetics, cereulide quantification, and PlcR-PapR pathway disruption under <i>Lacticaseiibacillus casei, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i>, and consortia co-culture conditions.","authors":"Himani Parihar, Priyanka Chaturvedi, Ranu Dayal, Rimjhim Pathak, Prem Saran Tirumalai","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2026-0087","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2026-0087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Bacillus cereus</i> emetic poisoning is mediated by cereulide, a thermostable cyclic depsipeptide encoded by the <i>cesA</i>/<i>cesB</i> operon under PlcR-PapR control. Once formed, cereulide resists heat and standard food processing, making transcriptional intervention the only viable biocontrol strategy. <i>Lacticaseibacillus casei</i> National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM) 2125, <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> NCIM 2083, and a three-strain consortium additionally containing <i>Bifidobacterium bifidum</i> NCIM 5697 were co-cultured with <i>B. cereus</i> NCIM 2217 in brain heart infusion broth (1:1 v/v; OD₆₀₀ = 0.1; 37 °C) over 24-72 h (<i>n</i> = 3). Viable counts were determined by standard plate count, cereulide by LC-MS following liquid-liquid extraction, and <i>cesA</i>/<i>cesB</i> transcripts by RT-qPCR (2⁻ΔΔCT, dual housekeeping-gene normalisation). <i>Lacticaseibacillus casei</i> inhibited growth at 24 h only (1.97 log CFU/mL; <i>p</i> = 0.021). The consortia achieved 18.0% area-under-curve reduction and 81.6% cereulide suppression at 48 h (<i>p</i> < 0.001; Cohen's <i>d</i> = 29.03). A protein-mRNA paradox emerged: <i>L. plantarum</i> suppressed <i>cesA</i> by 87.9% at 48 h, yet cereulide rose 10.5% above control (<i>p</i> = 0.007), attributable to depsipeptide stability post-secretion. Consortium <i>ces</i> silencing at 24 h (<i>cesA</i> FC = 0.0031) preceded peak synthesis, yielding a 77.5 percentage-point synergy bonus. Effective cereulide biocontrol requires <i>ces</i> silencing before the synthesis window closes, a criterion met only by the consortia.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Shewanella oncorhynchi</i> isolated from a recirculatory aquaculture system (RAS) in Alberta, Canada.","authors":"Xiaoji Liu, Calvin Ho-Fung Lau, Natalia Lorenc, David Rolland, Scott Hrycauk, Jennifer Ronholm","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0173","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Certain <i>Shewanella</i> spp. cause spoilage of seafood. However, <i>Shewanella</i> from fish production facilities in Canada have not yet been characterized. In our study, we first isolated <i>Shewanella oncorhynchi</i> S23-S33 (S2-3) from the water in a rainbow trout tank from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) facility located in Alberta, Canada. Later we found another strain (FD-1) from the biofilters from the same facility. Whole genome sequencing revealed that both strains possess gene clusters for the biosynthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid and we confirmed the production in FD-1 by gas chromatography. Phylogenetic analyses showed the close relatedness of FD-1 and S2-3 to <i>S. oncorhynchi</i> S-1. Rainbow trout filets inoculated with FD-1 turned brown in colour compared to uninoculated. However, when we inoculated retail pink salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>) with either FD-1 or S2-3, we did not observe the brown colour change. The storage time had a significant (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) impact on the lightness (L^*), red/green (a^*), and yellow/blue (b^*) of pink salmon. In summary, our research note records the preliminary characterization of <i>Shewanella</i> from a RAS trout facility in Alberta, Canada.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":"72 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Klebsiella</i> sp. IR6, an endophytic rhizobacteria with potential as a plant growth-promoting agent for jalapeño pepper (<i>Capsicum annum</i> L.) production.","authors":"Dulce Hernández-Luna, Ignacio Eduardo Maldonado-Mendoza, Rosario Alicia Fierro-Coronado, Francisco Roberto Quiroz-Figueroa, Jesús Eduardo Cazares-Álvarez, Rubén Félix-Gastelum, Rosa María Longoria-Espinoza","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0311","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offer a sustainable alternative to mitigate the excessive use of synthetic agrochemicals in modern agriculture. This study focused on the isolation and molecular characterization of endophytic bacteria from jalapeño pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) to evaluate their multi-functional PGPR traits and antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Phylogenetic analysis identified several genera, including <i>Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, Klebsiella, Aeromonas</i>, and <i>Enterobacter</i>. Among these, <i>Klebsiella</i> IR6 and <i>Enterobacter</i> IR9 significantly enhanced vegetative vigor under greenhouse conditions compared to the untreated control. These isolates demonstrated robust phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and in vitro antagonism against <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> (15%-34% growth inhibition). Furthermore, endophytic colonization of the root tissues by <i>Klebsiella</i> IR6 was successfully validated via confocal scanning microscopy using green fluorescent protein-tagged cells transformed with the pAD4325 plasmid. These findings suggest that <i>Enterobacter</i> and <i>Klebsiella</i> isolates are promising biotechnological tools for optimizing horticultural yields, while reducing chemical dependence. Nevertheless, further field evaluations across diverse jalapeño hybrids are essential to validate the consistency and stability of both as reliable bio-inoculants for sustainable agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148758136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vanillin derivatives as antifungal agents against <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>: in vitro activity, in vivo efficacy, and mechanistic insights.","authors":"Orlando Flores-Maldonado, Karla de Anda-Mora, Jimena G Jiménez-Barrientos, Jorge Dávila-Aviña, Valeria Muñiz-Bernal, Ana L Ríos-López","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0295","DOIUrl":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The World Health Organization includes <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> on the list of fungal pathogens of critical priority for the development of new therapeutic options, due to the emergence of antifungal-resistant strains and high mortality rates. This work evaluated the antifungal activity of vanillin, <i>o</i>-vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillin acetate against <i>A. fumigatus</i>. Broth microdilution assays were performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the phenolic compounds. Moreover, the ability of vanillin and its derivatives to inhibit conidial adhesion and biofilm formation at subinhibitory concentrations was assessed. The possible mechanism of action of the compounds by molecular docking was evaluated. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of the molecules was analyzed in an in vivo aspergillosis model. Vanillin and its derivatives exhibited antifungal effects against <i>A. fumigatus</i> at concentrations of 0.25-1 mmol/L; notably, <i>o</i>-vanillin showed higher antifungal activity (0.25 mmol/L). Furthermore, vanillin, <i>o</i>-vanillin, and vanillin acetate reduced conidial adhesion and biofilm formation at subinhibitory concentrations. These compounds decreased ergosterol concentration, and in silico analysis showed that phenolic compounds interact with ERG5, ERG6, and ERG11. Vanillin and <i>o</i>-vanillin demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against an aspergillosis model. Overall, these results highlight the antifungal activity of vanillin and <i>o</i>-vanillin against <i>A. fumigatus</i> as a potential therapeutic alternative.</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horizontal transfer of QAC resistance genes between <i>Listeria innocua</i> and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> strains isolated from a food production environment.","authors":"Yarlenis Coello-Delgado, Adrián Gómez Baltazar, Mauricio Redondo-Solano, Angélica Godínez Oviedo, Juan Ramiro Pacheco Aguilar, Montserrat Hernández Iturriaga","doi":"10.1139/cjm-2025-0315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2025-0315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to determine the presence of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes in <i>Listeria</i> spp. strains and to evaluate the effect of temperature and substrate on interspecies gene transfer. A total of 23 <i>L. monocytogenes</i> strains, four <i>L. innocua</i> and 37 <i>Listeria</i> spp. isolates (excluding <i>L. grayi</i>, <i>L. ivanovii</i>, <i>L. seeligeri</i>, and <i>L. welshimeri</i>) were recovered from surfaces in a frozen vegetable processing facility. The presence of the <i>bcr</i>ABC gene was assessed by endpoint PCR. The <i>bcr</i>ABC gene was detected in 73.91% (17/23) of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> isolates, in 50.00% (2/4) of <i>L. innocua</i> strains and was not detected in the other <i>Listeria</i> species (0/37). Two <i>L. innocua</i> strains carrying the <i>bcr</i>ABC gene and two <i>L. monocytogenes</i> strains lacking it were selected for mixed culture experiments. Four co-cultures were prepared, inoculated into tryptic soy broth and spinach extract, and incubated at 4, 25, and 36 °C for 10 days. Horizontal transfer of the <i>bcr</i>ABC gene was observed in 7.87% (17/216) of reactions in tryptic soy broth and spinach extract, with higher frequencies at 25 °C (10/216, 4.63%) and 36 °C (6/216, 2.78%) and lower frequencies at 4 °C (1/216, 0.46%). Recipient <i>L. monocytogenes</i> strains revealed increased resistance to QACs (500 μg/mL).</p>","PeriodicalId":9381,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":"72 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}