British Poultry Science最新文献

{"title":"Potential of accelerometer tags for monitoring of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix japonica</i>) reproductive behaviour.","authors":"F B Rossi, C Simian, R Fonseca, M C Bosch, R H Marin, L Barberis, J M Kembro","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2399600","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2399600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Monitoring behavioural dynamics in complex animal environments, such as poultry breeding facilities, poses a challenge. Utilising technological approaches, such as accelerometers, offers a solution to assess long-term changes in reproductive activity at an individual bird level. Specifically, these sensors measure acceleration associated with the position and movements of the body over time. However, it is important to assess the most suitable method for attaching accelerometer tags to ensure they do not negatively impact behaviour and yield high-quality data.2. The potential of tri-axial accelerometer tags for assessing reproductive behaviour in Japanese quail was evaluated. Two attachment methods - a backpack (plastic platform with elastic bands near wing bases) and a patch (accelerometer on fabric glued to the synsacrum region) - were compared. Controls were handled similarly but without tags. Eighteen pairs of females were housed in pens and assessed immediately and 24 h after handling. After a week of habituation, a male from the same treatment group was introduced into each pen on d 8. The reproductive behaviour of the males was recorded using accelerometers and video recordings.3. The results showed that birds with patches were able to remove their conspecific's accelerometer and displayed an increased initial immobility response compared to the control and backpack groups. The presence of accelerometer tags did not impact male/female reproductive interactions nor fear responses to a novel object. From accelerometer recordings, male reproductive behaviour was easily identified as high amplitude fluctuations in the three axial components of the acceleration vectors, which was reflected as large values of dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA).4. In conclusion, the use of backpacks with accelerometers is a useful strategy to address highly relevant and difficult to tackle behavioural topics such as the temporal dynamic of male reproductive behaviour within breeding groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"19-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of intermittent lighting program and light colour on ocular health variables as welfare indicators in broiler chickens.","authors":"E Derelі Fіdan, R Yaygıngül, M Kaya","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2383911","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2383911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of lighting programs and light colour on ocular health variables as welfare indicators in Ross 308 broilers.2. A total of 384, male, one-d-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were placed in a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of lighting program (continuous or intermittent) and light colour (white and green LED light). Ross 308 broilers under restricted lighting had 18 h of light (18 L:6D), while those under intermittent lighting had cycles of 17 L:3D:1 L:3D throughout the experimental period, which lasted 42 d.3. At the end of the experiment, all eyes of birds (<i>n</i> = 96 birds) underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included the Schirmer tear test I, intraocular pressure and eye dimensions. In addition, 32 broilers (eight birds per trial groups) aged 42 d underwent ophthalmic examination to include assessment of ocular ultrasound biometry.4. Light colour had a significant influence on the mean intraocular pressure (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The Ross 308 broilers kept with intermittent lighting had lower eye weights (2.29 g; <i>p</i> < 0.05), palpebral fissure length (14.39 mm; <i>p</i> < 0.01), eye dorsoventral diameter (17.46 mm; <i>p</i> < 0.05), anteroposterior size (13.70 mm; <i>p</i> < 0.01) and corneal dorsoventral diameter (7.81 mm; <i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to those reared under restricted lighting.5. In conclusion, these values for Ross 308 broilers may be applied in poultry ophthalmology to detect early eye disease symptoms and to help the diagnosis of tear disorders that could cause economic losses and welfare issues. Intermittent lighting and green LED light may help reduce eye health problems thus contributing to improved welfare in broilers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"10-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of goose-derived adiponectin peptide gADP3 on LPS-induced inflammatory injury in goose liver.","authors":"B Ma, Y Zheng, S Liu, Y Qiu, X Xing, M Gao, Z Cao, X Luan","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2393960","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2393960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study evaluated the effects and mechanisms of action of the peptide gADP3 on hepatic inflammatory injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).2. Hepatic inflammatory injury was induced in geese by intraperitoneal injection of LPS and gADP3, and the adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon (positive control) was used for potential amelioration. Serum inflammatory factor levels, liver function-related biochemical indicators and oxidative stress-related biochemical parameters in the liver tissues were determined. The expression levels of adiponectin and its receptors, inflammation and oxidative stress-related genes and key signalling molecules involved in adiponectin, inflammation and oxidative stress signalling pathways in liver tissues were detected.3. The peptide gADP3 alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatic inflammatory changes, reversed the decrease in serum albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) content or activity induced by LPS and increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase).4. The peptide gADP3 upregulated the expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes GCLC, HO-1 and NQO1 in liver tissues, decreased the levels of inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TGF-β and reduced mRNA expression levels of inflammatory-related genes TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and TGF-β. Additionally, it increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of adiponectin and its receptors, as well as key molecules in the adiponectin signalling pathway like AMPK and PPARα. In addition, gADP3 reversed the changes in mRNA or protein expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress signalling pathway-related genes P38MAPK, NF-κBP65, TLR4 and Nrf2 in liver tissues caused by LPS treatment.5. In conclusion, goose-derived adiponectin peptide gADP3, similar to the adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon, attenuated LPS-induced hepatic inflammatory injury in geese.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"49-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical and economic performance favours fully automated climate control broiler housing.","authors":"A Trentin, D J D Talamini, A Coldebella, A C Pedroso, T M A Gomes","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2394182","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2394182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study compared two broiler housing models with different technologies (conventional <i>versus</i> fully automated climate control) to verify their performance and carcass characteristics at slaughter, as well as the economics of production.2. A database regarding 20 443 flocks of heavy broilers produced in an integrated operation during the years 2020 and 2021, in eight Brazilian regions was used in the analysis. The dependent variables included feed conversion, average live weight gain, total and partial carcass condemnation and the total mortality. For economic analysis, the production cost of each technology including feed, labour, energy, heating and depreciation was calculated.3. The technology used in the broiler houses had a significant effect on the technical indicators which were positive for fully automated climate control in most geographical regions. One important exception was the effect on total and partial carcass condemnations, with better results seen for conventional housing. The total cost per ton of broiler meat delivered, deducting condemnation losses, was lower in the automated climate controlled housing compared to conventional housing.4. In conclusion, there was a reduction in broiler chicken production costs for birds raised in fully automated climate controlled housing, indicating better economic results for this model in Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic analysis of long non-coding RNA and mRNA in pigeon squab pectoralis muscle development.","authors":"D Miao, C Zhang, X Wu, Y Wang, V S Chowdhury, H Yang, Z Wang","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2451248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2451248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. As one of the most widespread poultry species in the world, pigeons have been bred primarily for meat production due to their high nutritional value and good taste. Their breast muscle is an important economic product as it determines the yield and quality of meat from pigeons.2. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in transcription and post-transcriptional regulation, but research on the molecular mechanisms of this process in pectoral muscle development in pigeon squabs is lacking.3. Herein, RNA sequencing was used to analyse these mechanisms in pigeon squabs at different ages: 3(D3), 14 (D14) and 25 d (D25). A total of 56 169 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNA and 29 939 DE mRNA were identified among the three age groups, of which 483 were differentially co-expressed. A lncRNA-mRNA interaction network was constructed, and cis-trans identification, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed.4. The results showed that lncRNA affected muscle development through the cell cycle, cytoskeleton in muscle cells, motor proteins, extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and other signalling pathways. Five DE lncRNA and mRNA were selected (<i>LTCONS_00073284,LTCONS_00012834</i>, <i>LTCONS_00032767</i>, <i>LTCONS_00041298</i>, <i>LTCONS_00028245;TNNC1</i>, <i>XIRP1</i>, <i>PITX3</i>, <i>COL4A6</i>, and <i>TNNT3</i>). Their expression patterns were validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR), which were consistent with the high-through sequencing results.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143063985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of pathogenicity factors of avian pathogenic and extraintestinal pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates originating from broiler chickens.","authors":"S Sariçam İnce, A Ünal, M Akan","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2451242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2451242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. <i>E. coli</i> is an opportunist pathogen of animals, including food-producing ones and humans. Chickens may be a notable source of pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant <i>E. coli</i> for transmission to humans.2. This study compared virulence-associated genes (VGs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in avian pathogenic <i>E. coli</i> (APEC) and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) isolates from broiler chickens, specifically APEC isolates in liver samples (<i>n</i> = 78) and ExPEC or non-ExPEC isolates in litter samples (<i>n</i> = 34). Virulence was evaluated by PCR for <i>feoB, hlyF, iroN, iss, iutA</i> and <i>ompT</i> genes, while AMR was evaluated by using antimicrobials from seven classes and detecting <i>bla_SHV, bla_TEM, bla_OXA, qnrB, stcM, mrc1, mrc2, sul1</i> and <i>tetA</i> genes.3. The APEC isolates were found in 100% of livers, while ExPEC and non-ExPEC isolates were found in 44% and 56% of the litter samples. The predominant VG was <i>feoB</i> (100%), followed by <i>ompT</i> (63%), <i>iutA</i> (60%), <i>iss</i> (58%) and <i>hlyF</i> (43%). Surprisingly, <i>iroN, omp T</i> and <i>iutA</i> had higher prevalences in APEC isolates (85%, 96% and 96%, respectively) than in ExPEC isolates (73%, 87% and 73%, respectively) and non-ExPEC isolates (0% for all). The presence of all VG in 33% of isolates indicated high pathogenicity.4. The isolates were phenotypically resistant to ampicillin (93%), ceftazidime (72%) and nalidixic acid (82%). All APEC and ExPEC isolates (100%) were multidrug resistant (MDR), while 63% of non-ExPEC isolates were MDR. Genotypic AMR testing revealed that 53% and 52% of all isolates had <i>stcM</i> and <i>tetA</i>, respectively. No isolate was positive for <i>bla_SHV, bla_OXA, mrc1</i> or <i>mrc2</i>, which suggested the benefits of colistin for treating carbapenem-resistant enteric pathogens, due to the high resistance detected to meropenem (47%).5. Given the potential pathogenicity of <i>E. coli</i> isolates, improving biosecurity practices in chicken flocks should be prioritised to eliminate transmission to humans through the food chain.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> isolates from the poultry production chain in Zhejiang Province, China: antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genotypic profiling.","authors":"Y Xu, X Ji, X Chen, G Gui, T He, Y Xiao, L Lv, W Lyu","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2436995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2436995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study investigated antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genotypic profiling among <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> isolated from three sources (poultry farms, slaughterhouses and retail markets) in the poultry production chain in Zhejiang Province, China, to assess its potential risk to public health.2. A total of 112 <i>P. mirabilis</i> strains were isolated from 409 samples, including 35 from poultry farms, 35 from slaughterhouses and 42 from retail markets. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using 18 antimicrobials in 9 categories, in which 110 (98.2%) strains were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR). These strains carried numerous antimicrobial resistance genes, with the sulphonamide resistance gene (<i>sul1</i>) having the highest rate (100%) and the polymyxin resistance gene (<i>mcr-1</i>) the lowest (3.6%).3. These isolates were validated to carry virulence genes <i>pmfA</i>, <i>mrpA</i>, <i>atfC</i>, <i>rsbA</i>, <i>atfA</i>, <i>ureC</i> and <i>ucaA</i> with the high prevalence of 96.4, 92.9, 92.0, 85.7, 85.7, 57.1 and 46.4%, respectively. Genotyping results using the ERIC-PCR indicated that the genetic similarity of all the isolates was 68.6% to 100% which fell into 4 clusters.4. The <i>P. mirabilis</i> isolates from the slaughterhouses exhibited higher levels of antibiotic resistance and a more pronounced MDR phenomenon than those from poultry farms and retail markets. The proportion of isolates carrying the most commonly detected resistant and virulence genes was higher in samples from poultry farms and slaughterhouses as opposed to retail markets. Importantly, there was genetic similarity and heterogeneity among <i>P. mirabilis</i> isolates from the three sources and genotypic diversity was the highest among isolates from retail markets, followed by slaughterhouses and poultry farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the genetic components of growth in ostriches with multi-trait and random regression models.","authors":"C Nel, A Gilmour, P Muvhali, S Cloete, M Kekana, A Engelbrecht","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2442697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2442697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The heritability (h²) of liveweight (LW) in ostriches can be highly variable, depending on age at recording. The objective of this study was to consider random regression (RR) as an alternative to the multi-trait (MT) structure for the analysis of repeated measures of LW.2. The data included 74 683 LW phenotypes recorded from 10 052 birds aged between 20 and 410 days (d) of age. Statistical analysis included single trait (ST), MT and RR analysis in a linear mixed model framework using the ASREML V4.2 software.3. For ST and MT, six traits were defined to represent LW at 28, 77, 150, 230, 300 and 365 d of age. Random variance components included direct genetic and maternal permanent environment (PE) effects. A MT analysis including all six traits converged.4. For RR, the data was transformed (LW + 10)^-0.5 due to difficulty in dealing with large scale effects. The final RR model fitted direct genetic and animal PE components as third degree Legendre polynomials and heterogeneous residuals.5. The h² estimates was in agreement across analysis, ranging from moderate (0.16-0.20) for W28 to high (0.41-0.51) for W230 to W365. Importantly, the genetic relationship between LW recorded as a chick and juvenile was only moderate (~0.35 to 0.55). The correlations between RR and MT EBVs for the six traits were 0.85, 0.54, 0.65, 0.75, 0.83 and 0.91, showing a considerable level of re-ranking.6. This study reaffirmed age dependent genetic variation when determining LW in ostriches. The RR structure was useful for overcoming the dimension problem of MT analysis, but was susceptible to scale effects present in the data, despite transformation. It remains unknown whether the need for cubic terms reflected scale or animal effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143000556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of using microalgae in poultry diets on the production and quality of meat and eggs: a review.","authors":"O Madacussengua, A R Mendes, A M Almeida, M Lordelo","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2420330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2420330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This review was conducted to examine the nutritional composition of microalgae and their effects as a feed ingredient in poultry diets, delving into their influence on the production and quality of meat and eggs. Data collection focused on peer-reviewed scientific articles, with no limitation on the temporal horizon.2. Regarding nutritional composition, the collected papers indicated that certain microalgae species have a rich nutritional composition, with approximately 50% of their biomass composed of proteins. They contain a high concentration of EPA and DHA, important fatty acids that are found in low concentrations in conventional feedstuffs, and the presence of carotenoids such as beta-carotene.3. Incorporating microalgae into the diet of poultry can improve performance variables, such as mortality, live weight and feed conversion rate. It promotes benefits in meat and egg quality, with reduced cholesterol, increased EPA and DHA, intensified colour and higher concentration of carotenoids.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of immersion-based and spray-based crate washing systems on the impact of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. reduction.","authors":"M Van der Eycken, K Hertogs, S Willems, M Heyndrickx, G Rasschaert","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2435013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2435013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1.During transport of broilers from farms to slaughterhouses, the interior of crates may become contaminated with faeces. When these crates are not cleaned and disinfected adequately, they pose a potential risk for the dissemination of pathogens, including <i>Campylobacter</i> spp., between slaughterhouses and farms.2. The aim of the trial was to compare the efficacy of immersion-based crate washing systems with a spray-based washing system in reducing <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. Therefore, the crate washing systems in two slaughterhouses were sampled. In one of these two slaughterhouses, the immersion-based crate washing system was replaced by a new spray-based system which was sampled. Samples were collected from the slaughterhouse equipment, the crate washing system as well as from the crates both before and after cleaning and disinfection (C&D). All samples were screened for the presence of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp.; water and crate samples were used for enumeration. Molecular typing was performed to investigate the source and routes of contamination.3. In all cases, crates were contaminated with <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. prior to washing. However, only the spray-based system achieved a significant reduction after C&D Molecular typing revealed that the same strains were present on the crates after C&D as before cleaning. Additionally, crates could become contaminated by previously cleaned crates <i>via</i> wash water in the immersion-based crate washing system.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142930672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}