British Poultry Science最新文献

{"title":"<i>In vivo</i> estimation of chicken breast and thigh muscle weights using multi-atlas-based elastic registration on computed tomography images.","authors":"Á Csóka, S E Simon, T P Farkas, S Szász, Z Sütő, Ö Petneházy, G Kovács, I Repa, T Donkó","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2472903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2472903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study employed an automated estimation method for quantitatively assessing valuable meat parts in broiler chickens. This involved the segmentation of computed tomography (CT) images through elastic registration, utilising feature and model selection.2. Sixty Tetra HB colour broiler chickens (30 males and 30 females) were randomly selected and examined by CT at 10 weeks of age (live weight: 2560 ± 400 g). The animals were slaughtered, and their breast and thigh muscles were dissected and weighed (thigh and breast weights were 90 ± 19 g and 337 ± 58 g). Multi-atlas registration was used for segmentation, followed by feature extraction (256 features/individual) from the CT images.3. Four different regression analysis techniques (linear, PLS, lasso and ridge) with and without feature selection were applied to the collected data with k-fold cross-validation for estimating the thigh and breast muscle weights. The feature selection produced significantly better results in all cases.4. Among the analysis techniques, lasso and ridge regression performed the best for both muscle groups (thigh and breast muscles). These were as follows: lasso for breast: r² = 0.993, RMSE = 4.87 g; ridge for breast: r² = 0.995, RMSE = 4.03 g; lasso for thigh: r² = 0.976, RMSE = 2.94 g; and ridge for thigh: r² = 0.965, RMSE = 3.53 g.5. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the automated method, initially tested on rabbits, in accurately estimating valuable meat parts of broiler chickens. The robust performance of the selected regression models underscores the potential for widespread application in poultry production, offering a reliable and efficient means of quantitative assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of high-level ghrelin on intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, nutrient transport and intestinal mucosal immune barrier in chickens.","authors":"Z-Y Xu, Y Yu, S-X Fu, J-Y Ma, B-B Li","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2456582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2456582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Chicken ghrelin (GH) plays an important role in regulating growth hormone secretion, immunity and gastrointestinal motility. This study utilised haematoxylin-eosin staining, quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blotting to examine the effects of high-level ghrelin on the proliferation of small intestinal epithelial cells, intestinal nutrient transport and the mucosal immune barrier in chicks.2. Eighty, 17-d-old layer type chicks were randomly divided into two groups: control (C treated with sterile phosphate buffer) and the ghrelin-treated group (GH; intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 nM GH per 100 g body weight). At 1, 3 and 5 d post-injection, six chicks from each group were randomly selected for sampling of the duodenum and ileum.3. Administering GH reduced the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein in the duodenum and leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 mRNA in both the duodenum and ileum. In addition, GH affected villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt (H/C) depth in these sections and fatty acid binding protein 6 expression in the ileum. The relative mRNA levels of oligopeptide transporter 1, solute carrier family 3 member 1, solute carrier family 1 member 1 and solute carrier family 5 member 1 were decreased by GH.4. Birds treated with GH had a decrease in duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes, Paneth cells and ileal goblet cells. There was a reduction in mucin 2 mRNA in goblet cells and lysozyme C and phospholipaseA2 mRNA in Paneth cells. Additionally, the relative mRNA levels of avian β-defensin 1 (AvBD1), AvBD6 and AvBD7 in the duodenum and ileum decreased with GH administration.5. The GH inhibited proliferation of chicken duodenal epithelial cells and decreased surface area available for intestinal villus absorption. This affected the transport of intestinal amino acids, glucose and bile acids and impaired the function of the mucosal immune barrier in both the duodenum and ileum.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-stage fertilised egg viability detection based on machine vision.","authors":"W Zhu, L Ma, Z Shi, Y Qiao, Q Li, B Pan, Z Feng, X Yang, J Cai, J Bai, L Sun","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2470275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2470275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. In the early stages of incubation, challenges arise in the intelligent recognition of multiple eggs on the incubation tray and in achieving consistent high-throughput detection. To address these issues, a method was proposed using a monochrome camera to capture transillumination images of eggs. This work examined factors affecting image consistency, such as light source intensity, imaging uniformity and egg positioning and developed a correction algorithm for non-uniform light intensity in the captured images.2. On day 0 of incubation, images of the egg tray and fertilised eggs were acquired. After applying median filtering, Laplacian sharpening and fixed-threshold segmentation, the egg regions from the images were extracted. These regions were then converted into labelled images for circular fitting, with the fitted circles contracted inward by 10 pixels to define the target egg region as the template for viability detection.3. Using these template images, egg regions from days 5 to 9 of incubation were extracted and four greyscale features derived; mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation, and four texture features; energy, correlation, homogeneity and contrast were used as input parameters for classification models using Logistic Regression (LR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) and a custom Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).4. The CNN model demonstrated the best performance, achieving 99% accuracy on day 8, with Precision, Recall and F1 scores of 0.99, 1.00 and 0.99 for viable embryos, respectively. For non-viable and infertile eggs, Precision, Recall and F1 scores were 1.00, 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. The optimal detection time was determined to be day 6, with an accuracy of 95%, which was one day earlier than the optimal manual inspection time.5. These findings showed that using a monochrome camera with image processing and classification models could enable high-throughput, early-stage viability detection of fertilised eggs. This can be used as technical support for the development of automated detection systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sensitive and rapid visual method of chicken sexing based on LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a system.","authors":"Q Chen, C Su, S Li, Z Zhang, Y Yang, Y Yang, D Tao, S Xie, P Gong, Y Feng","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2454963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2454963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Accurate sex identification of one-day-old chicks is crucial in layer poultry production. Establishing an early sexing method during the chicken embryonic period is essential for animal welfare. However, PCR-based sexing has limitations in terms of specialised equipment and is time-consuming.2. This study presents a rapid, simple and fluorescent visual technique for chicken sex identification based on Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 12a (Cas12a). It targets the chicken Z chromosome gene DMRT1 and W chromosome-specific fragment EE0.6 using designed primers and sgRNA. The LAMP amplicon is cleaved by Cas12a, producing a fluorescent product detectable by a portable light apparatus.3. The method has high sensitivity, capable of detecting as few as two copies per microlitre of the EE0.6 template and 20 copies per microlitre of the DMRT1 template. This has significant potential for distinguishing chicken embryo gender very early in embryonic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-omics uncover acute stress vulnerability through gut-hypothalamic communication in ducks.","authors":"T Gu, R Guo, L Chen, Y Zong, Y Tian, W Xu, T Zeng, L Lu","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2454960","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2454960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The avian gut hosts a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem, which is essential for regulating host organ function. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and the hypothalamic axis in acute stress vulnerability in ducks remains unclear.2. This study investigated how the gut microbiota affects microbial metabolism and the host stress response by comparing hypothalamic neurotransmitter availability, microbial composition and co-metabolites generated by both the microbiota and hypothalamus in ducks exhibiting the lowest active avoidance (LAA) and highest active avoidance (HAA) behaviour.3. The HAA group experienced a significant increase in the availability of arginine, histidine, glutamine, norepinephrine, L-tyrosine and melatonin during acute stress in the hypothalamus, compared to that in the LAA group. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed significant differences in the gut microbiota composition based on acute stress vulnerabilities.4. Both caecal and hypothalamic metabolomic analyses identified 71 metabolites altered in caecal content and 95 in the hypothalamus. There was significant enrichment in pathways such as the cGMP-PKG signalling, dopaminergic synapse and endocrine resistance.5. Correlation analyses demonstrated that certain co-metabolites, including 1,3-dicyclohexylurea, 1-deoxyvaleric acid, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 3-chloroaniline, methenamine, N4-acetylcytidine-triphosphate and traumatin, may play a role in the gut microbiota-hypothalamic axis.6. The results suggested that the gut microbiome influenced acute stress responses. This provided a basis for understanding gut-hypothalamic communication and its impact on behaviour in ducks.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of different feeding strategies on egg production, eggshell quality, tibial mass and intestinal calcium transporter expression in laying hens.","authors":"X X He, Z M Fu, Z Yang, L R Zhu, X Wan, H Yang, Z Wang, S P Rose, V R Pirgozliev","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2470237","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2470237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study examined feeding practices that could affect the expression of intestinal calcium transporter gene, tibial mass, eggshell quality and production performance in 25-week-old Hy-Line Brown Laying Hens.2. In this study, 360 healthy 25-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were divided into three treatment groups with 10 replicates of 12 hens per group. The groups were fed as follows: 1) Twice a day, 50% of the standard breeder diet was fed at 8:00 and 15:00 (CFG); 2) Two-thirds of the standard breeder diet was fed at 8:00 and 15:00 (UFG), respectively; 3) Two different diets were fed separately, 50% at 8:00 and 50% at 15:00 (SFG)3. The feed-to-egg ratios of the CFG and SFG groups were significantly higher than those of the UFG group. The eggshell weight of the UFG group was numerically reduced (<i>p</i> > 0.05) compared to the CFG and SFG groups. The papilla, barrier, effective layers and the thickness of the particular eggshell layers were different in each group. The amount of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in the bones, eggshells and excreta varied by group. According to gene expression analysis, PMCA and CaBP-28K expression in the duodenum and jejunum differed significantly4. The results suggested that segmented feeding may enhance Ca deposition in eggshells, reduce bone Ca loss and improve its utilisation efficiency. This feeding strategy results in enhanced performance in layers and improves eggshell quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population genomics and transcriptomics identify patterns of selection in two Liangshan chicken breeds.","authors":"T Wang, Z Cai, X Bai, H Zhong, D Li, B Chen","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2454964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2454964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The global diversity of domestic chicken breeds, each exhibiting unique and specialised traits, offers a compelling context to explore how selection influences genetic variation patterns. China, with its myriad local chicken breeds, contributes significantly to this diversity.2. This study presents a population genome overview of genetic variations in 35 domestic chickens encompassing two distinct breeds from the Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan Province. Through comparative genomic analysis of 17 red jungle fowls (RJF), genes associated with artificial selection in the Yanying and Luning chickens were identified. Further transcriptome comparison between these two breeds with Lohmann layers identified expression profiles of genes under selection.3. In total, 1,006 and 982 selected genes were identified in Yanying and Luning chickens, respectively, with 326 shared genes. These genes were primarily involved in immunity, energy metabolism, body size maintenance, and fertility. Transcriptomic analysis revealed tissue-specific gene expression, with Yanying showing immunity-related gene upregulation in ovaries compared to Lohmann chickens.4. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of breed-specific traits, offering potential targets for future breeding programmes to enhance chicken productivity and adaptability.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of spermidine on cuproptosis in follicular granulosa cells.","authors":"S Li, Y Qi, Y Qi, Z Wang, S Xu, T Xiao, Y Zhu, W Zheng, X Wang, D Jiang, B Kang","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2454962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2454962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of spermidine on cuproptosis in granulosa cells of goose ovarian follicles. Granulosa cells from F2-F5 grade follicles of Sichuan white geese were isolated and cultured.2. Copper sulphate, spermidine and chloroquine were administered to granulosa cells (GC). The GC activity, intracellular Cu²⁺ content, antioxidant enzyme activity, expression levels of genes and proteins related to autophagy and cuproptosis were determined.3. The results showed that spermidine significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential and Cu²⁺content (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and significantly increased the granulosa cell activity (<i>p</i> < 0.001). At the same time, spermidine significantly decreased the expression levels of ferredoxin 1 (<i>FDX1</i>) gene (<i>p</i> < 0.001), lipoylated-dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (Lip-DLAT) protein (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and increased the expression levels of <i>LC3</i> gene (<i>p</i> < 0.001). After the cells were treated with spermidine mixed with chloroquine for 8 h, the cells were treated with copper sulphate, and GC activity was significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The expression levels of <i>p62</i> and <i>FDX1</i> genes were significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and protein levels of LC3 and p62 were significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05).4. In summary, spermidine reduced ROS accumulation, improved mitochondrial membrane potential and increased granulosa cell activity. It alleviated copper sulphate-induced lipoylated protein aggregation and cuproptosis in GC by inducing autophagy. This suggested that spermidine has a broad application prospect in alleviating cuproptosis in GC.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of faecal microbiota transplantation supplemented with inulin on early immunity and immune organ histomorphology in chickens.","authors":"M Chen, Y Song, J Pan, S Liu, X Zheng","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2458581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2458581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a technique that promotes gut microbiota diversity and abundance by transplantation of faeces into a recipient's gastrointestinal tract <i>via</i> multiple routes.2. Inulin, a plant polysaccharide, is a natural functional dietary fibre found in a variety of plants, including vegetables and fruits. Inulin can inhibit pathogenic bacterial growth by lowering pH, promote mineral absorption and improve intestinal barrier integrity.3. In this study 90 one-day-old chicks were randomly into three groups; control (CON) group was fed a basic diet; FMT group fed two diets containing 40 ml faecal microbial suspension; and INU group fed a diet containing 1.5% inulin and 40 ml faecal microbial suspension.4. Administering the FMT mixed with inulin effectively reduced blood levels of IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-6, promoted the growth of thymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen. In addition, it enhanced intestinal barrier function, increased intestinal goblet cells and Paneth cells production, promoted probiotic colonisation and butyrate formation and reduced intestinal inflammation.5. In summary, inulin mixed with FMT promoted the growth of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen as well as facilitated early growth of chick by promoting intestinal health, reducing inflammation and boosting chick immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The apparent metabolisable energy and ileal amino digestibility of black soldier fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) pre-pupae meal for broiler chickens.","authors":"A E Mahmoud, V Ravindran","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2467938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2467938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The main objective of this study was to investigate black soldier fly (BSF) pre-pupae (BSFP) meal compared to soybean meal by evaluating its nutritional composition, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AID), and standardised amino acid digestibility (SID).2. Two experiments were conducted to determine the AME and AID of the BSFP for broiler chickens. Experiment 1 was an AME assay wherein broilers were fed two experimental diets (maize-soybean meal basal diet and a test diet containing 250 g/kg BSFP meal) for 7 d from d 23 post-hatch. The AME of BSFP meal was calculated based on the difference between the AME values of basal and test diets. The AME and nitrogen-corrected AME were 18.2 and 16.7 MJ/kg of dry matter, respectively. In experiment 2, the ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of BSFP meal was determined using 30-d-old broilers by the direct method, and the ileal digesta was collected on d 34.3. The standardised ileal digestibility coefficients of Lys, Met, Thr, Val, Try, Arg and average of all AA were determined to be 0.83, 0.89, 0.82, 0.82, 0.85, 0.87 and 0.82, respectively. The findings demonstrated that the BSFP meal is a good source of energy and digestible AA and is potentially a substitute for soybean meal in broiler diets.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}