British Poultry Science最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing diet specification to maximise feed efficiency and production characteristics of the Redbro slow growing broiler chicken.","authors":"H M Scott-Cook, S C Mansbridge, A M Mackenzie, D G Yovchev, V R Pirgozliev","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2506077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2506077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study assessed the impact of feeding a high nutrient specification (HS) diet, recommended for fast growing broilers and a low nutrient specification (LS) diet, recommended for slow growing broilers, on growth performance variables, including feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and production characteristics of fast growing Ross 308 broilers and slow growing Redbro broilers.2. As hatched, Ross 308 (<i>n</i> = 210) and Redbro broilers (<i>n</i> = 210) were randomly allocated to 28 floor pens, 14 pens for each genotype and fed experimental diets from 0 to 42 d of age over four feeding phases. Each diet was fed to seven pens of each genotype, following a randomised, blocked, factorial design.3. Growth performance variables were determined for each feeding phase. Excreta were collected during the last 4 d of the study to determine dietary N-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) and nutrient retention coefficients. At 42 d of age, one bird per pen was humanely killed and samples were obtained for determination of meat quality variables, jejunal histomorphology and liver triglycerides.4. Feeding the HS diet increased FI (<i>p</i> < 0.05), WG (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and reduced FCR (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in both genotypes from 0 to 42 d compared to feeding the LS diet. Feeding the HS diet increased AMEn intake (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Diet did not affect breast meat quality, except for increasing drip loss in Ross 308 broilers (<i>p</i> < 0.05), nor did it affect breast myopathies, jejunal morphology, or liver function. Therefore, feeding the HS diet, which was formulated to meet the nutrient recommendations for Ross 308, can be a practical strategy to improve the feed efficiency of Redbro broilers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144157034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> antimicrobial resistant pattern, plasmid profile and the survival of <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> isolated from poultry sources.","authors":"M Divya, S Rajakumar, P M Ayyasamy","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2494601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2494601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Infections due to <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. significantly contribute to bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. This study aimed to investigate whether <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. can persist in poultry environments and how they survive in various sources from poultry farms and slaughterhouses.2. A total of 192 samples were collected from three different poultry farms and slaughterhouses and <i>C. jejuni</i> was detected in 47.4% of them. The prevalence of <i>C. jejuni</i> was higher in poultry slaughterhouses than in farms. A total of 69 <i>C. jejuni</i> were tested for their susceptibility to different antibiotics. From these 15 isolates from poultry farms and slaughterhouses, 50-70% exhibited antibiotic resistance. These isolates were analysed for plasmid profiling, identification of virulence genes and lipo-oligosaccharide characterisation.3. Nearly all <i>C. jejuni</i> isolates harboured plasmid sizes ranging from 2.3 to 23 kb. The virB11 gene of <i>C. jejuni</i> was characterised using PCR and there was no gene amplification in the isolated strains. All multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates from poultry farms and slaughterhouses had full-length lipo-oligosaccharide molecules, based on their molecular weight.4. The MDR strain <i>C. jejuni</i> (LCJ5) was chosen for its survival rate from various sources, including lamb, chicken meat and eggs, as well as in the slaughterhouse environment, which contains materials like stainless steel, iron and wood. The findings suggested that the prevalence of <i>Campylobacter</i> can be reduced through improved hygiene practices and by raising awareness about the importance of consuming properly cooked meat products.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144109713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of golden mussel meal of different particle sizes to feed broiler chickens aged 1-42 days.","authors":"D Jablonski, M S D Pavlak, A P Guimarães Cruz Costa, N Rohloff Junior, C Eyng, P C Pozza, J G de Vargas Junior, A A Calderano, B S Vieira, R A Bombardelli, L Castilha, G Silva Tesser, R V Nunes","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2494599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2494599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study evaluated the inclusion of golden mussel meal (GMM) of varying particle sizes in broiler chicken diets on performance, bone variables, serum biochemistry and gene expression.2. Male Cobb 500 broiler chicks (<i>n</i> = 900) were distributed in a completely randomised design, comprising five treatments, 10 replicate pens and 18 birds per pen, aged from 1 to 42 d.3. The treatments consisted of a control diet (calcite limestone 376 μm) and treatments GMM 299, 375, 436 and 551 μm.4. From 1 to 21 d of age, GMM 375 μm improved body weight gain (<i>p</i> = 0.041), while GMM 551 μm increased feed conversion ratio (<i>p</i> = 0.009). At 40 d of age, GMM 436 μm increased the serum aspartate aminotransferase level (<i>p</i> = 0.046).5. At 21 d of age, the tibial Seedor index was increased in the broilers fed GMM 375 μm (<i>p</i> = 0.044). The femoral mineral matter (MM) content was increased in the broilers fed GMM 375 (<i>p</i> = 0.047). Tibial MM content was increased in the broilers fed GMM 551 μm (<i>p</i> = 0.047). At 40 d of age, MM content was increased in the broilers fed GMM 375 μm (<i>p</i> = 0.027). Femoral calcium content was reduced in the broilers fed GMM 299, 436 and 551 μm (<i>p</i> = 0.004) and the tibial phosphorus content was increased in the broilers fed GMM 375 μm (<i>p</i> = 0.003).6. In conclusion, limestone can be replaced with GMM of different particle sizes to feed broilers from 1 to 42 d of age.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144092830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine dosage haemagglutinin concentration required to protect birds against highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N3) virus and reduce viral replication.","authors":"A García, V Araujo, I Bautista, C Rodriguez, V López, S Gaytan, R Cruz, T Garcia, L Leyva, A Kandeil, R Webby","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2487242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2487242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N3) viruses have continued to circulate in Mexican poultry since their initial identification in the summer of 2012. Although several control strategies have been implemented, the virus has spread to several states, causing enormous economic losses in the commercial poultry sector. Important factors to ensure vaccine potency include a close match between the antigen and circulating strains and using sufficient antigen to protect the birds and prevent shedding during subsequent infections.2. The following study investigated the haemagglutin (HA) concentration of an adjuvanted vaccine produced from a reverse genetics-modified low-pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N3) virus that could protect chickens against homologous challenge. Inactivated vaccine formulations with different HA concentrations (0.8, 1.1, 1.3 and 3.1 μg/0.5 ml haemagglutinin) were prepared and tested in chickens.3. The results showed that the formulations containing 1.1 μg or more of HA per 0.5 ml dose protected the birds against disease symptoms and reduced viral replication when compared with the vaccine containing 0.8 μg/0.5 ml.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeletal disorders in laying hens: a systematic review with a focus on non-cage housing systems and hemp-based dietary interventions for bone health.","authors":"J Szmek, M Englmaierová, M Skřivan, E Pěchoučková","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2489059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2489059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The poultry sector is possibly the fastest growing and most flexible of all livestock sectors. At present, the main changes to the table egg production system include the gradual abandonment and closure of all cage-housing systems for laying hens, driven by animal welfare concerns and stricter legislation in many countries. In the future, keeping hens in enriched cage systems may be restricted or phased out in response to evolving animal welfare guidelines and public demand. To meet the welfare and behavioural requirements of the hens, it is desirable to choose housing on litter or housing in aviaries as a substitute for housing in enriched cages.2. The objective of this systematic review was to examine non-cage housing systems and hemp-based dietary interventions in relation to skeletal health in laying hens. This review focussed on the risks associated with alternative housing systems, particularly the increased incidence of bone fractures and the potential of nutritional strategies to mitigate skeletal disorders, including osteoporosis.3. The proportion of hens housed in non-cage alternative housing systems is currently increasing sharply but carries certain risks. One of the most significant concerns is skeletal integrity, as hens in aviaries experience a higher rate of keel bone fractures due to collisions, falls and deviations thought to be related to internal pressure. Numerous studies have shown that the incidence of keel bone damage (<i>i.e</i>. fractures and deviations) was greater in aviaries compared to enriched cage systems.4. Optimal skeletal health can be supported through proper nutrition, which plays a crucial role in bone metabolism. Key nutritional elements, including calcium, vitamins D, E and K, polyunsaturated fatty acids and hemp-based products, have been shown to be beneficial in preventing skeletal disorders and associated fractures due to their specific roles in maintaining bone structure and strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143975864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a safe formulation that induces biofilm formation in probiotic bacteria for controlling <i>Salmonella enteriditis</i> Heidelberg and avian pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> in wood shavings.","authors":"G R da Silva, L R Gomes, H A O Rocha, V A C Azevedo, A C Peluco, S Sommerfeld, T F M Dos Reis, L N M Ribeiro, R T de Melo, B B Fonseca","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2486699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2486699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The aim of this study was to develop a formulation that stimulated the spontaneous formation of biofilms by probiotic bacteria, specifically <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> (BV), <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (BS), or <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> subspecies lactis (LL) for control of <i>Salmonella enteriditis</i> Heidelberg (SH) and avian pathogenic <i>E. coli</i> (APEC).2. A formulation was developed to induce spontaneous biofilm formation of probiotic bacteria (BV, BS and LL) by testing various media containing minerals and polymers on polystyrene plates. The most potent probiotic strains were identified based on their efficacy in inhibiting SH and APEC. The formulation was tested on wood shavings to hinder APEC and SH. The safety and colonisation of the formulation was assessed in chicken embryos (CE) from 19 d of incubation to the broiler chicken stage.3. After evaluating various media, one containing calcium, magnesium, iron and polymers (dextran, chitosan and xylan) was selected. Notably, xylan, a highly sustainable biopolymer, showed outstanding results at a low concentration (27 µg/ml), which led to its selection for conducting inhibition tests on wood shavings against SH and APEC. The <i>B. velezensis</i> demonstrated superior biofilm formation and efficacy in controlling SH and APEC. Consequently, a BV strain was selected and associated with a strain of LL.4. While drying the formulation, maltodextrin was added and the biofilm formed by BV01 and LLL01 on wood shavings could control both SH and APEC species, reducing them by approximately 92.64 to 99.42%. Inoculating the formulation in CE did not result in a delay in hatching, injury, or death for either the CE or chicks. The probiotic bacteria multiplied and colonised the intestine of CE.5. This work successfully developed a formulation that induced spontaneous biofilm formation in BV and LL, significantly controlling SH and APEC while ensuring safety for birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of zinc methionine and selenium yeast on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens under heat stress.","authors":"C Guo, J Chen, P Zhu, S Shi","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2494600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2494600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study evaluated the effects of zinc methionine (Zn-met) and selenium (Se) yeast on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens under heat stress (HS).2. A total of 54, yellow-feather male broilers (35-d old) were randomly allocated to one of three groups; a control group (CON) fed a basal diet and maintained at 26 ± 1°C, a group fed the basal diet with cyclic HS alone or + Zn-met + Se yeast group (HZS) fed a basal diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg Zn-met and 150 mg/kg Se yeast. After the 7-d prep-trial period, the birds in the HS and the HZS groups were exposed to cyclic HS treatment (30 ± 1 to 34 ± 1°C) from d 8 for 2 weeks.3. The HS treated birds had reduced body weight, daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and increased mortality and rectal temperature, whereas the HZS group had a lower mortality rate and rectal temperature. The HS group had higher blood triglyceride (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and lower potassium (0.05) levels than the CON group. Exposure to HS increased the lipopolysaccharide levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and decreased the levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG (<i>p</i> < 0.05), which were improved in the HZS group. The HZS group reversed the increase in blood catalase activity caused by heat stress and increased glutathione peroxidase levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Heat stress decreased villus height in the duodenum and jejunum, increased the crypt depth and decreased the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the small intestine, which were improved in the HZS group (<i>p</i> < 0.05).4. Dietary supplementation with Zn-met and Se yeast was shown to be an effective nutritional regulation strategy for alleviating any negative effects of heat stress in broiler performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143974562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between models and data in growing poultry.","authors":"G C Emmans, R M Gous","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2483733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2483733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. Three plausible rules are used to define the problem that a growth function must solve. Rule 1, growth rate, dW/dt, is a function of weight, W; Rule 2; the standard deviation of weight, σ_w, is proportional to W so that the natural log of W, <i>ln</i>W, rather than W should be used; Rule 3, there is an upper limit to body weight, A which represents the animal's mature weight.2. Applying the rules identifies a problem: how is the rate of change in <i>ln</i>W over time, d<i>ln</i>W/dt, related to <i>ln</i>W? The problem is solved by using Rule 4, which is to make the relationship as simple as possible. The solution is a form of the Gompertz function: d<i>ln</i>W/dt=B.<i>ln</i>(A/W), where B is a parameter describing the rate of maturing.3. The following study proposed that this function sufficiently described the inherited post-hatching growth potential of domestic birds. It was used to explore whether any given data set can describe such potential at all times. It can be further used to explore errors in data collection and misreporting.4. Examples are given for tests of the function, its use in examining data for accuracy and extension to chemical and physical growth. For male broilers of the Cobb 700 strain, the mature weights (A) of protein, water, lipid and ash were 1194 g, 3984 g, 1541 g and 221 g, respectively. The common Gompertz rate parameter (B) for all four components was 0.0410/d.5. Models for the chemical body composition of broilers can provide the basis for calculating energy and amino acid requirements, responses and economically optimum feeding strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143972978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gelatin and l-arginine or l-lysine interact to decrease cooking loss and increase texture of pale, soft and exudative (PSE)-like chicken sausages.","authors":"Y Jiang, X Gao, W Zhang, H Liang, A Li, C Zhou","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2025.2485246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2025.2485246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. This study explored the combined effects of gelatin and l-arginine or l-lysine on cooking losses and the development of pale, soft and exudative (PSE)-like chicken sausages.2. The results indicated that gelatin, l-arginine or l-lysine singly ameliorated cooking loss from 17.8% to 12.2%, 9.5% and 8.3% augmented sausage hardness from 23.2 to 29.8, 29.8 and 27.0 N, and l-arginine or l-lysine elevated (<i>p</i> < 0.05) the cohesiveness of sausages, making them compact and uniform. Furthermore, they diminished total expressible liquid and expressible fat, augmented viscosity, storage and loss modulus in batter which had smaller and more uniform oil droplets. Adding Arg or Lys raised the pH of the batter, irrespective of gelatin addition.3. Overall, the combined treatments were more effective in changing meat batter and sausage properties than the single treatments. Therefore, gelatin and l-arginine or l-lysine worked synergistically and enhanced the emulsifying and gelling properties of PSE-like chicken, ameliorating the qualities of PSE-like chicken sausages.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of keel bone morphometry with keel bone damage and skeletal quality in the laying hen.","authors":"M B M Maidin, H A McCormack, P W Wilson, I J Liang, B Andersson, M Schmutz, I C Dunn","doi":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2409191","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00071668.2024.2409191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>1. The aim of this work was to identify a heritable keel bone phenotype with a correlation to keel bone damage and/or skeletal bone strength that could be easily measured in the living hen to aid selection to prevent welfare issues.2. The scoring system used reflected the observed damage, keel bone dimensions and shape compared to traditional measurements of bone quality.3. Increased keel bone damage was associated with poor humerus and tibia breaking strengths (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Bone damage was associated with higher whole keel density (<i>p</i> < 0.01) due to the effect of callus formation.4. Keel bone depth and area was moderately heritable at indices of 0.32 and 0.40, respectively. Keel bone depth was genetically correlated with tibia (0.36) and humerus density (0.68) and keel bone area was correlated with humerus density (0.59). Deeper keel bones and those with larger areas had small, negative phenotypic correlations with keel bone damage (-0.07 and -0.11, respectively). The second principal component of keel bone shape represented the caudal section of the keel bone and cranial edge concavity. The third principal component represented the differences in the caudal tip of the keel bone, the concavity of the dorsal edge and convexity of the ventral edge. Heritability estimates were 0.44 and 0.39, respectively.5. The results suggested that genetics contribute to morphometric traits. Hens with poorer skeletal quality are likely to accumulate more damage. Some of the traits may be a predictor of damage, although mid keel depth or concavity may simply reflect the effect of damage or deviation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9322,"journal":{"name":"British Poultry Science","volume":" ","pages":"166-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11974912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}