Gabriele Arena;Andrii Chub;Mykola Lukianov;Ryszard Strzelecki;Dmitri Vinnikov;Giovanni De Carne
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on DC Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles: Standards, Power Conversion Technologies, Architectures, Energy Management, and Cybersecurity","authors":"Gabriele Arena;Andrii Chub;Mykola Lukianov;Ryszard Strzelecki;Dmitri Vinnikov;Giovanni De Carne","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3466936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3466936","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to review the main research points regarding DC fast charging stations. At the beginning, the paper addresses an overview of DC fast charging standards, galvanic isolation, EV powertrain, and some examples of real DC fast chargers. This part highlights that DC fast chargers are usually connected to an AC network or microgrid, whereas DC microgrids would be a better choice to increase the charging efficiency and reduce the costs. However, the lack of standards in terms of protection and metering made their spread limited for the moment. Moreover, the paper describes the power converter topologies typically adopted in DC fast charging stations and emerging solutions to interface EVs with both 400 V and 800 V powertrains. Then, the paper explains the main architectural features of DC fast charging stations connected to DC networks or microgrids because of their potential to become the standard infrastructure in this field. Furthermore, the energy management strategies for DC fast charging stations are discussed, taking into account their relevant goals. Finally, cybersecurity issues of charging stations are covered, also considering their impact on grid and electric vehicle supply equipment, and providing a particular discussion regarding DC fast charging stations.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1573-1611"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10691639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Cost-Effective Controller Hardware-In-The-Loop (CHIL) Test for SSCB Coordination in DC Microgrid Systems","authors":"Shervin Salehi Rad;Elias Nad;Michael Muhlbaier;Oleg Fishman;Javad Chevinly;Zilong Zheng;Shuyan Zhao;Fei Lu;Hua Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3466188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3466188","url":null,"abstract":"DC microgrid systems are increasingly utilized in power systems, and the significance of solid-state circuit breakers (SSCB) is paramount due to the absence of zero-crossing current in DC systems. However, one of the concerns in a DC microgrid is proposing and implementing a new algorithm due to safety concerns and system stability. Properly coordinating a DC microgrid is one of these challenges. Moreover, protecting the system from unpredictable transient overshoot plays a significant role in system stability and SSCB performance. Consequently, the design of a virtual test platform for monitoring the system's behavior in challenging situations holds significant importance. To address these matters, this paper presents an examination of a DC microgrid using a novel, easy-to-implement, and cost-effective controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) test platform. This platform utilizes MATLAB/Simulink software as a simulator and proposes a new communication path between the simulator and real-world controllers. Additionally, a new method to control the system in overshoot situations is proposed. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CHIL platform, three short-circuit CHIL tests are performed for load#1 to load#3 at 430 A, 300 A, and 180 A fault currents, respectively. To investigate the designed algorithm protection, a complex protection experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the designed algorithm under multiple transient overshoot conditions in the current. The extracted CHIL results are also presented as the validation of proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1510-1519"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10689251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Family of High-Gain Single-Switch DC-DC Converters for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps","authors":"Hossein Gholizadeh;Saman A. Gorji;Dezso Sera","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3462715","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3462715","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper presents a novel series of high-gain DC-DC converters developed explicitly to power High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps. The suggested configurations utilize Voltage Multiplier Cells (VMCs) and incorporate a diode to achieve ground separation. The inclusion of a diode improves voltage gains while ensuring compatibility with the requirements of HID lamps. The modified boost topology maintains a continuous input current and minimizes stress on the input filter capacitors. This study introduces the concepts of Small Signal Modelling and Bode diagrams in the context of controller design. Additionally, open-loop and closed-loop tests are conducted to observe and analyze steady-state and transient responses. The performance of the proposed topologies is analyzed under both ideal and non-ideal operating conditions. The simulation and experimental results are presented for comparison. The benefits of the proposed solutions are underscored by efficiency calculations and a comparative analysis with recently proposed topologies. The experimental findings provide empirical evidence supporting the theoretical conjectures, showcasing an efficiency of more than 93 % for a 60W prototype. Furthermore, these results affirm a strong concurrence among the simulation, experimental, and analytical approaches.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1534-1561"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10681659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salvatore D'Arco;Santiago Sanchez-Acevedo;Jon Are Suul
{"title":"Multi-Hardware-in-the-Loop Laboratory Testing of Power Converters and Intelligent Electronic Devices for Large-Scale Power System Applications","authors":"Salvatore D'Arco;Santiago Sanchez-Acevedo;Jon Are Suul","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3460709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3460709","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an approach and a corresponding laboratory infrastructure for multi-hardware-in-the-loop (M-HiL) testing of power converters and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) with wide area features for power system monitoring and control. The basis for the testing environment is a digital real-time simulation (RTS) platform which can be utilized for phasor-based or hybrid phasor and electromagnetic transient (EMT) power system simulation. A high-bandwidth power amplifier is used for interfacing the real-time simulated power system to the power hardware. The necessary elements and their interfaces required for realizing the M-HiL testing are highlighted in the paper. Finally, a complete example of an M-HiL test based on real-time simulation of the Nordic 44 (N44)-bus power system model is presented. The test setup includes two phasor measurement units (PMUs) with their corresponding communication layers and a converter configuration for scaled emulation of the HVDC transmission system of an offshore wind farm. The configuration also includes a grid forming converter unit operated in parallel to the grid-side HVDC terminal. The presented test demonstrates how a grid forming converter operated as a Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) can provide frequency support to the Nordic power system and how this support would be recorded by the PMUs.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1520-1533"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10680574","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Y. Farag;Davide Biadene;Tommaso Caldognetto;Paolo Mattavelli
{"title":"Single-Stage Non-Isolated Multiport Y-Converter for Interlinking 400 V DC Microgrids With the Three-Phase AC Grid","authors":"Ahmed Y. Farag;Davide Biadene;Tommaso Caldognetto;Paolo Mattavelli","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3462773","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3462773","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of dc microgrids (MGs) into distribution networks offers a promising solution to address the growing demand for electric energy by facilitating the incorporation of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. To ensure sustained and reliable operation, dc MGs are commonly linked to utility grids through interlinking converters. However, with the increasing adoption of small-scale dc MGs for residential and commercial applications, the traditional approach of using a dedicated converter for each MG can significantly increase system size and cost. This paper proposes a single-stage non-isolated multiport converter (MPC) to interface the three-phase ac grid with 400 V dc MGs. The MPC enables direct power sharing between dc MGs, minimizes the dependence on the ac grid, and enhances the efficiency and power density of the power electronic interface compared to using multiple two-port converters. The motivations for the proposed converter include its single-stage power conversion among different ports, potentially leading to enhanced efficiency and power density. Furthermore, the absence of bulky intermediate dc-link capacitors and transformers in the proposed topology contributes to improved power density and reduced costs. Although designed for 400 V dc MGs in this study, the proposed MPC boasts buck-boost capability and bidirectional power flow at all ports, independent of the dc ports' voltage, providing the flexibility to directly interface with a wide range of dc systems. The performance of the converter is assessed through experimental tests under various operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1432-1445"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10681266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rami F. Yehia;Robson B. Gonzatti;Zhehui Guo;Hui Li;Fang Z. Peng
{"title":"Low Frequency Versus High Frequency PWM in Medium Voltage, High Power, Higher Level Inverters: THD, Harmonic Filtering, and Efficiency Comparison","authors":"Rami F. Yehia;Robson B. Gonzatti;Zhehui Guo;Hui Li;Fang Z. Peng","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3458891","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3458891","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main advantages of multi-level inverters (MLI) is their ability to achieve high power quality and high efficiency power conversion. With the emergence of wide-band-gap (WBG) devices, the tendency has grown towards using high switching frequencies to improve converters’ output power quality and minimize switching harmonic filters footprint. While high-frequency switching finds significant success in low and medium-power applications, it is not the best practice to reduce the filter size when applied to medium voltage (MV) high power (HP) inverters implemented with high voltage levels. In this paper, we show that the least filtering requirements for MV HP higher level inverters is achieved using the modulation strategy with the least switching, i.e., the staircase modulation. The paper compares the harmonic filter requirements and power losses for low-frequency and high-frequency pulse-width-modulated MLI. The analysis shows that low-frequency switching not only achieves the lowest losses, but also produces the lowest line-to-line voltage total harmonic distortion (THD), which allows eliminating both voltage and current harmonic filters in higher level inverters. Simulation results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis on the THD, and experiments on a 1 kW, 600Vdc MLI are presented to compare efficiency for low- and high-frequency modulation.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1404-1418"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability Enhancement of Isolated Full-Bridge DC–DC Power Converter for Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles","authors":"Faezeh Kardan;Aditya Shekhar;Pavol Bauer","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3458813","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3458813","url":null,"abstract":"In the realm of electric mobility, fast chargers for electric vehicles (EVs) play a critical role in mitigating range anxiety while driving. The converter in these chargers usually has a load profile consisting of a high-current pulse to swiftly recharge the EV battery, followed by a cooling-off phase when the charging process is over. This pattern results in thermal cycles on the devices resulting in mechanical fatigue that leads to gradual deterioration of the power electronic components. Consequently, evaluating the power electronic converters reliability is critical to facilitating fast EV charging. This paper focuses on the reliability analysis of the phase-shifted full-bridge DC/DC converter within EV fast chargers, with a specific emphasis on the battery charging profile. The primary objective is to demonstrate how the charger load characteristics and number of charging sessions influence device reliability and, consequently, overall system reliability. Additionally, the investigation explores the effects of altering devices heatsinks and current ratings on system reliability. It was observed that in worst-case scenarios, increasing devices current rates extended the system lifetime from 0.7 to about 23 years, with \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$3,text{p.u.}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 ratings achieving 10.8 years, meeting industry targets, while reducing heatsink thermal resistance improves that to around 2 years.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1363-1374"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10678867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constant-Parameter Average-Value Model of Power-Electronic Voltage-Source Converters With Direct Interface in Electromagnetic Transient Simulators","authors":"Seyyedmilad Ebrahimi;Taleb Vahabzadeh;Juri Jatskevich","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3456729","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3456729","url":null,"abstract":"Average-value models (AVMs) of voltage-source converters (VSCs) are widely used as numerically efficient alternatives to their discrete switching models in electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations. Recently, a so-called directly-interfaced AVM (DI-AVM) has been developed for VSCs, permitting large simulation time steps favorable for system-level offline and/or real-time studies. Although enabling large step sizes, the conductance/resistance matrix of the DI-AVM is time-varying and needs to be calculated at every simulation time step, which requires additional computational resources. This paper proposes a constant-parameter DI-AVM (CP-DI-AVM) for more efficient simulations of VSC-based power-electronic systems that does not require re-calculation of the network conductance matrix in EMT simulators. This is achieved by using a numerical approximation that only slightly reduces the solution accuracy. The performance of the proposed CP-DI-AVM is demonstrated on a large-scale VSC-based energy conversion system implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC. The proposed CP-DI-AVM is shown to have numerical advantages over the prior DI-AVM and the conventional AVMs of VSCs.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1446-1458"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10670316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Adnan K. Magableh;Amr Ahmed A. Radwan;Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed;Ehab Fahmy El-Saadany
{"title":"A Novel Reduced-Order Modeling Approach of a Grid-Tied Hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind Turbine–Battery Energy Storage System for Dynamic Stability Analysis","authors":"Mohammad Adnan K. Magableh;Amr Ahmed A. Radwan;Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed;Ehab Fahmy El-Saadany","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3455933","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3455933","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel reduced-order modeling approach for efficient modeling and dynamic stability analysis of a utility-scale hybrid grid-tied system comprising a photovoltaic (PV) array, wind turbine (WT), battery energy storage system (BESS) and the associated power electronic converters and control systems. Utilizing the singular perturbation analysis, the time-domain nonlinear model (TDNLM) of the grid-tied hybrid PV-WT-BESS system is linearized to construct the linearized state-space full-order model (LSSFOM). Categorizing the dynamics of the LSSFOM into fast and slow states based on their weighted dynamics utilizing the participation factor analysis and the residue-based method, the model is further reduced to the linearized state-space reduced-order model (LSSROM), focusing on dominant slow-dynamic states that characterize the overall system dynamics. The LSSROM is employed to investigate dc and ac dynamic interactions under various operational conditions, including all PV, WT, and BESS operating regions and grid stiffness conditions. The proposed reduction approach reduces the computational burden with simplicity and efficiency, facilitating the development of reliable reduced-order models capturing the essential features of the original detailed full-order model with a high degree of acceptable accuracy for dynamic and stability analyses across diverse operating conditions while ensuring versatility. Detailed offline and real-time simulation results validate the analytical results, demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed approach across different operational scenarios.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1459-1483"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10669059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultra-High Gain Quadratic DC-DC Topology Using Two-Winding Coupled Inductors With Voltage Multiplier Cells","authors":"Sohrab Abbasian;Mohammad Farsijani;Homayon Soltani Gohari;Tomi Roinila","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3454532","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3454532","url":null,"abstract":"High-gain DC-DC converters have become very important devices in the operation of renewable energy methods such as wind and solar power to provide the required voltage and current levels. This work describes a new common ground ultra-high step-up DC-DC converter constructed with coupled inductors that has a high voltage conversion ratio, minimal voltage stress over semiconductor parts, and high performance. To improve the voltage gain, approaches using a linked inductor and voltage multiplier circuit were employed. The blocking voltages of power MOSFETs are clamped at low levels by voltage multiplier cells and can be regulated by the turn ratio of the coupled inductor, reducing the voltage rating of semiconductors and the cost of the conversion device. The proposed topology and corresponding functionalities are described by delineating the operating modes, steady-state analysis, and a comparative analysis. Experimental results are provided with a 425 W output power at a 100 kHz switching frequency of operation to validate the voltage enhancement achieved by the proposed architecture.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1340-1349"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10664576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}