BMJ Open Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the effects of simulated high altitude on colour discrimination.","authors":"Siru Liu, Yuchen Wang, Xinli Yu, Jiaxi Li, Jun Zhou, Yuanhong Li, Zesong Wang, Chengkai Zhou, Jiaxing Xie, Anqi Guo, Xinzuo Zhou, Yi Ding, Xuemin Li, Li Ding","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001894","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To quantify changes in colour vision immediately after exposure to different altitudes of low-pressure hypoxia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved 35 healthy participants (ages 20-26). Colour vision was assessed using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test at eight different altitudes (condition 1: ground, condition 2: 3500 m, condition 3: 3500 m after 40 min, condition 4: 4000 m, condition 5: 4000 m after 40 min, condition 6: 4500 m, condition 7: 4500 m after 40 min, condition 8: back to the ground). Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), paired t-test, and χ² test .</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total Error Score (TES) increased with altitude and hypoxia duration, with higher TES in condition 8 than in condition 1. There were significant TES differences between conditions 3 and 7, as well as 4 and 7. Friedman and repeated ANOVA tests revealed significant sector differences, with Blue-Yellow Partial Error Score (PES) greater than Red-Green PES, particularly on conditions 4, 5 and 8. Significant Red-Green PES differences were found between conditions 4 and 7, and Blue-Yellow PES between conditions 3 and 5, 7, 8. Tritan (Blue-Yellow) shift was most pronounced at high altitudes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This experiment investigated acute low-pressure hypoxia's effects on colour vision, supplementing chronic hypoxia research. Increased altitudes and exposure duration worsen colour vision, with effects persisting post-recovery. Tritan axis loss is most significant under hypoxia.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total retinal thickness is an important factor in evaluating diabetic retinal neurodegeneration.","authors":"Noor-Us-Sabah Ahmad, Kristen Staggers, Kyungmoo Lee, Nitish Mehta, Amitha Domalpally, Benjamin J Frankfort, Yao Liu, Roomasa Channa","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001791","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Macular retinal nerve fibre layer (mRNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness (GC-IPL) measurements are important markers of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration (DRN). In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to quantify the contribution of total retinal thickness (TRT) and other factors in the variation of mRNFL and GC-IPL thickness among participants with diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>We used macular-centred spectral domain-optical coherence tomography scans from participants with diabetes in the UK Biobank. Two multiple linear regression models (prior to and after adjusting for TRT) were used to determine factors associated with mRNFL and GC-IPL thicknesses. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 3832 eyes from 3832 participants with diabetes were analysed. Factors that explained the greatest variation in thickness were TRT (20.9% for mRNFL and 57.2% for GC-IPL), followed by spherical equivalent (8.0% for mRNFL only), gender (2.2% for mRNFL only) and age (1.4% for GC-IPL only). Other factors significantly associated with mRNFL and/or GC-IPL thickness explained less than 1% of the variation in their thicknesses. Self-reported ancestral background was not significantly associated with mRNFL thickness after accounting for TRT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although many factors were significantly associated with mRNFL and GC-IPL thickness in participants with diabetes, they accounted for a fraction of the variation in the thickness of both layers. TRT explained most of the variation in these measurements, hence accounting for TRT is needed when using these metrics to evaluate DRN.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11552016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting outcome of acquired comitant esotropia with restricted use of digital devices: ACEDD Study 3.","authors":"Noriko Nishikawa, Hirohito Iimori, Reiko Kinouchi, Sachiko Nishina, Tomoyo Yoshida, Akiko Hikoya, Miwa Komori, Osamu Hieda, Toshiaki Goseki, Takafumi Mori, Takeshi Morimoto, Takashi Negishi, Tamami Shimizu, Yukiko Shimizu, Shion Hayashi, Yoshiko Sugiyama, Yoshimi Yokoyama, Akiko Kimura, Hiroko Suzuki, Sadao Suzuki, Noriyuki Azuma, Miho Sato","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001713","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study is to investigate factors associated with outcomes after 3 months of instructed usage of hand-held digital devices (DD) in patients with acquired comitant esotropia (ACE).</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>This prospective multicentre observational study included patients with ACE, aged 5-35 years, who used DD within 1 year of onset and were followed up for clinical findings and instructed use of DD. The outcomes were classified into four groups: cured, improved, unchanged and worsened. After the analysis of group differences in the clinical and DD use-related factors by univariate analysis, we used ordinal logistic regression models to identify factors associated with favourable outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 156 patients (mean age (SD): 16.4 (7.4) years), 10 (6%), 58 (37%), 67 (43%) and 21 (14%) were classified into the cured, improved, unchanged, and worsened, respectively. In the univariate analysis, consultation within 3 months of onset, small-angle strabismus at distance and good stereoacuity were associated with good outcomes. Ordinal logistic regression analysis on adjusting for age with stereoacuity or successful DD-use time halving showed that small-angle strabismus at distance (OR: 1.02, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.03, p=0.023), good stereoacuity (OR: 1.31; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.56; p=0.003) and successful halving of DD-use time (OR: 0.63; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.92; p=0.016) influenced favourable outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with small-angle esotropia, good stereoacuity on consultation and success in halving DD-use time had a higher chance of recovery through instructional DD usage. Further studies using objectively measurable systems are needed to ensure the accuracy of DD-use time.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11529450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142563995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction or stenosis using dacryoendoscopy.","authors":"Hongxun Li, Jiagen Li, Lei Zhang, Lihong Yang, Yun Zhao, Hong Zhao, Ye Pan","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001743","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness of dacryoendoscopic-assisted laser dacryoplasty with silicone intubation (DLDI) for the management of nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) or stenosis, and to identify the factors associated with DLDI failure.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>This study was designed as a prospective, single-centre cohort study. Patients with NLDO or stenosis who underwent DLDI from December 2019 to December 2021 at Tianjin Eye Hospital were considered for enrolment. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to assess the anatomical and functional success rate of DLDI within 2 years follow-up after removal of the silicone stent. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify risk factors for treatment failure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>170, 174 and 178 eyes were included in Groups A (proximal NLDO), B (distal NLDO) and C (nasolacrimal duct stenosis), respectively. The overall anatomical success rate was 84.8% for the entire cohort at the 2-year follow-up. The cumulative anatomical or functional success rate for Groups B and C was significantly higher than that for Group A. In the multivariable model, a higher risk of failed DLDI surgery was associated with a history of chronic dacryocystitis (HR=3.07; p<0.001) and a longer duration of epiphora than 1 year (HR=2.67; p<0.001). Of the 522 eyes, 37 patients (7.1%) had surgery-related complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DLDI is an effective minimally invasive technique for treatment in patients with distal NLDO or stenosis. Factors associated with a higher risk of reoperation include a longer duration of epiphora and a history of chronic dacryocystitis.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>NCT05999058.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11529774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142563984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Keratoplasty: are children missing out on the lamellar revolution-the 2023 Bowman Club, David L. Easty Lecture.","authors":"Yuan-Yuh Leong, Jodhbir S Mehta","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001804","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There has been a growing interest in lamellar keratoplasty over penetrating keratoplasty in the treatment of cornea diseases. Children, in particular, may benefit from lamellar keratoplasty due to faster visual recovery, better outcomes, fewer eye drops and earlier amblyopia treatment. This review aims to examine the trends, surgical techniques and outcomes in paediatric lamellar keratoplasty. Additionally, alternative treatment modalities to keratoplasty such as selective endothelium removal in Peters anomaly and ophthalmic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs eyedrops in congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11529741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of myopia on health-related quality of life in adolescents: a population-based cross-sectional causal empirical survey.","authors":"Liyong Lu, Yu Zheng, Yanjiao Xu, Junchao Feng, Shunping Li","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001730","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Myopia is a prevalent disease affecting adolescent vision and harms various health outcomes. However, the evidence about the effects of myopia on adolescents' overall health status is limited. Using health-related quality of life (HRQoL), a comprehensive health measurement indicator, this study aims to evaluate the effects of myopia on adolescents' HRQoL.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>Adolescents' HRQoL was measured by the Child Health Utility 9D instrument. Data were collected from a population-based cross-sectional survey conducted in Shandong province of China. To mitigate the potential endogeneity bias, parents' myopia degree was used as the instrumental variable for adolescents' myopia status. The causal model was built to explore the effects and potential mediators of myopia on the HRQoL of adolescents. Heterogeneity analysis was used to identify susceptible groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>108 657 adolescents with an average age of 12 were included in the analysis. Compared with adolescents without myopia, the health utility value of individuals with low, moderate and high decreases by 0.5%, 1.1% and 2.2%, respectively. The reduction of outdoor activity time and increase in electronic device usage time play the mediator role. Myopia leads to a greater decrease in the health utility value of adolescents in higher grades, boarding schools and low-income households compared with their counterparts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Myopia impairs adolescents' HRQoL and damages the overall health level of adolescents. The frequency of outdoor activity and electronic device usage could be the potential mediators. The susceptibility of adolescents in higher grades, boarding schools and low-income households would be exacerbated.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11883885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence chatbots as sources of patient education material for cataract surgery: ChatGPT-4 versus Google Bard.","authors":"Matthew Azzopardi, Benjamin Ng, Abison Logeswaran, Constantinos Loizou, Ryan Chin Taw Cheong, Prasanth Gireesh, Darren Shu Jeng Ting, Yu Jeat Chong","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct a head-to-head comparative analysis of cataract surgery patient education material generated by Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT-4) and Google Bard.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>98 frequently asked questions on cataract surgery in English were taken in November 2023 from 5 trustworthy online patient information resources. 59 of these were curated (20 augmented for clarity and 39 duplicates excluded) and categorised into 3 domains: condition (n=15), preparation for surgery (n=21) and recovery after surgery (n=23). They were formulated into input prompts with 'prompt engineering'. Using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool-Printable (PEMAT-P) Auto-Scoring Form, four ophthalmologists independently graded ChatGPT-4 and Google Bard responses. The readability of responses was evaluated using a Flesch-Kincaid calculator. Responses were also subjectively examined for any inaccurate or harmful information.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Google Bard had a higher mean overall Flesch-Kincaid Level (8.02) compared with ChatGPT-4 (5.75) (p<0.001), also noted across all three domains. ChatGPT-4 had a higher overall PEMAT-P understandability score (85.8%) in comparison to Google Bard (80.9%) (p<0.001), which was also noted in the 'preparation for cataract surgery' (85.2% vs 75.7%; p<0.001) and 'recovery after cataract surgery' (86.5% vs 82.3%; p=0.004) domains. There was no statistically significant difference in overall (42.5% vs 44.2%; p=0.344) or individual domain actionability scores (p>0.10). None of the generated material contained dangerous information.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In comparison to Google Bard, ChatGPT-4 fared better overall, scoring higher on the PEMAT-P understandability scale and exhibiting more faithfulness to the prompt engineering instruction. Since input prompts might vary from real-world patient searches, follow-up studies with patient participation are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11487885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting efficacy into context: do controlled trials on efficacy of myopia control translate to a clinical population?","authors":"Stephanie Kearney, Mhairi Day","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001921","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11487821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient preferences for ocular hypertension monitoring: a discrete choice experiment.","authors":"Hangjian Wu, Rodolfo Hernández, David P Crabb, Gus Gazzard, Robert A Harper, Anthony King, James E Morgan, Yemisi Takwoingi, Augusto Azuara-Blanco, Verity Watson","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001639","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>To elicit the preferences and calculate the willingness to pay (WTP) of patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) for eye monitoring services in the UK.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with OHT aged at least 18 years recruited from four NHS ophthalmology departments were included in the study. Patients' preferences and WTP for an OHT monitoring service in the National Health Service were elicited using a discrete choice experiment (DCE) within a postal survey based on six attributes: (1) how OHT monitoring is organised, (2) monitoring frequency, (3) travel time from home, (4) use of a risk calculator for conversion to glaucoma, (5) risk of developing glaucoma in the next 10 years and (6) cost of monitoring. We used a sequential mixed-methods approach to design the survey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>360 patients diagnosed with OHT were recruited with a mean age of 69 years. In the DCE, reducing the risk of conversion to glaucoma was the most important factor influencing respondents' choice of monitoring service. Respondents preferred hospital-based monitoring services to community optometrist monitoring, and annual monitoring compared with more frequent (every 6 months) and less frequent (every 18 or 24 months) monitoring. These results can be monetised using WTP. Results of heterogeneity analysis suggest that patients with prior experience in community optometrist monitoring preferred this to hospital-based monitoring.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although hospital-based monitoring is generally preferred, patients with prior experience in community services have a different opinion, suggesting that patients who are unfamiliar with community optometry services may need additional support to accept monitoring in this setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11603805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased choroidal stromal area in patients with active Graves' ophthalmopathy based on binarisation method of optical coherence tomographic images.","authors":"Min Zhou, Dide Wu, Leqi Cai, Congyao Wang, Yihua Su, Ye Li, Wanyi Ke, Tingting Chen, Shubin Hong, Haipeng Xiao, Pengxia Wan","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the change in choroidal components of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) with different degrees of disease activity and severity by using the image binarisation method of optical coherence tomography (OCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 151 eyes of 90 patients with GO. Patients were grouped according to the clinical activity score (CAS) and disease severity. Total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area, stromal area (SA) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were acquired by image binarisation of the OCT. Ocular parameters between groups were compared using generalised estimating equations, accounting for intereye correlation and adjusting for relevant factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As for the included eyes, 104 eyes were inactive GO and 47 eyes were active GO. Local choroidal thicknesses were thicker in active GO than in inactive GO. TCA and SA were significantly larger in active GO than in inactive GO group (3.44±0.91 mm² vs 3.14±0.88 mm², p=0.046; 1.16 (1.03-1.50) mm² vs 1.10 (0.96-1.27) mm², p=0.002, respectively). CAS was positively correlated with TCA (r=0.171, p=0.036) and SA (r=0.172, p=0.035), and negatively associated with CVI (r=-0.174, p=0.032). In multiple regression models, age, diopter and intraocular pressure (IOP) exhibited significant correlations with the SA (β=-0.006, p=0.010; β=0.076, p<0.001; β=0.015, p=0.010, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Thickened choroid was observed in active GO compared with inactive GO. The proportional increase of SA was augmented as the disease activity progressed. Age, diopter and IOP were independent factors that affected choroidal area and components in patients with GO. Multicentre prospective cohort studies with a large sample size are still needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142458518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}