BMJ Open Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Automatic retinal image analysis methods using colour fundus images for screening glaucomatous optic neuropathy","authors":"Chuying Shi, Jack Lee, Di Shi, Gechun Wang, Fei Yuan, Benny Chung-Ying Zee","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001594","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Train an automatic retinal image analysis (ARIA) method to screen glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) on non-mydriatic retinal images labelled with the additional results of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and assess different models for the GON classification. Methods All the images were obtained from the hospital for training and 10-fold cross-validation. Two methods were used to improve the classification performance: (1) using images labelled with the additional results of OCT as the reference standard and (2) generating models using retinal features from the entire images, the region of interest (ROI) of the optic disc, and the ROI of the macula, and the combination of all the features. Results Overall, we collected 1338 images with paired OCT scans. In 10-fold validation, ARIA achieved sensitivities of 92.2 %, 92.7% and 85.7%, specificities of 88.8%, 86.7% and 80.2% and accuracies of 90.6%, 89.9% and 83.1% using the retinal features from the entire images, the ROI of the optic disc and the ROI of the macula, respectively. We found the model combining all the features has the best classification performance and obtained a sensitivity of 92.5%, a specificity of 92.1% and an accuracy of 92.4%, which is significantly different from other models (p<0.001). Conclusion We used two methods to improve the classification performance and found the best model to detect glaucoma on colour fundus retinal images. It can become a cost-effective and relatively more accurate glaucoma screening tool than conventional methods. Data are available on reasonable request.","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thinning in patients with X-linked retinoschisis.","authors":"Peter Kiraly, Ana Uršula Gavrić, Felix F Reichel, Johannes Birtel, Luca Mautone, Yevgeniya Atiskova, Philipp Herrmann, Martina Jarc-Vidmar, Marko Hawlina, Susan M Downes, M Dominik Fischer","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001832","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To assess peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness in patients with X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), as pRNFL thinning may limit functional improvements in gene therapy trials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective multicentre study included 49 eyes from 25 patients diagnosed with XLRS. Data collected with multimodal imaging at baseline and last follow-up (when available) included age, best-recorded visual acuity (BRVA), central retinal thickness, macular volume (MV), presence and location of peripheral retinoschisis and pRNFL thickness in the global (G), superotemporal (TS), superonasal (NS), inferotemporal (TI), inferonasal (NI), nasal (N) and temporal (T) sectors. Retinal sensitivity, assessed by microperimetry, was also recorded for seven patients at baseline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>pRNFL was thinner (below the fifth percentile) in at least one sector in 72% of right eyes and 79% of left eyes, with thinning across three or more sectors in 20% of right and 17% of left eyes. In 44% of cases, thinning occurred in the temporal sectors of both eyes, with no nasal sectoral thinning. Number of peripheral retinoschisis quadrants matched thinned pRNFL sectors. A strong positive correlation was found between MV and temporal pRNFL thickness (<i>r</i>=0.71, p<0.01), while weak negative correlation trends were noted with age (p=0.05) and BRVA (logMAR; p=0.12) related to temporal thickness of pRNFL sectors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>pRNFL thinning, predominantly sectoral and linked to macular or peripheral retinoschisis, occurs in about three-quarters of patients with XLRS, while diffuse thinning occurs in one-fifth. Temporal pRNFL thinning might occur only after the collapse of intraretinal cystoid cavities in the macula.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142104588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prostaglandin analogues signal detection by data mining in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database.","authors":"Homero Contreras-Salinas, María Soledad Romero-López, Oscar Olvera-Montaño, Lourdes Yolotzin Rodríguez-Herrera","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001764","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to identify safety signals of ophthalmic prostaglandin analogues through data mining the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A data mining search by proportional reporting ratio, reporting OR, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, information component 0.25 and χ² for safety signals detection was conducted to the FAERS database for the following ophthalmic medications: latanoprost, travoprost, tafluprost and bimatoprost.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>12 preferred terms were statistically associated: diabetes mellitus, n=2; hypoacusis, n=2; malignant mediastinal neoplasm, n=1; blood immunoglobulin E increased, n=1; cataract, n=1; blepharospasm, n=1; full blood count abnormal, n=1; skin exfoliation, n=1; chest discomfort, n=1; and dry mouth, n=1.</p><p><strong>Limitation of the study: </strong>The FAERS database's limitations, such as the undetermined causality of cases, under-reporting and the lack of restriction to only health professionals reporting this type of event, could modify the statistical outcomes. These limitations are particularly relevant in the context of ophthalmic drug analysis, as they can affect the accuracy and reliability of the data, potentially leading to biased or incomplete results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings have revealed a potential relationship due to the biological plausibility among malignant mediastinal neoplasm, full blood count abnormal, blood immunoglobulin E increased, diabetes mellitus, blepharospasm, cataracts, chest discomfort and dry mouth; therefore, it is relevant to continue investigating the possible drug-event association, whether to refute the safety signal or identify a new risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142104589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New horizons in geographic atrophy treatment: enthusiasm and caution surrounding complement inhibitors.","authors":"Eric Lai, Timothy Lee, Claire Lee, Sidney A Schechet","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001854","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001854","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142104587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of monitoring ocular hypertension based on a risk prediction tool.","authors":"Hangjian Wu, Gus Gazzard, Anthony King, James Morgan, David Wright, David P Crabb, Yemisi Takwoingi, Augusto Azuara-Blanco, Verity Watson, Rodolfo Hernández","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001741","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>To assess the cost-effectiveness of making treatment decisions for patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) based on a risk prediction (RP) tool in the United Kingdom.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A discrete event simulation model was constructed to compare the cost-effectiveness of an alternative care pathway in which the treatment decision was guided by a validated RP tool in secondary care against decision-making based on the standard care (SC). Individual patient sampling was used. Patients diagnosed with OHT and with an intraocular pressure of 24 mm Hg or over entered the model with a set of predefined individual characteristics related to their risk of conversion to glaucoma. These characteristics were retrieved from electronic medical records (n=5740). Different stages of glaucoma were modelled following conversion to glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Almost all (99%) patients were treated using the RP strategy, and less than half (47%) of the patients were treated using the SC strategy. The RP strategy produced higher cost but also higher quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) than the SC strategy. The RP strategy was cost-effective compared with the SC strategy in the base-case analysis, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio value of £11 522. The RP strategy had a 96% probability of being cost-effective under a £20 000 per QALY threshold.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of an RP tool for the management of patients with OHT is likely to be cost-effective. However, the generalisability of the result might be limited due to the high-risk nature of this cohort and the specific RP threshold used in the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142104586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating biological age from retinal imaging: a scoping review.","authors":"Michaela Joan Grimbly, Sheri-Michelle Koopowitz, Ruiye Chen, Zihan Sun, Paul J Foster, Mingguang He, Dan J Stein, Jonathan Ipser, Zhuoting Zhu","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001794","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>The emerging concept of retinal age, a biomarker derived from retinal images, holds promise in estimating biological age. The retinal age gap (RAG) represents the difference between retinal age and chronological age, which serves as an indicator of deviations from normal ageing. This scoping review aims to collate studies on retinal age to determine its potential clinical utility and to identify knowledge gaps for future research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist, eligible non-review, human studies were identified, selected and appraised. PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Cochrane, CINAHL, Africa Wide EBSCO, MedRxiv and BioRxiv databases were searched to identify literature pertaining to retinal age, the RAG and their associations. No restrictions were imposed on publication date.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen articles published between 2022 and 2023 were analysed, revealing four models capable of determining biological age from retinal images. Three models, 'Retinal Age', 'EyeAge' and a 'convolutional network-based model', achieved comparable mean absolute errors: 3.55, 3.30 and 3.97, respectively. A fourth model, 'RetiAGE', predicting the probability of being older than 65 years, also demonstrated strong predictive ability with respect to clinical outcomes. In the models identified, a higher predicted RAG demonstrated an association with negative occurrences, notably mortality and cardiovascular health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review highlights the potential clinical application of retinal age and RAG, emphasising the need for further research to establish their generalisability for clinical use, particularly in neuropsychiatry. The identified models showcase promising accuracy in estimating biological age, suggesting its viability for evaluating health status.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aflibercept for central retinal vein occlusions: long-term outcomes of a 'Treat-and-Extend' regimen.","authors":"Damian Jaggi, Thanoosha Nagamany, Sebastian Wolf, Martin S Zinkernagel, Florian M Heussen","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001659","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>This study reports on the long-term functional and anatomical outcomes of patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) treated under the Bern treat-and-extend (T&E) protocol.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Observational study. Treatment-naive patients with CRVO and consecutive macular oedema treated with aflibercept were included. The T&E protocol involved 2 monthly injections followed by an extension based on individual assessments. At each visit, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optical coherence tomography imaging and a 2 mg aflibercept injection were administered. Changes in BCVA, proportion of patients gaining ≥15 letters, central subfield thickness (CST) and treatment intervals were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 173 patients, 64 had a follow-up of at least 2 years. BCVA improved from 46.7±25.3 at baseline to 78.3±0.5 at year 9. The proportion of patients with ≥15 letters gained was 56%, 53%, 56%, 62%, 52%, 52%, 43%, 50% and 33% at years 1-9, respectively. CST decreased significantly from 660±242 µm at baseline to 359±63 µm at year 9. Treatment intervals extended from 4 weeks initially to an average of 13.0±4.1 weeks by year 8.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The T&E regimen for CRVO shows sustained visual improvements and reduced CST over time. Patients maintained stable visual gains for many years, demonstrating the effectiveness of this treatment approach. However, no control group was available to compare our T&E regimen with other strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between choroidal parameters and primary angle-closure suspect in different age groups.","authors":"Mengyang Li, Zhi Li, Fei Xiang, Caixia Li, Ye Zhang, Shuning Li","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001772","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the correlations between choroidal parameters and primary angle-closure suspect (PACS) in different age subgroups.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>Participants aged 50 years or older in a rural area of Daxing District, Beijing, were recruited. Swept-source optical coherence tomography was used to measure the choroidal parameters. Demographic, ocular biometry parameters and choroidal parameters were compared between the PACS and non-PACS (NPACS) eyes. Logistic analysis was performed to explore the association between the choroidal parameters and PACS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>192 (26.89%) subjects with PACS and 509 (71.29%) with PACS were analysed. Subjects were divided into two groups: group 1 (50-60 years, n=286) and group 2 (>60 years, n=415). In group 1, the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness of PACS eyes was 341.82±88.23 µm and thicker than NPACS eyes (315.07±83.53 µm, p=0.035). The choroidal volume was greater in PACS eyes (10.61±2.78 mm³) compared with NPACS eyes (9.66±2.49 mm³, p=0.013). In group 2, no significant difference in any choroidal parameters between PACS and NPACS was found. Multivariate regression demonstrated that increased choroidal volume was associated with PACS (OR 1.298, 95% CI 1.117 to 1.510, p<0.001) in group 1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the age group of 50-60 years, PACS eyes had greater choroidal thickness and volume than NPACS eyes, and the increased total choroidal volume was a predisposing factor for PACS.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>ChiCTR2000037944.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344506/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142046397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing the reliability of measurements in eyes with full-thickness macular holes: are we measuring incorrectly?","authors":"George Moussa, Assad Jalil, Myrta Lippera, Nouf Alnafisee, Tsveta Ivanova","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001531","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The calliper function is used for manual measurements of full thickness macular holes (FTMHs). We aimed to investigate whether a reproducible difference could be detected beyond interobserver variability between two commonly used manufacturers in their manual calliper facility in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) for metrics related to FTMH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a non-interventional, retrospective, observational study. Two independent observers examined 8 eyes (16 OCT) scans and 128 measurements (minimal linear diameter (MLD), basal diameter and hole height on both sides) of FTMHs, taken on Heidelberg Spectralis and Topcon Triton (OCT machines). The interobserver agreement and OCT machine agreement of measurements were analysed by Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Spectralis and Triton had 125 µm and 50 µm horizontal b-scan spacing, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, we report high absolute agreement in interobserver (ICC 0.991 (95% CI 0.985 to 0.995, p<0.001)) and OCT machine (ICC 0.993 (95% CI 0.987 to 0.996, p<0.001)) variability. Lower horizontal resolution in Triton compared with Spectralis leads to interobserver variability, in smaller horizontal measurements. Lower horizontal scanning density in Spectralis lead to relatively large interobserver variation if different reference scans were chosen, and consistently smaller MLD measurements than Triton. Vertical measurements without 1:1 scaling lead to inaccurate exaggerated oblique vertical measurements. Calliper function appears otherwise identically calibrated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We report excellent interobserver and OCT machine agreement in measurements. However, the paper shows several factors that could influence the reliability of measurements acquired in eyes with FTMHs, such as the dimension of the hole as well as different image resolution, density scanning protocols or vertical scaling of the OCT machines viewing platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11331849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141995353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oscillatory potential findings in patients with acute ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion.","authors":"Ya Qu, Li Ran, Gang Wang, Min Wang, Shiying Li","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001582","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To explore the sensitive components of full-field electroretinography (ERG) as indicators of retina function at the onset of acute ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>11 patients (11 eyes) with ischaemic CRVO and 32 patients (32 eyes) with non-ischaemic CRVO who presented with first-episode unilateral CRVO within 1 month of symptom onset and with no previous intervention were examined by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standard ERG.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant amplitude decline and peak time delay in light-adapted (LA) 3 ERG and LA 30 Hz flicker ERG (p<0.05 for all) was found in the ischaemic CRVO eyes, compared with the non-ischaemic CRVO eyes. The b/a amplitude ratio of dark-adapted (DA) 3 ERG, DA 10 ERG and LA 3 ERG was significantly different between the ischaemic and non-ischaemic groups (p<0.05 for all). Regarding oscillatory potentials (OPs), the amplitudes of OP1, OP2 and OP3 as well as the sum of DA 3 OP1-4 amplitudes (∑OPs) showed significant changes (p<0.01 for all) between two groups. No peak time delay of OPs was found between the ischaemic and non-ischaemic CRVO eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The amplitude of DA 0.01 ERG, components of LA 3 ERG and LA 30 Hz flicker ERG, and the b/a amplitude ratio could be among the most sensitive indicators in patients with acute ischaemic CRVO. The amplitudes of OP1, OP2, OP3 and ∑OPs in the CRVO eyes were reduced to 40% of the control values, showing that this quantitative method is reliable for detecting ischaemic retinal diseases, even in early stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11331877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141981772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}