BMJ Open Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing AI-based diabetic retinopathy diagnosis through universal cross-camera image adaptation.","authors":"Sanil Joseph, Xiaotian Chen, Chi Liu, Zhuoting Zhu, Kim Ramasamy, Thulasiraj D Ravilla, Zongyuan Ge, Mingguang He","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002238","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness of a deep learning-based style adaptation strategy in improving the diagnostic accuracy and cross-camera generalisability of artificial intelligence (AI) for detecting diabetic retinopathy (DR).</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>This diagnostic study involved prospective recruitment of patients aged 50 years and older attending the outpatient clinic at a tertiary eye hospital in Southern India, between 14 June and 5 August 2022. Paired macula-centred retinal images were captured using two fundus cameras: Optain Resolve (portable, automated) and Topcon NW400 (static, manual). A style adaptation model, the Style-Consistent Retinal Image Transformation Network (SCR-Net), was applied to align image styles across cameras. The AI-based DR detection model, developed using the InceptionNeXt-T architecture, was trained on images from the EyePACS data set and evaluated under three scenarios: (1) training and testing on original images (2) training and testing on SCR-Net-adapted images; and (3) training on a combined (original+adapted) data set and testing on adapted images. Diagnostic accuracy and preservation of image quality were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mixed training/testing approach (scenario 3) achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy for Optain images at 79.2% (95% CI 75.9% to 82.6%) with a Cohen's kappa of 0.893 (95% CI 0.867 to 0.917). Adapted images preserved critical diagnostic features (peak signal-to-noise ratio, 29.35; structural similarity index measure, 0.847). Style adaptation reduced false positives in Optain images while maintaining robust diagnostic performance for Topcon images, effectively addressing cross-camera variability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Style adaptation using SCR-Net enhances the consistency and generalisability of AI-based DR detection systems by reducing false positives and maintaining robust performance across camera systems. This approach has the potential to democratise access to early DR diagnosis in underserved regions. This study was conducted at a single centre using a limited set of fundus cameras, which may affect the generalisability. Nonetheless, further validation across diverse imaging systems and clinical settings is warranted to support broader applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12658492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145581932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated quantification of retinal non-perfusion areas in ultra-widefield SS-OCTA image of patient with retinal vascular diseases by NP-Unet model.","authors":"Yanjie Zhu, Yuting Liao, Jianying Pan, Mengyin Tao, Xiaoyu Xu, Ting Lan, Huiting Li, Huirui Xie, Jiamin Huang, Yukang Jiang, Dongmei Ou, Yiling Ou, Xiaoyi Wu, Ting Tian, Yan Luo","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002163","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Retinal non-perfusion areas (NPAs) are a crucial biomarker for assessing the degree of retinal ischaemia of patients with retinal vascular diseases. Accurate identification of NPA is useful for assessing therapeutic approaches, guiding laser treatments and predicting prognosis. The ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (UWF-SS-OCTA) has emerged as a superior non-invasive imaging modality with an outstanding ability to detect NPA. This study aimed to establish an efficient NP-Unet model to accurately segment and quantify NPA in the UWF-SS-OCTA image of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), central RVO (CRVO) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The 29×24 mm retinal images from the posterior pole of patients with retinal vascular diseases (BRVO, CRVO and DR) were acquired by the UWF-SS-OCTA. The enhanced inner retinal OCTA images datasets were constructed for model training. An efficient NP-Unet model was developed to precisely segment and quantify NPA with ischaemic index (ISI). The performance of the NP-Unet model was compared against different typical segmentation models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The NP-Unet model demonstrated its superior capability in segmenting and quantifying NPAs t0 the other models, achieving an accuracy of 93.4%, with an area under the curve of 0.986 and a dice similarity coefficient of 0.904.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The NP-Unet model can efficiently and accurately segment and quantify NPAs with the ISI in the UWF-SS-OCTA image of BRVO, CRVO and DR, offering a non-invasive, valuable tool for clinical evaluation and treatment guidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12636976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145562790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis proficiency via video analysis.","authors":"Jing Dong, Yating Xu, Hongda Gong, Xiaoliang Wang, Minghui Deng, Junhong Li, Xiaogang Wang","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002299","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) quality affects posterior capsule opacification and visual outcomes after cataract surgery. We developed a novel metric, the Capsulotomy Proficiency Index (CPI), to objectively evaluate the CCC manipulation during cataract surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed a self-design code using MATLAB software to outline the motion trail of the capsulorhexis forceps, the surgical field motion amplitude, the CCC profile (circularity, deviation, decentration), the number of grasps and the total and effective CCC operating time, etc. Considering the weight of each parameter, an integrated CPI value was used to evaluate each CCC surgical video. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean CPI from the two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included two surgeons with different total cataract surgery volumes (group A: a surgeon with experience of less than 500 cases, group B: a surgeon with experience of more than 1000 cases). 15 CCC videos from each surgeon during the same working period were randomly selected. Group A demonstrated a significantly lower CPI mean value than group B (0.47±0.32 and 0.89±0.23), indicating a significant difference in surgical level.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the objective CCC surgical video evaluation, the CPI could reflect the surgical level difference in CCC manipulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12636953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145562764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses versus 0.01% atropine for myopia control: a randomised trial in children from Central Europe.","authors":"Emilia Wnękowicz-Augustyn, Edward Wylęgała, Martyna Kobielnik, Sławomir Teper","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002329","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>The global increase in childhood myopia underscores the need for effective control strategies. This study compares the effectiveness of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses versus 0.01% atropine eye drops in slowing myopia progression in European children. This report summarises 1-year outcomes from an ongoing 2-year clinical trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 110 Polish children aged 6-16 years, without significant ocular pathology, were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A received single-vision spectacles plus nightly 0.01% atropine drops; group B received DIMS spectacle lenses plus nightly placebo drops. Primary outcomes were changes in cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length, measured every 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 12 months, mean axial elongation was 0.19±0.03 mm in group A and 0.11±0.02 mm in group B. Among 6-11-year olds, group A showed greater elongation (0.30±0.05 mm) than group B (0.15±0.02 mm). For 12-16-year olds, axial elongation was 0.10±0.02 mm in group A and 0.07±0.02 mm in group B. Mean SER progression was 0.37±0.06 D in group A and 0.23±0.05 D in group B. In the younger group (6-11 years), SER progression was higher in group A (0.60±0.1 D) than group B (0.25±0.05 D). Among older children (12-16 years), SER changes were similar between groups (0.19±0.05 D vs 0.21±0.08 D).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DIMS spectacle lenses demonstrated superior efficacy to the 0.01% atropine in controlling myopia progression in this cohort, particularly among children aged 6-11 years. These findings support DIMS lenses as an effective intervention for myopia control in Caucasian populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12606493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145501998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of additional topotecan injections (plus two) in reducing recurrence rate in retinoblastoma of group D and group E patients: a retrospective study.","authors":"Xintong Lin, Zhuqing Zheng, Haifeng Chen, Jiang Qian, Qiang Liu, Ruiqi Ma, Kang Xue","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002379","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness of administering additional intravitreal topotecan injections (plus two) in reducing the recurrence rate in patients with advanced retinoblastoma (RB).</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>This retrospective, non-comparative and interventional study encompassed 26 eyes of 25 patients with RB, treated between January 2019 and April 2024. All eyes in this series had received previous intravenous chemotherapy and/or intra-arterial chemotherapy. Patients received intravitreal topotecan (30 µg/0.1 mL) and/or intravitreal melphalan (20-30 µg/0.1 mL) injections every 3-4 weeks until vitreous seeds regression was achieved. Subsequently, two additional injections of topotecan (30 µg/0.1 mL) were administered after complete regression to consolidate subclinical residuals. The control of vitreous seeds, ocular toxicity assessment and clinical characteristics was observed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median age of the patients was 26 months, with 57.7% belonging to group D and 42.3% to group E of RB classification. A total of 111 injections were administered in 26 eyes, with a median of 4 injections per eye. Complete vitreous seeds regression was achieved in 100% of eyes, and eye salvage was successful in 24 of 26 eyes (92.3%). There were no recurrences of vitreous seeds. Enucleation was performed in two eyes: one due to phthisis bulbi and one due to optic nerve tumour recurrence. No cases of systemic metastasis or death were reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Administering additional intravitreal topotecan injections (plus two) following the complete regression of vitreous seeds may contribute to reducing the recurrence rate in patients with RB. This approach enhances the long-term efficacy of intravitreal injections, thereby contributing to higher eye salvage rates.However, the retrospective, non-randomised design and small sample size remain limitations. Multicentre prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and refine treatment protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12581060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145430492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking real-world persistence and adherence to anti-VEGF intravitreal therapy with prefilled syringes: a German prescription sales analysis.","authors":"Patrizia Brunner, Prateek Havanur, Steffeni Papukchieva, Benjamin Friedrich, Focke Ziemssen","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002334","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy is the standard treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and other retinal vascular diseases. Despite proven efficacy in clinical trials, real-world data suggest suboptimal persistence and adherence. This study aimed to assess therapy continuity in routine practice using pharmacy-based dispensing data in Germany, focusing on treatment with prefilled syringes (PFS).</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>This retrospective cohort study used anonymised nationwide pharmacy sales data from Germany to evaluate patients who initiated anti-VEGF therapy with PFS between 2020 and 2023. Patient trajectories were followed from treatment initiation for up to 12 months. 46 546 therapy beginners with 297 454 anti-VEGF PFS purchases were included. Discontinuation of treatment was defined by not purchasing a relevant medication for >6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean time on therapy for all patients was 8.1±8.2 months (median=5.5) with 6.9±6.1 purchases (median=5). 20.5% of patients initiating anti-VEGF treatment stopped therapy before completing the loading phase (first three injections), and more than half of all patients discontinued treatment after 6 months. 49.4% of the patients who completed the loading phase (n all=34 895) adhered to the recommended monthly regimen. Non-adherence significantly decreased the number of injections later on (average of 7.5 vs 8.7 injections). Further, patients who stayed longer on therapy bought more PFSs within the first 6 and 12 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Real-world adherence and persistence to intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy in Germany are suboptimal, even with the use of PFS formulation. The high rate of early treatment discontinuation, especially during the loading phase, underscores the need for improved patient support, education and flexible treatment approaches to sustain long-term outcomes. A 'breaking point' or sensitive phase already seems to exist right at the beginning of therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12581043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145430483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative outcomes of aflibercept biosimilars and reference aflibercept in nAMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Korolos Sawires, Harrish Nithianandan, Sohel Somani","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002509","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the literature-pooled functional, anatomical and safety outcomes of aflibercept biosimilars compared with reference aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>Systematic review and meta-analysis. Medline, Embase and CENTRAL were searched from inception to 2 June 2025. Phase 3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing aflibercept biosimilars with the reference product in patients with nAMD were included. Two independent reviewers conducted screening, data extraction, risk of bias (RoB 2) assessment and certainty of evidence assessment (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), with a third reviewer resolving discrepancies. Primary outcomes included mean difference (MD) change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and retinal thickness over time, risk ratio (RR) for proportion of participants gaining >15 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters and RR for adverse events. Meta-regression was used to evaluate the temporal stability of continuous outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six RCTs involving 2044 participants (1026 biosimilar, 1018 reference) were included. Five aflibercept biosimilars were evaluated, representing more than 50% of the eight biosimilars currently approved worldwide. Meta-regression revealed no significant difference in MD change in BCVA over time between biosimilar and reference aflibercept (slope: 0.0321 letters/week; p=0.1013). For MD change in retinal thickness, an initial anatomical advantage for reference aflibercept at week 0 (intercept: 9.58 µm; p=0.0449) was not sustained over time (slope: -0.1685 µm/week; p=0.2303). The pooled RR for gaining >15 ETDRS letters from baseline was 1.19 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.45; p=0.079). No statistically significant differences were observed across 15 safety outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis found no statistically significant differences in functional, anatomical or safety outcomes between aflibercept biosimilars and the reference product for nAMD, based on moderate to high certainty evidence. Functional and anatomical outcomes appeared stable across multiple timepoints. Further long-term pharmacovigilance studies and real-world data beyond 56 weeks are warranted.</p><p><strong>Prospero registration number: </strong>CRD420251048633.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12581046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145430442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world data landscape for glaucoma in Europe: a questionnaire-based analysis of resources among European Glaucoma Society members.","authors":"Marta Pazos, Andrew Tatham, Danilo Andrade De Jesus, Luisa Sanchez Brea, Stefan Klein, David Wright, Augusto Azuara-Blanco, Fotis Topouzis, Ananth Viswanathan","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-002111","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-002111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>To investigate the landscape to support Europe-wide collaborative real-world data (RWD) collection, exploring whether required resources are available to glaucoma clinicians.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study employed a two-phase method, including two consecutive electronic questionnaires. For phase I, a survey was distributed to all European Glaucoma Society members inquiring about use of electronic medical records (EMRs). For phase II, EMR users who expressed their interest in contributing to a European RWD were surveyed regarding EMR data characteristics and technical resources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phase I garnered responses from 201 glaucoma specialists, with 68% reporting use of an EMR. Among them, 47% and 65% reported over 90% of coding rates for diagnoses and medications, respectively. Despite the EMR making available report copies for perimetry (27%) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) (37%), automatic data extraction capabilities were limited to only 10% and 8%. 47 participants responded to phase II. Their practices saw an average of 415 glaucoma patients per month. Date of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement was the most commonly available structured data (67%), followed by visual acuity (59%) and IOP (56%). 46% had access to central computing systems, with 41% reporting past experience in federated learning initiatives and 73% willing contribution. 34% reported involvement in the development of artificial intelligence algorithms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights a noteworthy EMR use among European glaucoma specialists, with structured data for metrics like IOP, but identifies gaps in data extraction capabilities. Major challenges include EMR heterogeneity, lack of standardised outcomes, healthcare system differences and cost. A combined approach using structured coding, digitised EMR data and semistructured OCT/perimetry data is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12574383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145387243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No evidence of a causal relationship between negative emotions and glaucoma: evidence triangulation from genetic correlation, Mendelian randomisation and colocalisation.","authors":"Jia Qi, Zhijian Zha, Lan Ke, Yong Zhang, Siwei Liu","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002347","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Observational studies suggest that anxiety and depression disorders have significant correlation, but these results may have been influenced by confounding factors, and negative emotions that do not meet the criteria for clinical mental disease diagnosis are more common, the evidence for this association is unclear. This study employed whole-genome linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), Mendelian randomisation (MR), Bayesian colocalisation (colocalisation) to explore association between common negative emotions and glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Bidirectional genetic associations between negative emotion and glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Data from UK Biobank and FinnGen R10.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MR, whole-genome LDSC, Bayesian colocalisation.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Genetic causal associations between negative emotion and glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>At Bonferroni-corrected levels of significance, there was no genetic correlation, causal association or shared genetic mechanism between any negative emotions and glaucoma, except for depression, which showed a genetic link but no causal evidence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Depression, anxiety and eight other common negative emotions may not be causally associated with glaucoma and there may be no genetic correlation between them.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12570907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145387209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical insights: meningo-orbital foramen and its clinical relevance.","authors":"Karuna Hanmant Katti, Naila Ali","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002409","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The meningo-orbital foramen (MOF) is an inconsistently present bony canal that connects the orbit with the cranial cavity, commonly the middle cranial fossa. It may transmit the meningolacrimal artery supplying orbital contents, making it clinically relevant in procedures involving the lateral orbital wall. This study aimed to investigate the morphometry and anatomical positioning of the MOF and discuss its surgical implications.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>A total of 127 adult dry human skulls (254 orbits) were examined. Gender was estimated morphometrically, while ethnicity was unknown. The incidence, laterality and connection patterns of the MOF were evaluated. Additionally, the distance between the MOF and the frontozygomatic suture (FZS) was measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patent MOF was identified in 51.2% of skulls (65/127), with bilateral presence in 41.5% of those. By orbit count, the incidence was 36.2%. Accessory MOFs were found in 3% of orbits, including seven cases with two and one case with three foramina. Nearly half of the MOFs were located in the greater wing of the sphenoid, and over 95% communicated with the middle cranial fossa. The mean MOF-FZS distance on the left side was significantly greater in males (p=0.02), while the right side showed no significant gender difference.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MOF has high surgical relevance due to its frequency and association with critical vascular structures. Precise morphometric knowledge can help minimise intraoperative risk. Further cadaveric investigation is suggested to investigate the course of the meningolacrimal artery and improve surgical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12551468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145367638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}