BMJ Open Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Foundation models in ophthalmology: a preliminary study on AI-assisted diagnosis of myopic maculopathy and posterior staphyloma using ultra-widefield fundus images.","authors":"Juzhao Zhang, Tao Yu, Mengjia Zhang, Yuzhu Zhang, Yingyan Ma, Wenwen Xue, Hao Zhou, Senlin Lin, Haidong Zou, Xian Xu","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-002073","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-002073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to detect characteristic fundus changes in pathological myopia using deep learning (DL)-based analysis of ultra-widefield (UWF) fundus imaging.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following the exclusion of low-quality images, this cross-sectional study used 1105 UWF images from 543 patients with high myopia to develop the model, along with 293 images from 150 patients with high myopia for external testing. All images were retrospectively collected from patients with high myopia at Shanghai General Hospital and Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention and Treatment Center between 2018 and 2024. We trained a DL model based on an ophthalmology foundational model to detect myopic maculopathy (MM) and posterior staphyloma (PS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proposed RETFound-enhanced model demonstrated robust performance. For five-category classification of MM, it achieved 65.4% accuracy and an F1 score of 0.648, outperforming other methods. In three-category MM classification, it achieved 79.4% accuracy and an F1 score of 0.793. For PS detection, the model reached 84.1% accuracy, an F1 score of 0.814 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.886, highlighting its effectiveness as a screening tool. External validation showed consistent performance, with 64.4% accuracy for five-category MM classification, 79.8% accuracy for three-category classification and 81.2% accuracy for PS, confirming robustness across cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study presents an effective diagnostic model for pathological myopia using UWF fundus imaging and a foundation model. The integration of DL with non-mydriatic UWF fundus imaging demonstrates promising potential for applications in primary healthcare, particularly in underserved areas, enabling accessible screening for high myopia-related fundus changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12410655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and satisfaction of fully self-service fundus disease screening among middle-aged individuals: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Yuting Wu, Guiling Gao, Liangwen Lei, Tao Yu, Yajun Peng, Siyu Yang, Meng Gao, Senlin Lin, Tao Wu, Deshang Li, Chunxia Yao, Lina Lu","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the imaging quality, efficiency and satisfaction of fully self-service fundus photography compared with traditional fundus photography performed by experienced operators among middle-aged individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants aged 45-64 in the community of Shanghai were included, and eye disease screenings were carried out after obtaining informed consent. All participants had no cataracts or other conditions that could potentially compromise the quality of fundus imaging. Participants voluntarily chose the fully self-service fundus photography group or the traditional fundus photography group. A statistical analysis was performed to analyse the imaging quality, efficiency and satisfaction of self-service fundus photography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 457 individuals with an average age of 56.93 years. Fully self-service fundus photography produces similar imaging quality to manual examinations. Additionally, this photography significantly increases residents' willingness to undergo eye disease screening again, particularly among those with better visual acuity, compared with traditional doctor-led screenings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study confirms the reliability of fully self-service fundus photography, and its ability to enhance compliance and willingness for follow-up screenings among individuals aged 45-64. Promoting fully self-service fundus photography is beneficial for screening blinding eye diseases in the middle-aged population. Given the limited geographical scope and age range of this study, larger multicentre studies are needed to confirm the broader applicability of fully self-service fundus photography and to establish effective screening models for high-risk occupational populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382555/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different ranibizumab dosages for retinopathy of prematurity: 5-year follow-up data of the randomised, controlled CARE-ROP Study.","authors":"Andreas Stahl, Marie-Christine Bründer, Wolf A Lagrèze, Fanni E Molnár, Teresa Barth, Nicole Eter, Rainer Guthoff, Tim U Krohne, Wolfgang Göpel, Johanna M Pfeil","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002303","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Data on long-term outcomes of antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are still rare. We present 5-year post-treatment ophthalmological and paediatric outcomes of the prospective, multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, controlled pilot study CARE-ROP (Comparing Alternative Ranibizumab Dosages for Safety and Efficacy in Retinopathy of Prematurity).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>14 patients (28 eyes) completed the ophthalmologic and 5 patients completed the paediatric 5-year follow-up assessment. The ophthalmological assessment included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), orthoptic status, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure and funduscopy. The paediatric examination followed the German Neonatal Network protocol and covered cognitive, motor and sensory development.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>17 of 28 eyes exhibited at least one ocular abnormality, such as optic disc pallor or atrophy of the optic nerve head, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) pigment changes, persistent tortuosity or macular hypoplasia. Despite this, 19 of 26 eyes demonstrated a logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (logMAR) BCVA of 0.3 or better. Mean refractive error was -0.9 D (±3.4 D) with only two eyes of one infant having high myopia of < -5 D. The neurodevelopmental results were within the expected range for a population of preterm infants with treatment-warranting ROP but need to be interpreted with caution due to the low number of five patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The 5-year ophthalmologic and paediatric outcomes of the CARE-ROP study confirm the previous results and add important additional information on long-term safety of 0.12 and 0.20 mg ranibizumab for the treatment of ROP. The ophthalmologic functional outcome regarding BCVA and refraction is promising. These exploratory long-term data, however, need to be interpreted with caution due to the low patient number both in the ophthalmologic and paediatric assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacoproteomics in the development of personalised medicine in Age-related Macular Degeneration (PHARPRO-AMD) study protocol.","authors":"Antonio Cañizo-Outeiriño, Diana Carolina Castro-Fernández, Luis Arias-Barquet, María Isabel Fernández-Rodríguez, Nuria Olivier-Pascual, Ignacio Ortea, Salvador Pastor-Iodate, Enrique Rodríguez-De la Rúa-Franch, José M Ruiz-Moreno, Óscar Ruiz-Moreno, Manuel Sáenz de Viteri-Vázquez, Anna Sala-Puigdollers, Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among people over 55 years of age globally, being neovascular AMD (nAMD) its most aggressive form. Its treatment consists of the use of drugs that block vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). Proteomics may allow the identification of differentially expressed proteins between responders and non-responders to each anti-VEGF drug. Thus, the objective of Pharmacoproteomics in the development of personalised medicine in Age-related Macular Degeneration (PHARPRO-AMD) is to find new proteomic biomarkers, predictive of response to antiangiogenic treatment in patients with nAMD.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>PHARPRO-AMD is a nationwide, multicentre, prospective, observational study. Treatment-naïve patients with nAMD starting anti-VEGF therapy will be enrolled and followed up for 2 years. During this period, clinical variables will be gathered to classify treatment response. In addition, blood, tear and vitreous and aqueous humour samples will be collected and will undergo a ZenoSWATH proteomic analysis. Relevant biomarkers identified and response classification will be used to perform a multivariate logistic regression and construct receiver operating characteristic curves.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study is expected to identify a panel of proteomic biomarkers predictive of anti-VEGF treatment response. Integrating data from invasive and non-invasive biological samples may enhance clinical applicability. Once validated, these biomarkers could support the design of future clinical trials on biomarker-guided therapies, helping to optimise treatment regimens and improve visual outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The PHARPRO-AMD study aims to provide proof-of-concept for biomarker-guided anti-VEGF therapy in nAMD, potentially improving vision outcomes. A notable limitation is the exclusion of patients with visual acuity above 73 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, a criterion chosen to reduce potential ceiling effects and improve response assessment accuracy.</p><p><strong>Ethics and dissemination: </strong>Approved by the Galician Network of Ethics Committees, with nationwide validity. Anonymised data will be deposited in open-access repositories and published in peer-reviewed journals.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>Spanish Clinical Studies Registry (REec) (0033-2024-OBS).</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting trends in glaucoma medication reimbursees in Finland: updated system dynamics model to 2070.","authors":"Eemil Lehtonen, Anja Tuulonen, Sanna Leinonen, Osmo Salonen, Minna Soittila, Hannele Uusitalo-Järvinen","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002166","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>Glaucoma is among the leading causes of permanent visual impairment, with its prevalence increasing due to population ageing. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the 2004 system dynamics (SD) model predicting the number of glaucoma medication reimbursees in Finland until 2023, update the model using 1990-2023 data to forecast medication users until 2070 and assess whether the observed deceleration in net growth during 2015-2023 represented a temporary or sustained trend.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data on reimbursed glaucoma medication users (1986-2023) were sourced from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution, alongside Finnish population projections (2021-2070). An updated SD model was developed using historical data, stratified by age groups, and incorporating demographic shifts, mortality and migration. Predictions were validated against observed trends and parameterised using expert consensus and literature estimates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>By 2070 in Finland, the updated model predicts a 57% increase in glaucoma medication reimbursees (151 846 individuals; 28 per 1000 inhabitants), primarily driven by growth in ≥75-year-old population. The updated model captured the slowdown in net growth of reimbursees in 2015-2023. A similar slowdown is projected to reoccur during 2033-2048, again followed by an acceleration in growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The demand for glaucoma care in Finland will increase by 2070, necessitating proactive resource allocation and continuous monitoring using real-world data to ensure optimal care delivery. Temporary changes in the demand for glaucoma care underscore the need for adaptive forecasting methods. The updated model provides a framework for monitoring trends and informing resource allocation in national eye care systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of refractive error in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Marcel Nejatian, Saiuj Bhat, Amy Kalantary, Joshua Taylor, Mark A Chia, Angus Turner, Hessom Razavi","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-002046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2024-002046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to compare the prevalence of (1) presenting vision loss from refractive error, (2) subtypes of refractive error and (3) rates of spectacle coverage and use between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in urban and rural locations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Joanna Briggs Institute guidance for systematic reviews of prevalence studies was followed. Medline, Embase, Web of Science and relevant grey literature were searched. All studies reporting refractive error prevalence in Australian populations were included. Pooled prevalence estimates were derived using meta-analyses with a random-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>17 studies were included (22 450 adults and 13 493 children). Pooled prevalence of bilateral distance vision loss from refractive error was 7.5% (95% CI, 4.6% to 11.1%) and 4.5% (95% CI, 2.7% to 6.8%) among Indigenous and non-Indigenous adults, respectively (p=0.126). Bilateral blindness occurred in 0.19% (95% CI, 0.00% to 0.75%) and 0.01% (95% CI, 0.00% to 0.09%) of Indigenous and non-Indigenous adults, respectively (p=0.265). Myopia, astigmatism and anisometropia were similar among Indigenous and non-Indigenous children (6.2% vs 5.3% (p=0.750), 5.2% vs 5.6% (p=0.928) and 4.1% vs 5.0% (p=0.661), respectively). Narrative synthesis of studies suggested Indigenous people had lower spectacle coverage and lower use of the spectacles they owned.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vision loss from refractive error is common in Australia, with Indigenous people particularly affected by lower spectacle coverage and use. National strategies for addressing this should be considered, such as the national spectacle subsidy scheme.</p><p><strong>Prospero registration number: </strong>CRD42022340197.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal association between different types of ametropia and risk of diabetic retinopathy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.","authors":"Qian Ma, Hongyan Yao, Sangsang Wang, Jinbo Chen, Yongqing Shao, Zhe Zhang, Tianyu Wang","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001909","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the causal link between ametropia and diabetic retinopathy, as well as to offer genetic support for the association between these two conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study employed a methodology involving the utilisation of genome-wide association studies data that are publicly accessible. Specifically, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that exhibit a strong association with ametropia were employed as instrumental variables, and a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach was employed to examine the causal relationship between different types of ametropia and diabetic retinopathy. The main findings were derived from the utilisation of inverse variance weighted (IVW), while supplementary results were obtained through the utilisation of MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode and weighted mode. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using the 'leave-one-out' method. Cochran's Q statistics were also used to quantify the heterogeneity of SNPs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>38 SNPs were finally included. The results of the IVW analysis indicate that myopia may exert an inhibitory effect on the development of diabetic retinopathy (OR=0.596, 95% CI (0.371, 0.957), p<0.05). Conversely, hypermetropia (OR=8.882, 95% CI (0.389×10^-3, 2.06×10⁵), p>0.05) and astigmatism (OR=1.004, 95% CI (0.888, 1.135), p>0.05) do not exhibit a causal relationship with the risk of diabetic retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This two-sample Mendelian randomization study provides evidence that myopia may impede diabetic retinopathy occurrence, while hypermetropia and astigmatism show no significant causal effects. However, our analysis treats refractive errors as independent entities, which may not reflect their clinical interdependence. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate myopia's protective mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12410644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fucoxanthin protects retinal ganglion cells and regulates Parkin-mediated mitophagy in experimental glaucoma.","authors":"Haixia Ma, Xinxin Hu, Juntao Zhang, Wei Lian, Dandan Wang, Lifang Zhang, Qinkang Lu","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-002126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2024-002126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease resulting in irreversible blindness. This study investigates whether fucoxanthin can safeguard retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by modulating Parkin-mediated mitophagy in experimental glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An experimental glaucomatous model was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats via translimbal laser photocoagulation. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored using a Tonolab tonometer. RGC survival was evaluated through FluoroGold labelling. Retinal and optic nerve samples were analysed at 3 days and 2 weeks post-IOP elevation for mitochondrial morphology and gene/protein expression using immunohistochemistry and molecular assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results demonstrated that mitophagy was acutely overactivated in the short term and impaired over the long term in ocular hypertensive rats. Fucoxanthin intravitreal administration enhanced RGC survival and Bcl-2 expression while reducing Bax and glial fibrillar acidic protein levels. During acute IOP elevation, fucoxanthin curtailed Parkin expression and mitophagosome formation, mitigating excessive mitophagy. Under prolonged IOP elevation, it elevated mitophagy-related proteins and restored mitophagy function, contributing to damaged mitochondrial clearance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fucoxanthin exerts neuroprotective effects in experimental glaucoma by modulating Parkin-mediated mitophagy. This highlights the therapeutic potential of maintaining mitophagy homeostasis for glaucoma treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12374660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute fungal post-cataract endophthalmitis in the endophthalmitis management study: EMS report 7.","authors":"Taraprasad Das, Akash Belenje, Joveeta Joseph, Suchita Pandey, Dhanush Pandya, Rudvij Pandya, Umesh Chandra Behera, Vivek Pravin Dave","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Investigate and characterise acute post-cataract fungal endophthalmitis pooled from the Endophthalmitis Management Study occurring within 6 weeks of primary surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The fungal infection was confirmed through conventional and molecular microbiology work-ups and antifungal susceptibility testing. Clinical examination included measurement of distant vision and intraocular pressure, anterior segment photo documentation and inflammation score (IS) measurement. Per the microbiology report, the eyes were divided into culture-positive (C+), sequencing-positive (S+) and sequencing-positive-unidentified (U+) fungi. Clinical correlations and statistical comparisons were performed between these three cohorts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study identified 21 patients with fungal endophthalmitis; it was 9.5% (21 of 220) of all acute post-cataract endophthalmitis in this study. Per the microbiology report, C+, S+ and U+ were 6, 9 and 6 patients, respectively. <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i> spp were the common fungi. The C+ fungi had higher presenting IS (p=0.023), shorter time to symptoms, worse presenting vision, corneal abscess (p=0.030) and higher probability of repeat intervention (p=0.042) than the other two groups. In the C+ group, the final vision of >20/400 was less (p=0.046) and phthisis bulbi was higher (p=0.010). All culturable fungi were resistant to amphotericin B and voriconazole.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a 10% probability of acute post-cataract fungal endophthalmitis in India. The eyes presenting with corneal abscesses carry a higher risk. The polymicrobial infections shown in this cohort should be interpreted cautiously since next-generation sequencing detects DNA from all organisms, including residual or low-abundance or non-viable organisms that traditional culture might miss. Despite this, the new molecular microbiology technology is necessary to confirm diagnosis and expedite appropriate treatment. Given multi-antifungal agent resistance, routine susceptibility testing must be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12366611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corneal enzymatic digestion resistance in the presence of oestradiol and oestradiol plus selective tissue oestrogenic activity regulators (STEAR).","authors":"Nikki L Hafezi, M Enes Aydemir, Nan-Ji Lu, Emilio A Torres-Netto, Mark Hillen, Carina Koppen","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Elevated oestrogen levels and pharmacotherapies targeting oestrogen receptors can reduce corneal biomechanical stability, and altered stromal collagenase activity has been identified as one the possible mechanisms. We wished to determine the impact of oestradiol and the selective tissue (o)estrogenic activity regulator (STEAR), tibolone, on corneal enzymatic digestion resistance.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>Freshly prepared ex vivo porcine corneas (n=48) were divided into three groups. Group A corneas served as untreated controls. Group B corneas were incubated in 20 µmol/L oestradiol solution and group C corneas were incubated in 20 µmol/L oestradiol solution with 2.5 mg tibolone before digestion in 0.3% collagenase-A solution to assess digestion time until corneal button dissolution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group A control corneas showed the strongest resistance to collagenase digestion (31.38±2.03 hours). Corneas from group B that were preconditioned with oestradiol showed significantly lower resistance to digestion than group A control corneas (27.25±1.84 hours, p<0.01). Group C corneas that had been pretreated with both oestradiol and tibolone showed the least resistance to digestion (22.38±2.47 hours), with significant differences to group B (p<0.01) and group A (p<0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Oestradiol significantly reduces corneal enzymatic digestion resistance. When combined with the STEAR, tibolone, there is a further decrease in stromal enzymatic digestion resistance. These results suggest that high oestradiol levels could have a significant impact on corneal conditions characterised by elevated collagenase activity, such as corneal ectasias (eg, keratoconus) and infectious keratitis. Importantly, the employment of STEAR therapy, such as tibolone, may amplify the effects of oestradiol.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12366596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144943837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}