BMJ Open Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"New horizons in geographic atrophy treatment: enthusiasm and caution surrounding complement inhibitors.","authors":"Eric Lai, Timothy Lee, Claire Lee, Sidney A Schechet","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001854","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001854","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142104587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of monitoring ocular hypertension based on a risk prediction tool.","authors":"Hangjian Wu, Gus Gazzard, Anthony King, James Morgan, David Wright, David P Crabb, Yemisi Takwoingi, Augusto Azuara-Blanco, Verity Watson, Rodolfo Hernández","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001741","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>To assess the cost-effectiveness of making treatment decisions for patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) based on a risk prediction (RP) tool in the United Kingdom.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A discrete event simulation model was constructed to compare the cost-effectiveness of an alternative care pathway in which the treatment decision was guided by a validated RP tool in secondary care against decision-making based on the standard care (SC). Individual patient sampling was used. Patients diagnosed with OHT and with an intraocular pressure of 24 mm Hg or over entered the model with a set of predefined individual characteristics related to their risk of conversion to glaucoma. These characteristics were retrieved from electronic medical records (n=5740). Different stages of glaucoma were modelled following conversion to glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Almost all (99%) patients were treated using the RP strategy, and less than half (47%) of the patients were treated using the SC strategy. The RP strategy produced higher cost but also higher quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) than the SC strategy. The RP strategy was cost-effective compared with the SC strategy in the base-case analysis, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio value of £11 522. The RP strategy had a 96% probability of being cost-effective under a £20 000 per QALY threshold.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of an RP tool for the management of patients with OHT is likely to be cost-effective. However, the generalisability of the result might be limited due to the high-risk nature of this cohort and the specific RP threshold used in the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142104586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating biological age from retinal imaging: a scoping review.","authors":"Michaela Joan Grimbly, Sheri-Michelle Koopowitz, Ruiye Chen, Zihan Sun, Paul J Foster, Mingguang He, Dan J Stein, Jonathan Ipser, Zhuoting Zhu","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001794","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>The emerging concept of retinal age, a biomarker derived from retinal images, holds promise in estimating biological age. The retinal age gap (RAG) represents the difference between retinal age and chronological age, which serves as an indicator of deviations from normal ageing. This scoping review aims to collate studies on retinal age to determine its potential clinical utility and to identify knowledge gaps for future research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist, eligible non-review, human studies were identified, selected and appraised. PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Cochrane, CINAHL, Africa Wide EBSCO, MedRxiv and BioRxiv databases were searched to identify literature pertaining to retinal age, the RAG and their associations. No restrictions were imposed on publication date.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen articles published between 2022 and 2023 were analysed, revealing four models capable of determining biological age from retinal images. Three models, 'Retinal Age', 'EyeAge' and a 'convolutional network-based model', achieved comparable mean absolute errors: 3.55, 3.30 and 3.97, respectively. A fourth model, 'RetiAGE', predicting the probability of being older than 65 years, also demonstrated strong predictive ability with respect to clinical outcomes. In the models identified, a higher predicted RAG demonstrated an association with negative occurrences, notably mortality and cardiovascular health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review highlights the potential clinical application of retinal age and RAG, emphasising the need for further research to establish their generalisability for clinical use, particularly in neuropsychiatry. The identified models showcase promising accuracy in estimating biological age, suggesting its viability for evaluating health status.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aflibercept for central retinal vein occlusions: long-term outcomes of a 'Treat-and-Extend' regimen.","authors":"Damian Jaggi, Thanoosha Nagamany, Sebastian Wolf, Martin S Zinkernagel, Florian M Heussen","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001659","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>This study reports on the long-term functional and anatomical outcomes of patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) treated under the Bern treat-and-extend (T&E) protocol.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Observational study. Treatment-naive patients with CRVO and consecutive macular oedema treated with aflibercept were included. The T&E protocol involved 2 monthly injections followed by an extension based on individual assessments. At each visit, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optical coherence tomography imaging and a 2 mg aflibercept injection were administered. Changes in BCVA, proportion of patients gaining ≥15 letters, central subfield thickness (CST) and treatment intervals were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 173 patients, 64 had a follow-up of at least 2 years. BCVA improved from 46.7±25.3 at baseline to 78.3±0.5 at year 9. The proportion of patients with ≥15 letters gained was 56%, 53%, 56%, 62%, 52%, 52%, 43%, 50% and 33% at years 1-9, respectively. CST decreased significantly from 660±242 µm at baseline to 359±63 µm at year 9. Treatment intervals extended from 4 weeks initially to an average of 13.0±4.1 weeks by year 8.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The T&E regimen for CRVO shows sustained visual improvements and reduced CST over time. Patients maintained stable visual gains for many years, demonstrating the effectiveness of this treatment approach. However, no control group was available to compare our T&E regimen with other strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between choroidal parameters and primary angle-closure suspect in different age groups.","authors":"Mengyang Li, Zhi Li, Fei Xiang, Caixia Li, Ye Zhang, Shuning Li","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001772","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the correlations between choroidal parameters and primary angle-closure suspect (PACS) in different age subgroups.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>Participants aged 50 years or older in a rural area of Daxing District, Beijing, were recruited. Swept-source optical coherence tomography was used to measure the choroidal parameters. Demographic, ocular biometry parameters and choroidal parameters were compared between the PACS and non-PACS (NPACS) eyes. Logistic analysis was performed to explore the association between the choroidal parameters and PACS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>192 (26.89%) subjects with PACS and 509 (71.29%) with PACS were analysed. Subjects were divided into two groups: group 1 (50-60 years, n=286) and group 2 (>60 years, n=415). In group 1, the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness of PACS eyes was 341.82±88.23 µm and thicker than NPACS eyes (315.07±83.53 µm, p=0.035). The choroidal volume was greater in PACS eyes (10.61±2.78 mm³) compared with NPACS eyes (9.66±2.49 mm³, p=0.013). In group 2, no significant difference in any choroidal parameters between PACS and NPACS was found. Multivariate regression demonstrated that increased choroidal volume was associated with PACS (OR 1.298, 95% CI 1.117 to 1.510, p<0.001) in group 1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the age group of 50-60 years, PACS eyes had greater choroidal thickness and volume than NPACS eyes, and the increased total choroidal volume was a predisposing factor for PACS.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>ChiCTR2000037944.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344506/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142046397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing the reliability of measurements in eyes with full-thickness macular holes: are we measuring incorrectly?","authors":"George Moussa, Assad Jalil, Myrta Lippera, Nouf Alnafisee, Tsveta Ivanova","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001531","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The calliper function is used for manual measurements of full thickness macular holes (FTMHs). We aimed to investigate whether a reproducible difference could be detected beyond interobserver variability between two commonly used manufacturers in their manual calliper facility in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) for metrics related to FTMH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a non-interventional, retrospective, observational study. Two independent observers examined 8 eyes (16 OCT) scans and 128 measurements (minimal linear diameter (MLD), basal diameter and hole height on both sides) of FTMHs, taken on Heidelberg Spectralis and Topcon Triton (OCT machines). The interobserver agreement and OCT machine agreement of measurements were analysed by Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Spectralis and Triton had 125 µm and 50 µm horizontal b-scan spacing, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, we report high absolute agreement in interobserver (ICC 0.991 (95% CI 0.985 to 0.995, p<0.001)) and OCT machine (ICC 0.993 (95% CI 0.987 to 0.996, p<0.001)) variability. Lower horizontal resolution in Triton compared with Spectralis leads to interobserver variability, in smaller horizontal measurements. Lower horizontal scanning density in Spectralis lead to relatively large interobserver variation if different reference scans were chosen, and consistently smaller MLD measurements than Triton. Vertical measurements without 1:1 scaling lead to inaccurate exaggerated oblique vertical measurements. Calliper function appears otherwise identically calibrated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We report excellent interobserver and OCT machine agreement in measurements. However, the paper shows several factors that could influence the reliability of measurements acquired in eyes with FTMHs, such as the dimension of the hole as well as different image resolution, density scanning protocols or vertical scaling of the OCT machines viewing platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11331849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141995353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oscillatory potential findings in patients with acute ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion.","authors":"Ya Qu, Li Ran, Gang Wang, Min Wang, Shiying Li","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001582","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To explore the sensitive components of full-field electroretinography (ERG) as indicators of retina function at the onset of acute ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>11 patients (11 eyes) with ischaemic CRVO and 32 patients (32 eyes) with non-ischaemic CRVO who presented with first-episode unilateral CRVO within 1 month of symptom onset and with no previous intervention were examined by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standard ERG.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant amplitude decline and peak time delay in light-adapted (LA) 3 ERG and LA 30 Hz flicker ERG (p<0.05 for all) was found in the ischaemic CRVO eyes, compared with the non-ischaemic CRVO eyes. The b/a amplitude ratio of dark-adapted (DA) 3 ERG, DA 10 ERG and LA 3 ERG was significantly different between the ischaemic and non-ischaemic groups (p<0.05 for all). Regarding oscillatory potentials (OPs), the amplitudes of OP1, OP2 and OP3 as well as the sum of DA 3 OP1-4 amplitudes (∑OPs) showed significant changes (p<0.01 for all) between two groups. No peak time delay of OPs was found between the ischaemic and non-ischaemic CRVO eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The amplitude of DA 0.01 ERG, components of LA 3 ERG and LA 30 Hz flicker ERG, and the b/a amplitude ratio could be among the most sensitive indicators in patients with acute ischaemic CRVO. The amplitudes of OP1, OP2, OP3 and ∑OPs in the CRVO eyes were reduced to 40% of the control values, showing that this quantitative method is reliable for detecting ischaemic retinal diseases, even in early stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11331877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141981772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IOL decentration sensitivity according to spatial frequencies.","authors":"Stefan Pieh, Cornelia Artmayr, Daniel Schartmüller, Katharina Kriechbaum","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001661","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>Investigation of the decentration sensitivity of monofocal intraocular implants with a focus on different aberration corrections depending on different spatial frequencies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using an optical bench, the decentration sensitivities of an intraocular lens (IOL) with a high spherical aberration correction of -0.27 µm (ZCB00 Johnson & Johnson), an IOL with an aberration correction of -0.20 µm (Primus HD OphthalmoPro) and an IOL with an aberration neutral design (CT Asphina 409MP Carl Zeiss Meditec) were evaluated for Strehl ratio values and for 25, 50 and 100 lp/mm. Two different corneas with +0.13 µm and +0.28 µm were used. The lenses were tested in the best centration and up to a decentration of 0.5 mm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Decentration sensitivity affects high spatial frequencies more than lower ones. The possible decentration sensitivity is determined by the amount of spherical aberration of the cornea. The effective decentration sensitivity is determined by the extent to which these spherical aberrations are compensated. If these are not compensated, there is hardly any decentration sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High spatial frequencies are more affected by decentration sensitivity. The decentration sensitivity of an IOL is determined by the extent to which the spherical aberration of the cornea is corrected.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11409404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141906001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials in prosthetic vision and simulated visual reduction.","authors":"Yingchen He, Jonathon Toft-Nielsen, Gordon Legge, Sandra R Montezuma","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001705","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To quantitatively evaluate visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in prosthetic vision and simulated visual reduction.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>Four blind patients implanted with the Argus II retinal prosthesis and seven sighted controls participated. VEPs were recorded with pattern-reversal stimuli (2 cycles of a horizontal square wave grating, 0.1 cycle/degree) at 1.07 reversals per second (rps) for Argus II subjects and 3.37 rps for controls. Argus II patients had both eyes patched, viewing the pattern solely through their implant. Controls viewed the pattern monocularly, either with their best-corrected vision or with simulated visual reduction (field restriction, added blur or reduced display contrast).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VEPs recorded in Argus II patients displayed a similar shape to normal VEPs when controls viewed the pattern without simulated visual reduction. In sighted controls, adding blur significantly delayed the P100 peak time by 8.7 ms, 95% CI (0.9, 16.6). Reducing stimulus contrast to 32% and 6% of full display contrast significantly decreased P100 amplitude to 55% (37%, 82%) and 20% (13%, 31%), respectively. Restriction on the field of view had no impact on either the amplitude or the peak latency of P100.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The early visual cortex in retinal prosthesis users remains responsive to retinal input, showing a similar response profile to that of sighted controls. Pattern-reversal VEP offers valuable insights for objectively evaluating artificial vision therapy systems (AVTSs) when selecting, fitting and training implant users, but the uncertainties in the exact timing and location of electrode stimulation must be considered when interpreting the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11308878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141892909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination of a monofocal and one type of extended depth-of-focus (zonal refractive) intraocular lens (COMEDI) in bilateral cataract surgery protocol: a monocentric, randomised, parallel group trial in cataract surgery.","authors":"Karolien Termote, Roger Van Schoor, Iva Krolo, Silke Oellerich, Wilfried Cools, Heleen Delbeke, Sorcha Ni Dhubhghaill","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001572","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Modern intraocular lens (IOL) designs for cataract treatment can be broadly classified into three focal range categories; monofocal, extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) and multifocal IOLs.Monofocal IOLs allow spectacle independence for one focus, typically distance. In contrast, EDOF IOLs provide a greater range of vision, extending spectacle independence to intermediate distance, while multifocal IOLs enable spectacle independence at all distances with the drawback of positive dysphotopsias and reduced contrast perception.EDOF lenses are an attractive compromise with fewer dysphotopic side effects than multifocals. The purpose of this study is to assess whether implanting an EDOF IOL in the second eye of a patient who received a monofocal IOL in the first eye can improve spectacle independence while maintaining the same optical quality as bilateral monofocal IOL implantation.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>This study compares combined monofocal and EDOF IOL implantation versus bilateral monofocal IOL implantation in terms of clinical and patient-reported outcomes in a monocentric, randomised, patient-masked and assessor-masked, parallel group trial in 88 bilateral cataract patients. The primary outcome measure is binocular photopic distance corrected intermediate visual acuity. The secondary outcome measures include (un)corrected distance and near visual acuity, reading speed at intermediate distance, quality of visual function assessments, patient-reported spectacle independence, contrast sensitivity, aberrometry, stereopsis and straylight measurement at the 3-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Ethics and dissemination: </strong>The protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the University Hospital of Brussels (BUN 23219_EDOF).</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>NCT06002399.</p>","PeriodicalId":9286,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11308891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141892841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}