Brain Imaging and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Neural activation patterns underlying football decision-making: evidence for the neural proficiency hypothesis.","authors":"Ju Li, Yaping Cao, ZhongCheng Li, Xudong Zhao, Zhe Qin, Minghao Huang, Jian Lang, Xiaopeng Chi","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01184-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01184-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Football decision-making requires the rapid integration of perceptual and cognitive information under complex and dynamic conditions. While elite players consistently outperform novices, the neural mechanisms underlying this expertise remain underexplored. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a realistic video-based decision-making paradigm, we compared brain activation patterns in 20 elite and 20 novice football players. Experts demonstrated significantly higher decision accuracy and faster reaction times. Both groups showed widespread cortical and subcortical activation, yet experts exhibited greater engagement of frontal and parietal cortices and reduced reliance on occipital visual areas. Conjunction and functional decoding analyses revealed that experts preferentially recruited regions related to working memory, semantic processing, visuospatial attention, and conflict monitoring. Activation intensity in the precuneus, angular gyrus, and middle cingulate cortex positively correlated with decision accuracy within the expert group. These findings provide neuroimaging evidence that superior decision-making in elite athletes is supported by enhanced recruitment and integration of higher-order cognitive networks, consistent with the Neural Proficiency Hypothesis. The results extend current understanding of how domain-specific experience reorganizes neural systems to support expert performance in complex, open-skill sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148599368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated CSF GAP-43 is associated with reduced cerebral glucose metabolism and cognitive impairment in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.","authors":"Hani Moslem Ahmed, Ali Fawzi Al-Hussainy, Vimal Arora, M M Rekha, Mayank Kundlas, Kattela Chennakesavulu, Mehul Manu, Jasur Rizaev, Sada Ghalib Taher, Mariem Alwan, Mahmood Jawad, Hiba Mushtaq","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01181-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01181-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), a synaptic protein involved in neuronal plasticity, has emerged as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), with elevated levels linked to synaptic dysfunction. This dysfunction, in turn, has been associated with reduced cerebral glucose metabolism, which further exacerbates cognitive decline and accelerates disease progression. However, the link between CSF GAP-43 and cerebral glucose metabolism, measured by FDG-PET, remains less understood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between CSF GAP-43 levels, cerebral glucose metabolism, and cognitive performance across different stages of cognitive impairment, specifically in individuals with AD (n = 83), MCI (n = 370), and cognitively normal (CN; n = 215). Cognitive function was assessed using the ADAS-Cog 13 scale, CSF GAP-43 levels were measured via ELISA, and cerebral glucose metabolism was analyzed with FDG-PET. The results showed that CSF GAP-43 levels were significantly elevated in the AD group compared to the CN and MCI groups (p < 0.001). In the MCI group, there was a modest but statistically significant negative association between CSF GAP-43 levels and cerebral glucose metabolism (β = -0.126, FDR p = 0.003), whereas this association was not significant in the CN (β = -0.031, FDR p = 0.612) or AD groups (β = 0.157, FDR p = 0.584). Mediation analysis, adjusted for age, sex, education, and APOE ε4 carrier status, showed that FDG-PET cerebral glucose metabolism partly and statistically mediated the association between CSF GAP-43 and cognitive performance only in the MCI group (β = 0.047, FDR-adjusted p = 0.009). These findings indicate that higher CSF GAP-43 was associated with lower cerebral glucose metabolism, which in turn was associated with worse cognitive performance in MCI. However, because of limitations, cross-sectional design, and modest magnitude of the effects, these results should be interpreted as statistical associations rather than evidence that CSF GAP-43 impairs glucose metabolism or cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148560743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal surface-based morphometry reveals potential MRI biomarkers correlated with multidimensional brain health measures.","authors":"Robyn A Honea, Ankit Patel, William Guiler, Mark D'Esposito, Sandra Bond Chapman, Lori G Cook, Jeffrey S Spence","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01175-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01175-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Characterizing longitudinal brain changes linked to brain health requires identifying structural and neuroanatomical biomarkers. This study aimed to identify MRI-based neuroanatomical correlates associated with longitudinal change in the BrainHealth Index (BHI), a multidimensional measure of cognition, emotional well-being, and social connectedness, and explore their potential as surrogate markers of brain health trajectories in a naturalistic cohort. We investigated neuroanatomical correlates of BHI using longitudinal surface-based morphometry in 190 healthy adults (aged 20-70). We hypothesized that baseline brain morphology would predict BHI performance and that longitudinal BHI changes would correlate with morphometric changes. Participants underwent up to five MRI scans over four years. Surface-based analyses quantified changes in cortical volume, thickness, sulcal depth (SD), gyrification index (GI), and fractal dimension (FD). Vertex-wise regressions tested associations between baseline BHI and morphometric changes, and between longitudinal BHI changes and morphometric features, controlling for age, sex, education, and scan interval. In males, baseline BHI was associated with increased FD over time in the left inferior parietal cortex. In the whole group, BHI gains correlated with increased GI in the left insula and posterior cingulate. In females, BHI improvements were linked to greater SD in the left precuneus, middle temporal, and right cingulate gyri. A sex-specific interaction showed BHI gains in males associated with increased GI in the left insula and temporal cortices. These findings highlight FD, GI, and SD as potential MRI biomarkers for tracking changes in brain health, revealing sex-specific neuroanatomical associations with BHI improvements in regions such as the insula and precuneus.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13357483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148429853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the complex interplay between glymphatic function, age, and brain structure in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Zhongfeng Xie, Di Zhou, Shuchao Wang, Ting Hua, Hong Chen, Rong Yang, Yujiao Gong, Guangyu Tang, Lin Zhang, Xiaowen Xu","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01169-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01169-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition. The relationship between glymphatic dysfunction, brain structure, and age in ASD children is poorly understood, hindering targeted interventions. A total of 130 participants, including 67 children with ASD and 63 typically developing (TD) children, were enrolled in this research. Glymphatic function was assessed using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS). Voxel-based morphometry was employed to measure gray matter volume (GMV). Statistical analyses were conducted to explore correlations between age, ALPS indices, and GMV, and to assess whether age moderates these relationships. Our results showed that children with ASD exhibited reduced glymphatic function, with significant differences in the ALPS_L index (P = 0.024) and ALPS_Bi index (P = 0.025) indices compared to TD children. The ALPS index was positively correlated with age (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with GMV, particularly in regions linked to social and cognitive processing. The moderation analysis revealed that age moderated the relationship between the ALPS index and GMV, showing that the negative association between them weakened with increasing age. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that the ALPS index effectively distinguishes ASD from TD children (ALPS_L index area under the curve (AUC) = 0.710, ALPS_Bi index AUC = 0.712). Our study suggests that glymphatic dysfunction in children with ASD may be age-dependent, influencing brain structure, particularly GMV. The ALPS index holds potential as a diagnostic biomarker for early detection of ASD-related neurobiological changes, with implications for targeted therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148418830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional connectivity of the cognitive emotion regulation network in partially sleep-deprived individuals using an emotional arrows task: potential age-dependent effects.","authors":"Sanaz Nasiri, Rassoul Amirfattahi, Meysam Siyah Mansoory, Mehdi Khodamoradi","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01179-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01179-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep deprivation (SD) may lead to emotional dysregulation, a problem that may be influenced by aging. However, the specific neural mechanisms underlying this issue remain unclear. To address this, we investigated changes in functional connectivity (FC) within the cognitive emotion regulation network (CERN) during a three-stage emotional arrows task, which included down-regulation, maintenance, and up-regulation conditions, following a night of partial SD (total sleep of 3 h). We compared the FC of the CERN in younger (ages 20-30) and older adults (ages 65-75) compared to their own baseline FC from a normal night of sleep (7-9 h). We also compared the FC of the CERN between the two age groups. Our findings revealed that during the down-regulation condition, both age groups exhibited increased FC among cortical components. However, the older group showed significant decreases in FC among the subcortical structures associated with emotion generation. In the maintenance and up-regulation conditions, younger adults who experienced sleep restriction primarily displayed enhanced synchronized activations among the cortical components of the CERN, while older SD adults exhibited decreased FC between cortical and subcortical components of the network. Additionally, when comparing the two age groups, younger adults showed widespread enhancements in FC within the CERN across all three emotional tasks, in contrast to their older counterparts. Our research suggests that partial SD alters the FC of the CERN in both young and old adults. However, younger individuals appear to be more susceptible to SD-induced reorganizations of FC within the network than older individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148418882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between olfactory dysfunction and structural MRI findings in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.","authors":"Yasaman Alikhani, Amin Zolfaghari, Farshad Shahkarami, Homa Seyedmirzaei","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01177-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01177-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Olfactory dysfunction is a common and early non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies have reported changes in olfactory-related brain regions, but findings remain inconsistent. This review synthesizes MRI evidence to clarify neuroanatomical correlates of olfactory dysfunction in PD. We performed a systematic review to find the associations between olfactory dysfunction and structural MRI findings in people with PD. A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science yielded 20 eligible studies. The eligible studies involved 1,092 patients with PD. Although there were inconsistent regions of interest and types of analysis, we identified structural changes in the olfactory sulcus and bulb, cortical gray matter, hippocampus, parahippocampus, and basal ganglia that are associated with olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory dysfunction in PD is linked to structural changes in primary olfactory, limbic, and cortical regions. These MRI findings may serve as early biomarkers, but standardized, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm their diagnostic or prognostic value.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148410389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alteration of individual morphological brain networks in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Weixuan Qin, Chunlan Sun, Shuang Ding, Ruofei Ma, Bin Qin, Kaiping Huang, Yun Zhang, Longlun Wang, Jinhua Cai","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01081-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01081-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to investigate the altered topological properties of individual morphological brain networks in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to explore their correlation with clinical symptoms. We prospectively recruited 43 preschoolers with ASD and 46 typically developing children (TDC). Based on Kullback-Leibler divergence, morphological brain networks were constructed for all subjects. We analyzed the topological properties of the brain networks in both groups using graph-theoretic methods and examined the correlation between the properties of ASD and clinical symptoms. In comparison to the TDC group, the ASD group exhibited reduced small worldness, along with increased clustering coefficient and local efficiency (q < 0.05). Notable changes in nodal properties included an increase in degree centrality in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and left fusiform gyrus, as well as decreased efficiency indices (p < 0.011). Furthermore, the degree centrality value of the left fusiform gyrus in the ASD group was positively correlated with total scores on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (r = 0.435, uncorrected p = 0.004), as well as with the communication (r = 0.416, uncorrected p = 0.006) and social interaction (r = 0.419, uncorrected p = 0.006) subscale scores. Alterations in individual morphological brain networks in preschool children with ASD suggest their network-level discrepancies in brain development, which may be associated with a difference in social functioning observed in individuals with ASD. The findings of this study offer a neuroimaging clue for investigating the underlying mechanisms of ASD, and provide reference for early identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148395941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI for identifying dopamine transporter imaging abnormality risk in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.","authors":"Jae Rim Kim, Beomseok Sohn, Jeong Won Jo, Hwan Heo, Soohwa Song, Eung Yeop Kim, Eun Yeon Joo","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01176-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01176-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI) enables non-invasive assessment of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). However, its utility in identifying dopaminergic dysfunction in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) remains unclear. This study evaluated NM-MRI alterations in the SNpc, stratified by dopamine transporter (DaT) imaging status, to assess its performance in detecting early dopaminergic alterations. This combined retrospective and prospective study included 66 patients with iRBD (45 males, 67.0 ± 6.3 years) and 30 healthy controls (HCs) (11 males, 63.6 ± 6.5 years). Patients with iRBD were divided based on ¹⁸F-FP-CIT PET findings into those with abnormal (iRBD-CIT+) and normal (iRBD-CIT-) DaT imaging. NM metrics, including volume, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio, were quantified using a template-based semi-automated method in the whole SNpc and its subregions (sensorimotor, associative, and limbic). Among the 66 patients with iRBD, 37 (56.1%) were classified as iRBD-CIT+. They exhibited significantly reduced NM metrics across the whole SNpc and all subregions compared to HCs. Notably, NM volume and SNR in the associative and limbic area were significantly lower in the iRBD-CIT+ group than in the iRBD-CIT- group, whereas other metrics did not differ. ROC analysis revealed fair performance for NM volume and SNR (AUC 0.73 and 0.75, respectively) in discriminating iRBD-CIT+ from iRBD-CIT-. Multivariable regression analyses confirmed these metrics as independent discriminators of DaT abnormalities. NM-MRI metrics, particularly limbic NM volume and SNR, serve as potential biomarkers for dopaminergic alterations in iRBD. These findings support NM-MRI as a strategic, radiation-free triage tool to identify high-risk patients requiring DaT imaging in iRBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13337592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148389927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between amygdala subregions and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a fixel-based analysis.","authors":"Yuchen She, Jiahao Wei, Junyi Wang, Ying Liu, Sicheng Chen, Man Zhang, Qi Yang, Lijuan Mo, Changhong Tan, Xi Liu, Lifen Chen","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01172-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01172-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease impair quality of life, yet their neural basis is unclear, the link between amygdala subregion fiber properties and these symptoms remains unexplored. We analyzed 114 Parkinson's disease patients from the PPMI group using diffusion tensor imaging and FreeSurfer to segment nine amygdala subregions. By using fixel-based analysis, each subregion's volume and diffusion metrics were extracted. Finally, correlation and regression analyses were assessed associations with Non-motor symptoms scores. Diffusion metrics of white matter tracts from amygdala subregions correlated with Non-motor symptoms, like emotion and visuospatial performance. Multiple regression analysis showed that Combined measure of fiber density and cross-section in bilateral amygdala subregions, especially the right cortico-amygdaloid transition, predicted visuospatial function. Right-sided nuclei volume was also correlated with performance. Anxiety severity was linked to bilateral amygdala tract changes, more notably on the left, with reduced white matter integrity and decreased volume in the left basal and paralaminar nuclei. Additionally, fiber density from the left cortical amygdala was negatively correlated with Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire. This study reveals that alterations in white matter tracts and volume within amygdala subregions are associated with the stability of non-motor symptoms, suggesting their potential as imaging biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. This finding provides a basis for clinical identification and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148367001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normalization method for relative cerebral blood flow influences sex and cognitive status effects in nondemented older adults.","authors":"Danielle L Sanchez, Ilana J Bennett","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01174-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01174-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is lower in males than females in cortical gray matter, but these sex effects are unknown in the hippocampus. Potential interactions between sex and cognitive status on CBF, which may contribute to the greater risk for females to develop mild cognitive impairment (MCI), are also understudied. Moreover, these effects may vary when regional CBF is normalized relative to individual differences in reference region CBF (residual rCBF) compared to more common difference scores (traditional rCBF). The current study examined effects of sex, cognitive status, and their interaction on residual and traditional rCBF in the cortical lobes and hippocampus in 111 cognitively unimpaired older adults (CU; 61.3%) and 49 older adults diagnosed with MCI (46.9% female) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) with T1-weighted and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data. As expected, rCBF was significantly lower in males than females in the occipital lobe, p = 0.010, but was unexpectedly significantly higher in males than females in the hippocampus, p < 0.001, with the sex effect being larger for traditional rCBF in the occipital lobe and residual rCBF in the hippocampus, ps < 0.024. Cognitive status significantly interacted with rCBF metric and region, ps < 0.014, but yielded no significant between group difference for any metric in any region, ps > 0.06. There were no significant interactions between sex and cognitive status, ps > 0.10. Taken together, these findings indicate that effects of sex on rCBF are region specific, independent of cognitive status, and vary with rCBF normalization method in non-demented older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13323295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148359583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}