BMC Veterinary Research最新文献

{"title":"Effects of ammonia exposure on the expression of IL-1β, CRH, and lep-a1 genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).","authors":"Mahmoud Nasr, Mohammed Youssef, Abdullah A A Alghamdi, Ali H Alghamdi, Mohsen A Khormi, Ali M Aborasain, Walaa F A Emeish, Ahmad A Elkamel","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04749-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04749-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Common carp is one of the most economically important freshwater fish species globally. Ammonia exposure, a frequent challenge in aquaculture, can lead to significant economic losses. This study investigated the impact of un-ionized ammonia (UIA) exposure on the expression profiles of three key genes in common carp fry: interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and leptin a1 (Lep-a1). These genes are crucial indicators of immune response, stress regulation, and appetite control, respectively. Fish were exposed to 0.7 mg/L of UIA, and gene expression was analysed in liver and gill tissues at five time points (12 h, 2-, 4-, 7-, and 14-days of exposure) using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results demonstrated that expression levels of all three genes were significantly affected by exposure time and tissue type. IL-1β, CRH, and Lep-a1 were upregulated in both liver and gill tissues, with the liver consistently showing higher expression levels. Notably, significant positive correlations were observed between each pair of the three genes studied, suggesting a coordinated physiological response to ammonia stress. The liver emerged as a key organ in orchestrating the long-term adaptive response, while the gills exhibited a more acute, transient reaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological response of common carp to ammonia toxicity. The findings highlight the complex interplay between immune, stress, and metabolic pathways in coping with ammonia exposure. A deep understanding of these mechanisms could lead to improved management strategies in aquaculture and the development of potential biomarkers for assessing stress responses in fish populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"383"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12117808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sheep immune response against a novel recombinant enterotoxemia and infectious necrotic hepatitis vaccine in Türkiye.","authors":"Dilek Nur Ekinoğlu, Venhar Çelik, Esra Gül, Hakan Kalender, Hasan Öngör, Burhan Çetinkaya","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04841-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04841-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Clostridial diseases are common in ruminants all over the world. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel recombinant vaccine developed against enterotoxemia and infectious necrotic hepatitis in sheep.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Plasmids carrying the Clostridium novyi type B alpha toxin gene (CnBtcn-alpha), Clostridium perfringens type C beta toxin gene (CpCcpb) and C. perfringens type D epsilon toxin gene (CpDetx) were constructed and the plasmids were transferred to Escherichia coli. Unpurified protein obtained from E. coli cell lysate supernatant was used to prepare the recombinant vaccine. The vaccine was prepared in three different formulas (RV100, RV200 and RV400), with 100, 200 and 400 µg of each protein in one vaccine dose. RV400 was preferred to immunise sheep as the antitoxin titres in the pooled blood serum of rabbits administered with this vaccine were determined to be above the minimum values specified in European Pharmacopoeia (10 IU/mL for beta, 5 IU/mL for epsilon, and 3.5 IU/mL for alpha). A total of 24 Akkaraman breed sheep with no antibodies against the relevant toxins were used for the experiment. All the animals in three groups (recombinant vaccine group, commercial polyvalent vaccine group and negative control group), each consisting of eight sheep, were vaccinated twice with an interval of 21 days and, the antitoxin titres were measured 14 days after the second vaccination by the mouse toxin neutralization test. The average antitoxin titres in sheep immunised with RV400 were calculated as 9.75 ± 1.28 IU/mL for C. perfringens beta, 13.75 ± 1.98 IU/mL for C. perfringens epsilon and 5.50 ± 0.93 IU/mL for C. novyi alpha toxins. On the other hand, the average values in sheep immunised with commercial vaccine were detected as 8.00 ± 2.14 IU/mL, 4.25 ± 1.67 IU/m L and 6.50 ± 0.93 IU/mL for C. perfringens beta, C. perfringens epsilon and C. novyi alpha, respectively. No antitoxin titre was detected in sheep in the negative control group (PBS). A statistically significant difference was observed between the recombinant and commercial vaccine groups in terms of C. perfringens epsilon antitoxin titres (P = 0.0002).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study was the first to investigate the efficacy of a combined recombinant vaccine prepared from unpurified proteins against enterotoxemia and infectious necrotic hepatitis and, the results suggested that it shows promise for protecting sheep against these diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"380"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12117762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PRRSV GP4 subunit vaccine combined with adenovirus heterologous prime-boost immunization strategy induced a significant immune response in mice.","authors":"Honghuan Li, Wenxiang Zhang, Wenxing Wang, Yanjie Qiao, Mingguo Xu, Ziwei Liu, Xiaoxiao Gu, Aodi Wu, Zhongchen Ma, Chuangfu Chen, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04842-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04842-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause widespread infections in the pig industry worldwide. Currently, multiple PRRSV vaccine candidates are in preclinical or clinical trials, and each has different advantages and limitations. Glycoprotein 4 (GP4) is rich in epitopes, which can induce the body to produce neutralizing antibodies, plays a vital role in causing the host immune response, and is a key target for PRRSV vaccine development. In this study, we developed a novel candidate vaccine immunization strategy combining a subunit vaccine with an adenovirus vector vaccine through prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems expressing GP4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, predictive analysis of PRRSV GP4 antigen structures in two expressed modes, and the results showed good antigenicity. The PRRSV GP4 subunit vaccine, as well as the adenovirus vector-based vaccine, were successfully constructed. In the immunization experiment of mouse models, a heterologous primary-boost immunization strategy was implemented: primary immunization with the GP4 subunit vaccine, and boost immunization was followed by an adenovirus vector vaccine. The safety assessment revealed that all candidate vaccine groups demonstrated good safety profiles. With an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralizing antibodies, mice in the combined immunization group developed higher levels of PRRSV-specific antibodies with significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers than mice alone. IgG subtype analysis indicated that the proteome favors the Th2-type immune response, while the adenoviral group favors the Th1-type immune response. The secretion levels of cytokines IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were significantly higher in the serum of the combined immunization group than in the immune group alone. Moreover, the cellular immune response test results showed that the combined immune group significantly enhanced the splenic lymphocyte proliferation capacity, IFN-γ secretion level, and cytokine transcript level. These findings suggest that the heterologous primary-boost immunization strategy of the PRRSV GP4 subunit vaccine developed here, in combination with the adenovirus vaccine, successfully induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, the PRRSV GP4 subunit and adenovirus vector vaccine were successfully constructed and induced high levels of PRRSV-specific neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in mouse models by a heterologous primary-boost immunization strategy. These results support the clinical development of the PRRSV vaccine and bring new hope for PRRSV prevention and control strategies in the swine industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12117697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of citric waste fermented with yeast waste pellet and roughage-to-concentrate ratio on gas production, digestibility, and fermentation characteristics using an in vitro gas production technique.","authors":"Natdanai Kanakai, Sawitree Wongtangtintharn, Chaichana Suriyapha, Rittikeard Prachumchai, Chanon Suntara, Areerat Lunpha, Ruangyote Pilajun, Pin Chanjula, Anusorn Cherdthong","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04843-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04843-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Agro-industrial byproducts offer promising solutions for reducing feed costs and mitigating environmental pollution. Efficient waste management through recycling and reuse not only minimizes environmental impact but also opens avenues for innovative animal feed products. The objectives of this research were to determine whether increasing the roughage-to-concentrate diet (R: C) ratio and adding citric waste fermented with yeast waste pellets (CWYWP) would improve gas production, digestibility, and fermentation outcomes. A 2 × 4 factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design. The first factor comprised two levels of R: C ratios: 60:40 and 40:60. Rice straw was used as a roughage source. The second factor involves four levels of CWYWP supplementation (as a top-dressed substrate supplement) at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% dry matter (DM), respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant interaction between CWYWP level and R: C ratio was observed for cumulative gas production, with 2% and 4% CWYWP increasing gas volumes under the 40:60 ratio, peaking at 113.10 mL/0.5 g at 4% inclusion. Similarly, a significant interaction was found for in vitro digestibility at 24 h, where 4% CWYWP under 40:60 R: C significantly enhanced in vitro organic matter digestibility and in vitro dry matter digestibility compared to other levels. CWYWP supplementation elevated ammonia-nitrogen concentrations at both 2 and 4 h and slightly increased ruminal pH at 4% and 6% inclusion, with all pH values remaining within the physiological range. Volatile fatty acid profiles shifted toward higher propionate and lower acetate-to-propionate ratio, particularly at 6% CWYWP under 40:60 R: C, indicating improved glucogenic fermentation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that CWYWP can be safely included at up to 4% in high-concentrate diets without impairing in vitro ruminal fermentation or digestibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12117851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of caudal epidural injection of Xylazine-Lidocaine HCl and detomidine-lidocaine HCl in domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus).","authors":"Adel Sobhy, Ahmed G Nomir, Mohamed A Hamed, Mohamed M A Abumandour, Mahmoud El-Kammar","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04840-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04840-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study was prepared to compare the efficacy of xylazine-lidocaine HCl and detomidine-lidocaine HCl following caudal epidural injection in horses, evaluating sedation, analgesia, physiological parameters, and hemato-biochemical values. This study was applied to six healthy adult horses (300-350 kg, > 4 years of age). The horses were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group 1 (seven horses) received xylazine (0.17 mg/kg bwt) + lidocaine HCl (0.06 mg/kg bwt), while Group 2 received detomidine (0.03 mg/kg bwt) + lidocaine HCl (0.06 mg/kg bwt) via caudal epidural injection. Perineal analgesia and sedation (onset time and duration) were assessed before administration and at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min post-administration. Concurrently, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and hemato-biochemical values were recorded. The sedative duration of detomidine was longer than that of xylazine (94 ± 0.96 vs. 85 ± 0.94 min). Both detomidine and xylazine induced complete bilateral perineal analgesia in all horses. Analgesia onset was slightly faster and duration longer in detomidine-treated horses compared to xylazine, and these values are for onset of analgesia (11.79 ± 1.15 vs. 14.46 ± 0.92 min). Significant heart rate depression was observed in Group 2, in which both white blood cell count (WBC) and packed cell volume (PCV) percentage showed significant decreases. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study suggest that epidural administration of detomidine-lidocaine HCl results in more effective and longer-lasting perineal analgesia compared to xylazine-lidocaine HCl.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12117799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host susceptibilities and entry processes of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants using pseudotyped viruses carrying spike protein.","authors":"Alexandria Zabiegala, Yunjeong Kim, Kyeong-Ok Chang","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04822-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04822-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The zoonotic potential has been well studied for SARS-CoV-2 and its earlier variants, but the information for Omicron variants and SARS-CoV is lacking. In this study, we generated lentivirus-based pseudoviruses carrying spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2, parental and Omicron variants including BA.1.1, BA.4/5, XBB.1 and JN.1 to assess the entry into cells expressing human or animal ACE2 including dogs, cats and white-tailed deer. Using these pseudoviruses, along with pseudoviruses carrying S of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, we assessed the protease processing of these various S through western blotting, entry/inhibition assays, and fusion assays. The results showed that overall, pseudotyped viruses carrying each S of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strains efficiently entered cells expressing human or animal ACE2 comparably (BA.1.1 and JN.1) or better (BA.4/5 and XBB.1) than those with parental strain. In addition, the entries of pseudotyped viruses carrying S of SARS-CoV were also efficient the cells expressing human or animal ACE2. The presence of TMPRSS2 significantly increased the entry of all tested pseudoviruses including those with S of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, with BA.1.1, JN1, and XBB.1 Omicron having the largest fold increase. When cathepsin inhibitors were examined to assess their inhibitory effects on entry of parental and Omicron variants, they were significantly less effective in the entry of Omicron variants compared to parent strain, suggesting Omicron strains do not depend on the endosomal route compared to parental strain.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"377"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A virulent escherichia coli O121-B2-ST131 strain causes hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink: evidence from pathogenicity and animal challenge experiments.","authors":"Yumeng Lin, Fang Wang, YanYang, Dexing Ma, Shanshan Wen, Xiaoyan Wang, Jiamei Yang, Zhenhong Guan, Hongyan Chen, Junwei Ge, Lili Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04817-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04817-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, rapid fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia (HP) has been increasingly reported in mink. In several studies, the virulence factors of strains isolated from diseased tissues have been identified as extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC). The molecular characteristics of the strains were also analyzed, but whether ExPEC is the etiological agent of HP has not been confirmed in an animal challenge model. In this study, we characterized the antibiotic resistance, virulence characteristics, and pathogenicity of a bacterial strain isolated from a typical case of mink HP, and designated it L1. Our study revealed that isolate L1 has high levels of antibiotic resistance, to multiple antibiotics, including ampicillin, tylosin, kanamycin, and so on. Numerous virulence genes were detected in isolate L1, including those encoding adhesins (focG, afa/draB, mat, crl), invasins (ibeA, einv), and toxin (cnf1). ExPEC isolate L1 belongs to the O121 serogroup and was classified in the B2 phylogroup and sequence type 131 (ST131). Animal experiments showed that L1 is highly pathogenic to mice, and induced fatal HP in mink. A mouse model of isolate L1 infection showed lethargy, depression, and then death. The sick minks showed similar clinical signs and died soon after nasal bleeding and hematemesis, with a large amount of congestion and consolidation in the lungs. Using animal challenge experiments based on Koch's postulates, we demonstrate for the first time that ExPEC is a causative agent of rapid fatal HP in minks. Our research provides important insights into the identification and control of rapid fatal HP in minks and effective antibiotic treatments for infected animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12107772/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and temporal analysis of Rift Valley fever outbreaks in livestock in Uganda: a retrospective study from 2013 to 2022.","authors":"Eugene Arinaitwe, David Kalenzi Atuhaire, Emmanuel Hasahya, Nakanjako Gladys K, Robert Mwebe, Gerald Nizeyimana, Mathias Afayoa, Frank Norbert Mwiine, Joseph Erume","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04825-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04825-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), primarily affecting livestock and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. First detected in Kenya in 1930, RVF has since spread across Africa, including Uganda, and to the Arabian Peninsula. Uganda reported its first human cases of RVF in 1968, with sporadic outbreaks continuing since the significant outbreak in 2016, particularly in regions with high livestock populations. Although RVFV was detected in mosquitoes in Uganda as early as 1944, the spatial and temporal distribution of RVF outbreaks has not been thoroughly documented. This study aimed to analyze trends in RVF outbreaks across Uganda from 2013 to 2022 to provide insights for effective control measures. A retrospective study was conducted utilizing archived RVF data from NADDEC, along with rainfall and temperature data from the Uganda Meteorological Centre. Maps were generated using QGIS software to illustrate the spatial distribution of RVF outbreaks. The distribution and trends were analyzed using the R programming language.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the study period, RVF outbreaks were reported in 74.1% of districts surveyed, representing 27.2% of all districts nationwide. The overall RVF seropositivity among tested animals was found to be 13.02% [95% CI: 12.4-13.7%], with bovine exhibiting the highest RVF seropositivity among the commonly raised species, such as cattle, goats and sheep. The year 2017 recorded the highest RVF seropositivity at 19.6%. Notably, the central region had the highest RVF seropositivity at 17.7% [95% CI: 15.8-19.7%] while the eastern region recorded the lowest at 4.6%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This analysis provides crucial insights into the spatial and temporal patterns of RVF outbreaks in Uganda, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions, strengthened surveillance, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Despite significant number of studies on RVF outbreaks and prevalence over recent years, little is known about the virus's maintenance mechanisms in the absence of visible outbreaks. Potential reservoirs, vector dynamics, and environmental factors that facilitate its survival and re-emergence remain poorly characterized. Addressing these gaps is critical to improving early warning systems, guiding targeted surveillance, and implementing effective control measures to mitigate future outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interaction between rumen microbiota and neurotransmitters plays an important role in the adaptation of phenological changes in Tibetan sheep.","authors":"Wei Huang, Yuzhu Sha, Qianling Chen, Xiaowei Chen, Min Gao, Xiu Liu, Yapeng He, Xu Gao, Jiang Hu, Jiqing Wang, Shaobin Li, Zhiyun Hao, Yanyu He","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04823-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04823-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut-brain axis is regarded as the \"second brain\" of the host. Gut microbiota and their metabolites affect intestinal homeostasis, function, and phenotype by regulating bidirectional communication between the gut and brain. This serves as a vital strategy for understanding how gut microbiota regulate nutrient metabolism and adaptability in animals. This study explored the metabolic mechanisms through which Tibetan sheep adapt to high-altitude environments via the rumen microbiota-gut-brain axis across different phenological periods (returning-green period, fresh grass period and withered grass period). By analyzing metabolic indicators, neurotransmitters, and gene and protein expression in serum, rumen, adipose, and hypothalamic tissues, we discovered that energy metabolism markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose) and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) in the serum were significantly elevated during the fresh grass period (P < 0.05). In contrast, thyroid hormones T3 and T4 were at higher levels during the returning-green period (P < 0.05). The density of rumen fiber-degrading bacteria was higher during the returning-green period (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the densities of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Treponema bryantii microbiota significantly during the fresh grass period and were positively correlated with isovaleric acid concentration (P < 0.05). Neurotransmitters (5-HT, DOPAC, 5-HIAA, and NE) were significantly elevated in both the rumen epithelium and hypothalamus during the fresh grass period (P < 0.05). The analysis of the cAMP-PKA-pCREB pathway showed that the genes and proteins of UCP1, PKA, and CREB1 were highly expressed in adipose tissue during the fresh grass and withered grass periods, and there significant negative correlations to specific microbiota (P < 0.05). In summary, Tibetan sheep adapt to high-altitude environments through the rumen microbiota-gut-brain axis, regulating metabolic and neurotransmitter changes to establish a unique metabolic adaptation mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcutaneous ultrasonography for visualization of the kidneys in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): a quantitative assessment of echogenicity and echotexture in comparison with the liver and spleen.","authors":"Pratthana Inthawong, Somkiat Huaijantug, Tithipong Plangsangmas, Kakanang Piyarungsri, Taweepoke Angkawanish, Warangkhana Langkaphin, Worapong Kosaruk, Choenkwan Pabutta, Supatta Kijpraiboon, Mark A Mitchell, Podjana Wattananit, Chatchote Thitaram","doi":"10.1186/s12917-025-04835-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-025-04835-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Kidney transcutaneous ultrasonography can be used to assess renal condition and is less invasive than transrectal ultrasonography, which typically requires intensive restraint, sedation, or general anesthesia. To date, this less invasive technique has not been evaluated in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). The gray level histogram technique associated with transcutaneous ultrasonography is a quantitative approach to objectively measure echogenicity and echotexture. This study utilized gray-level histograms (GLH) to assess echogenicity and echotexture of the kidneys, spleen, and liver of 49 captive Asian elephants via transcutaneous ultrasonography, to obtain a baseline for healthy animals and to compare various internal organs as a reference for quantitative analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Retroperitoneal fat was the most hyperechoic region identified, followed by the spleen. The renal medullas and the left cortex were the three most homogenous tissues. No significant differences were found between the sexes or age groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study found that transcutaneous ultrasonography could be used to quantitatively measure echogenicity and echotexture in captive Asian elephants using the GLH technique. Baseline GLH references were developed for healthy captive Asian elephants for renal, hepatic and splenic transcutaneous ultrasonography.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}